本研究評估台灣熱泉生態系統中微生物代謝之生物能量，獲得下列結論：
1. 分析台灣各地溫泉的化學組成，計算各種反應的自由能，並考慮微生物之最小 自由能需求的限制，可評估代謝反應能否自然發生，並被微生物所利用。假設 溫泉之化學組成達穩定狀態，可計算各種代謝反應的能量通量，根據微生物不 同生理狀態的能量需求，即可估算各種代謝反應所能支持的微生物數量。
2. 台灣各地溫泉受控於不同地質條件所影響，其地球化學特徵有所差異，溫泉生 態系統中可被微生物利用的代謝反應種類、反應自由能與能量通量的大小與排 序，均有所不同。
3. 台灣溫泉生態系統之分子生物分析與微生物培養所鑑別出的微生物物種，其行 使的代謝反應，大都能與根據溫泉水化學組成所計算出的反應自由能與能量通 量計算結果相印證。
4. 考慮台灣溫泉系統中可能發生的物理、化學條件變動，藉由調整化學物種濃度、
pH 值和溫度得知自由能與能量通量的變化，可以評估微生物是否能夠繼續利 用該代謝反應，以及支持何種微生物的生存狀態。參考台灣溫泉生態系統之分 子生物分析與微生物培養結果，本研究所評估的代謝反應大多能夠持續發生，
且支持微生物維持生長狀態，少數反應仍受到環境限制，而無法持續發生。
5. 配合分子生物之族群結構分析結果，比較溫泉中微生物能夠使用之代謝反應的 能量通量，可以評估溫泉中微生物物種間之競爭關係。當微生物使用不同代謝 途徑但競爭相同限制因子時，使用能量通量較大之代謝反應的微生物應較具有 競爭力，通常在族群中所占的比例也相對的較多，可見能量通量與族群結構的 關連。
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附錄
附表一 化學反應與微生物代謝列表
Aerobic oxidation O11, 3 H2(aq) + 0.5 O2(aq) → H2O [2]2
Acidovorax , Alcaligenes , Ancylobacter , Hydrogenophaga , Pseudomonas , Xanthobacter , Sulfolobus , Bacillus , Hydrogenobacter , Hydrogenophilus , Calderobacterium , Sulfurospirillum
O2 Formic acid(aq) + 0.5 O2(aq) → H2O + CO2(aq) [2]
Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrococcus O63 NH4+
+ 1.5 O2(aq) → NO2
+ 2 H+ + H2O [6]
Nitrosococcus , Nitrosomonas , Nitrosospira , Nitrosovibrio , Nitrosolobus O73 2 Fe2+ + 0.5 O2(aq) + 2 H+ → 2 Fe3+ + H2O [2]
Sulfolobacillus, Acidianus, Thiobacillus, Acidimicrobium, Sulfurococcus O8 Fe2+ + 0.25 O2(aq) + 1.5 H2O → 2 H+ + Goethite [1]
O9 Fe2+ + 0.25 O2(aq) + H2O → 0.5 Hematite + 2 H+ [1]
O103 2 Pyrite + 7.5 O2(aq) + H2O → 2 Fe3+ + 4 SO42- + 2 H+ [28]
Sulfolobacillus, Thiobacillus, Sulfurococcus, Thiobacillus, Inferred:Acidianus brierleyi
O11 Pyrite + 2.5 H2O + 3.75 O2(aq) → Goethite + 4 H+ + 2 SO42-
[14]
O12 Pyrite + 2 H2O + 3.75 O2(aq) → 0.5 Hematite + 4 H+ + 2 SO42- [14]
O133 S + 1.5 O2(aq) + H2O → SO42- + 2 H+ [6]
Thiobacillus, Aquifex, Acidianus, Metallosphaera, Sulfolobus, Sulfolobacillus, Sulfurococcus, Thermothrix, Thermococcus, Thiomicrospira, Beggiatoa, Thiovulum
O143 HS- + 2 O2(aq) → SO4
+ H+ [8]
Thiovulum, Beggiatoa, Thiomicrospira, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix, Sulfolobus O153 HS- + 0.5 O2(aq) + H+ → S + H2O [2]
Thermothrix, Thiovulum, Beggiatoa
120
(接續附表一) O163 CO(aq) + 0.5 O2(aq) → CO2(aq) [2]
Beggiatoa schlegelii, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes O173 Methane(aq) + 2 O2(aq) → CO2(aq) + 2 H2O [8]
Methylococcus thermophilus
Nitrate, Nitrite reduction, Nitrogen fixation, Anammox N183 H2(aq) + NO3- → NO2- + H2O [2]
Veillonella, Micrococcus, Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Silicibacter, Thermothrix, Clostridium, Aerobacter, Escherichia coli, Spirillum, Selenomonas
N193 5 H2(aq) + 2 NO3
+ 2 H+ → N2(aq) + 6 H2O [10]
Micrococcus, Thiobacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas N203 4 H2(aq) + NO3- + 2 H+ → NH4+ + 3 H2O [8]
Ammonifex, Veillonella, Pyrolobus fumanii N213 3 H2(aq) + 2 NO2
+ 2 H+ → N2(aq) + 4 H2O [6]
Aquifex pyrophilus, Micrococcus denitrificans, Thiobacillus denitrificans N223 3 H2(aq) + N2(aq) + 2 H+ → 2 NH4+
Ammonifex degensii, Thermothrix thioparus, Pyrobaculum aerophilum N26 3 Formic acid(aq) + 2 NO2- + 2 H+ → 3 CO2(aq) + N2(aq) + 4 H2O [6]
121
Thiobacillus denitrificans, Aquifex pyrophilus, Thioploca chileae, Thioploca araucae
Ferroglobus placidus, Thermothrix thioparus N493 5 HS- + 7 H+ + 2 NO3
→ N2(aq) + 5 S + 6 H2O [10]
Thioploca chileae, Thioploca araucae , Thermothrix thioparus N503 5 HS- + 3 H+ + 8 NO3- → 4 N2(aq) + 5 SO42- + 4 H2O [40]
Thioploca chileae, Thioploca araucae , Thermothrix thioparus N51 HS- + NO3
Sulfate, Sulfur reduction, Sulfur disproporationation S533 4 H2(aq) + SO42- + H+ → HS- + 4 H2O [8]
Archaeoglobus, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfacinum, Desulfonatronum, Thermodesulfobacterium, Thermodesulfovibrio, Desulfonatronovibrio, Ammonifex, Desulfobulbus, Desulfovibrio; Hydrogen from an organic source:
Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Thermocladium modestius
122
(接續附表一) S543 Formic acid(aq) + 0.25 SO4
+ 0.25 H+ → CO2(aq) + 0.25 HS- + H2O [2]
Desulfotomaculum, Desulfonatronovibrio, Ammonifex, Archaeoglobus fulgidus S553 Acetic acid(aq) + SO42- + H+ → 2 CO2(aq)+ HS- +2 H2O [8]
Desulforhopalus, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobulbus S58 CO(aq) + 0.25 SO4
+ 0.25 H+ → CO2(aq) + 0.25 HS- [2]
S593 H2(aq) + S → HS- + H+ [2]
Pyrodictium, Acidianus, Ammonifex, Thermoproteus, Thermodiscus, Aquifex, Desulfurella, Desulfurobacterium, Hyperthermus, Stetteria, Stygiolobus, Sulfurospirillum; Hydrogen from an organic source: Thermococcus, Pyrobaculum, Thermoproteus uzoniensis, Thermoplasma, Thermofilum, Pyrococcus, Thermococcus profundus, Thermococcus celer, Desulfurococcus, Thermocladium, Thermosipho, Thermotoga, Staphylothermus
S603 Formic acid(aq) + S → H+ + CO2(aq) + HS- [2]
Thermoproteus, Sulfurospirillum
S613 Acetic acid(aq) + 4 S + 2 H2O → 4 H+ + 2 CO2(aq) + 4 HS- [8]
Desulfuromonas, Geobacter, Desulfurella
S623 Propanoic acid(aq) + 7 S + 4 H2O → 7 HS- + 7 H+ + 3 CO2(aq) [14]
Methanogenesis, Acetogenesis, Anaerobic methane oxidation M663 4 H2(aq) + CO2(aq) → Methane(aq) + 2 H2O [8]
Methanococcus, Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium, Methanopyrus, Methanothermus, Methanocalculus
M673 4 Formic acid(aq) + H2O → Methane(aq) + 3 CO2(aq) + 2 H2O [2]
Methanocalculus, Methanococcus, Methanobacterium, Methanoplanus
123
(接續附表一) M683 Acetic acid(aq) → Methane(aq) + CO2(aq) [4]
Methanothrix
M69 3 H2(aq) + CO(aq) → Methane(aq) + H2O [6]
M70 4 CO(aq) + 2 H2O → Methane(aq) + 3 CO2(aq) [6]
M713 4 H2(aq) + 2 CO2(aq) → Acetic acid(aq) + 2 H2O [8]
Acetogenium, Desulfotomaculum
M72 Methane(aq) + 4 NO3- → CO2(aq) + 2 H2O + 4 NO2- [8]
M73 Methane(aq) + 1.6 H+ + 1.6 NO3
→ CO2(aq) + 2.8 H2O + 0.8 N2(aq) [8]
M74 Methane(aq) + NO3- + 2 H+ → CO2(aq) + NH4++ H2O [8]
M75 Methane(aq) + 2 H2O + 8 Fe3+ → 8 H+ + CO2(aq) + 8 Fe2+ [8]
M76 Methane(aq) + 16 H+ + 8 Goethite → CO2(aq) + 14 H2O + 8 Fe2+ [8]
M77 Methane(aq) + 16 H+ + 4 Hematite → CO2(aq) + 10 H2O + 8 Fe2+ [8]
M78 Methane(aq) + 24 H+ + 4 Magnetite → CO2(aq) + 14 H2O + 12 Fe2+ [8]
M793 Methane(aq) + SO42- + H+→ HS- + CO2(aq) + 2 H2O [8]
Cluster ANME-1 (suggested)
Metal reduction Fe803 H2(aq) + 2 Fe3+ → 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ [2]
Geobacter, Thermoterrabacterium
Fe81 H2(aq) + 2 Goethite + 4 H+ → 4 H2O + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe82 H2(aq) + Hematite + 4 H+ → 3 H2O + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe83 H2(aq) + Magnetite + 6 H+ → 4 H2O + 3 Fe2+ [2]
Fe84 Formic acid(aq) + 2 Fe3+ → 2 H+ + CO2(aq) + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe85 Formic acid(aq) + 2 Goethite + 4 H+ → CO2(aq) + 2 Fe2+ + 4 H2O [2]
Fe86 Formic acid(aq) + Hematite + 4 H+ → CO2(aq)+ 2 Fe2+ + 3 H2O [2]
Fe87 Formic acid(aq) + Magnetite + 6 H+ → CO2(aq) + 3 Fe2+ + 4 H2O [2]
Fe883 Acetic acid(aq) + 8 Fe3+ + 2 H2O → 8 H+ + 2 CO2(aq) + 8 Fe2+ [8]
Geobacter, Desulfuromonas
Fe89 Acetic acid(aq) + 8 Goethite + 16 H+ → 2 CO2(aq) + 14 H2O + 8 Fe2+ [8]
Fe90 Acetic acid(aq) + 4 Hematite + 16 H+ → 2 CO2(aq) + 10 H2O + 8 Fe2+ [8]
Fe91 Acetic acid(aq) + 4 Magnetite + 24 H+ → 2 CO2(aq)+ 14 H2O + 12 Fe2+ [8]
Fe92 Propanoic acid(aq) + 14 Fe3+ + 4 H2O → 14 H+ + 3 CO2(aq) + 14 Fe2+ [14]
Fe93 Propanoic acid(aq) + 14 Goethite + 28 H+ → 3 CO2(aq) + 24 H2O + 14 Fe2+ [14]
Fe94 Propanoic acid(aq) + 7 Hematite + 28 H+ → 3 CO2(aq) + 17 H2O + 14 Fe2+ [14]
124
(接續附表一)
Fe95 Propanoic acid(aq) + 7 Magnetite + 42 H+ → 3 CO2(aq) + 24 H2O + 21 Fe2+ [14]
Fe96 CO(aq) + H2O + 2 Fe3+ → 2 H+ + CO2(aq) + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe97 CO(aq) + 4 H+ + 2 Goethite → CO2(aq) + 3 H2O + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe98 CO(aq) + 4 H+ + Hematite → CO2(aq) + 2 H2O + 2 Fe2+ [2]
Fe99 CO(aq) + 6 H+ + Magnetite → CO2(aq) + 3 H2O + 3 Fe2+ [2]
Fe1003 S + 6 Fe3+ + 4 H2O → SO4-2 + 6 Fe2+ + 8 H+ [6]
Sulfolobus, Thiobacillus
Fe101 S + 10 H+ + 6 Goethite → 8 H2O + SO42- + 6 Fe2+ [6]
Fe102 S + 10 H+ + 3 Hematite → 5 H2O + SO4
+ 6 Fe2+ [6]
Fe103 S + 16 H+ + 3 Magnetite → 8 H2O + SO42- + 9 Fe2+ [6]
Fermentation
F104 Propanoic acid(aq) + 0.5 CO2(aq)+ 0.5 H2O → 1.75 Acetic acid(aq) [4]
F105 Propanoic acid(aq) + 4 H2O → 3 CO2(aq) + 7 H2(aq) [14]
F106 Propanoic acid(aq) + H2O → 1.5 Acetic acid(aq) + H2(aq) [2]
F107 Propanoic acid(aq) + 4 H2O → 3 Formic acid(aq) + 4 H2(aq) [4]
1 化學反應分類 O：Aerobic oxidation
N：Nitrate, Nitrite reduction, Nitrogen fixation, Anammox S：Sulfate, Sulfur reduction, Sulfur disproporationation
M：Methanogenesis, Acetogenesis, Anaerobic methane oxidation Fe：Metal reduction
F：Fermentation
2 [ ] = 電子傳遞數量。
3 已有報導之微生物代謝反應與微生物種屬名。
125
附表二 溫泉水化學與溶解氣體濃度
A. 台灣北部地區溫泉
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
ToC 65.0 79.6 89.0 68.3 71.6 67.7 65.1 74.2 49.5 91.9 pH 2.86 5.37 2.84 1.35 2.36 1.82 5.84 2.99 2.16 1.52 Na+ (mM) 0.38 0.50 1.01 17.19 1.36 31.67 10.06 29.86 0.49 0.23 K+ (mM) 0.08 0.08 0.13 6.67 0.53 3.84 1.57 3.51 0.13 0.38 Mg2+ (mM) 0.49 0.37 0.69 2.28 1.66 4.23 5.18 6.42 0.34 0.35 Ca2+ (mM) 0.51 0.66 1.25 4.39 2.38 2.45 5.58 6.93 0.33 0.20 Al3+ (mM) 0.86 BDL 0.57 3.87 4.77 1.63 BDL 0.96 3.22 3.93 Mn2+ (μM) 5.45 BDL 7.27 141.82 36.36 67.27 36.36 110.91 5.45 BDL
Cl- (mM) 0.22 0.6 1.32 35.13 0.29 105.13 27.76 58.63 15.49 0.54
Br- (mM) BDL 1 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 2.75 0.13 BDL BDL
PO43- (μM) 3.87 3.55 11.29 11.61 1.61 25.81 BDL 10.00 35.81 54.84 Fe2+ (μM) 237.99 BDL 90.86 1410.22 986.56 720.43 170.97 1270.79 890.68 2036.56 Fe3+ (μM) 2.15 BDL BDL 37.99 24.91 390.50 BDL BDL BDL 194.44
NH4+ (μM) 31.43 BDL 35.72 BDL BDL BDL 142.22 BDL BDL BDL
SO42- (mM) 3.17 0.67 3.30 14.91 12.99 17.67 2.68 6.02 14.02 29.51
NO3- (μM) BDL BDL 30.81 BDL 51.77 BDL BDL 94.35 16.77 BDL
NO2- (μM) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
HS- (μM) 22.19 83.64 8.79 25.62 129.39 BDL BDL BDL 609.09 9.70
H2(aq) (μM) 0.83 0.05 0.58 0.99 0.15 BDL BDL 0.07 0.20 0.44
O2(aq) (μM) 33.67 11.75 34.18 78.61 33.57 89.59 42.87 84.80 69.62 13.89
N2(aq) (μM) 17.62 1.47 17.99 47.40 15.36 49.55 24.84 55.18 44.06 2.38
CO2(aq) (μM) 3982.05 1215.33 1014.03 312.34 2582.87 413.24 6973.38 4000.21 733.17 1264.58
CO(aq) (μM) NA 2 NA NA NA 0.07 NA NA NA BDL 0.25
CH4(aq) (μM) 0.67 0.24 0.05 0.26 2.77 BDL 26.89 2.61 5.05 0.20
C2H6(aq) (μM) 0.13 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.09 0.11 0.03 BDL
C3H8(aq) (μM) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Formic acid (μM) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
126
B.台灣東部與南部地區溫泉
安通 花蓮紅葉 虎爺 關仔嶺 新養女湖 1 新養女湖 2 小滾水 3 小滾水 4
T oC 66.00 80.00 49.80 63.80 35.20 43.50 20.40 26.10
pH 8.73 6.54 6.88 8.36 7.66 7.92 7.78 7.67
Na+ (m M) 16.82 17.70 150.13 94.03 96.75 81.45 184.17 181.84
K+ (m M) 0.16 0.86 5.26 5.12 0.73 0.66 0.14 0.14
Mg2+ (m M) BDL 0.14 2.81 0.27 0.46 0.27 0.18 0.17
Ca2+ (m M) 1.99 0.61 2.78 0.08 0.50 0.15 0.13 0.13
Al3+ (m M) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Mn2+ (μ M) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Cl- (m M) 19.32 2.42 74.77 80.74 109.37 99.59 236.42 252.94
Br- (m M) 0.02 BDL 0.15 0.08 0.21 0.21 0.64 0.67
PO43- (μ M) BDL BDL BDL 2.58 BDL BDL 2.58 1.94
Fe2+ (μ M) 2.51 BDL 22.40 3.41 NA NA 9.50 4.48
Fe3+ (μ M) BDL 2.87 10.04 BDL NA NA BDL BDL
NH4+ (μ M) 21.43 400.00 1036.98 428.57 NA NA 21.43 14.29
SO42- (m M) 3.92 0.59 0.01 0.16 0.16 0.09 0.01 0.01
NO3- (μ M) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.19 4.61
NO2- (μ M) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
HS- (μ M) 206.88 13.75 BDL BDL NA NA NA NA
H2(aq) (μM) 0.22 BDL 1.72 0.32 BDL BDL BDL BDL
O2(aq) (μM) 0.31 66.41 50.64 16.81 NA NA NA NA
N2(aq) (μM) BDL 43.34 33.06 6.00 NA NA NA NA
CO2(aq) (μM) 49.69 5114.80 10810.38 847.62 1241.46 368.41 360.57 426.25
CO(aq) (μM) BDL 0.01 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL BDL BDL
CH4(aq) (μM) 237.63 0.50 14.66 3.16 1152.22 921.42 1018.53 1416.42
C2H6(aq) (μM) 1.40 BDL 0.12 BDL 23.07 17.82 0.25 2.28
(接續附表二 A.)
Acetic acid (μM) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Propanoic acid (μM) BDL 6.08 14.43 BDL BDL BDL 17.70 BDL BDL BDL
DOC (ppmC) 0.55 1.39 1.80 1.06 5.14 0.34 1.68 0.45 1.63 2.27
127
(接續附表二 B.)
C3H8(aq) (μM) BDL BDL BDL BDL 4.89 3.71 BDL 0.07
Formic acid (μ M) BDL BDL BDL 5.43 13.26 15.43 BDL 15.87
Acetic acid (μ M) 2.00 3.00 BDL 1211.17 187.00 622.83 BDL 32.67
Propanoic acid (μ M) 8.24 710.14 2279.32 2754.46 963.51 624.59 668.92 741.35
DOC (ppm C) 0.75 4.11 11.61 57.74 NA NA NA NA
1 BDL = below detection limit (低於偵測極限)
2 NA = not available (無分析資料)
128
附表三 溫泉中微生物可利用之礦物相
北部採樣點 磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑
沉積物礦物相1 sulfur, goethite NA3 sulfur sulfur sulfur, siderite 水中穩定礦物相2 pyrite magnetite, FeO(s),
pyrite, troilite
Pyrite pyrite, melanterite, sulfur
magnetite, pyrite, melanterite
北部採樣點 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
沉積物礦物相1 NA NA NA NA sulfur
水中穩定礦物相2 hematite, melanterite
hematite, pyrite, melanterite, sulfur
hematite, pyrite, melanterite, sulfur
None4 pyrite, sulfur
東部、南部採樣點 安通 花蓮紅葉 虎爺 關仔嶺 新養女湖 小滾水
沉積物礦物相1 NA NA NA None None None
水中穩定礦物相2
hematite, melanterite, pyrite
troilite pyrite hematite None pyrite
1 XRD 分析結果。
2 GWB 模擬結果。
3 NA: not available (無分析資料)。
4 None: 無微生物可利用之礦物。
129
附表四 化學反應自由能
A.台灣北部溫泉
反應1 磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
O1 -103.62 -97.0 -100.3 -104.0 -100.4 -99.6 -103.9 -98.8
O2 (-77.8)3 (-76.4) (-76.0) (-81.5) (-77.3) (-91.1) (-77.2) (-86.9) (-83.1) (-74.5)
O3 (-94.0) (-93.3) (-93.7) (-96.2) (-93.9) (-98.5) (-93.7) (-96.6) (-96.4) (-92.7)
O4 (-98.3) -102.8 -103.9 (-100.4) (-98.4) (-101.7) -102.9 (-100.1) (-100.2) (-97.4)
O5 (-35.5) 4 (-5.3) (-3.4) (-35.7) (-4.0) (-2.0)
O6 -46.4 -46.7 (-32.7) -53.7 (-34.7) (-33.4)
O7 -30.6 (-4.7) -94.9 -38.4 -30.1 -27.1 -77.9 -102.9 -106.6 -27.9
O8 -51.3 (-1.9) -48.1 -35.6 -48.3 -40.0 -88.5 -57.6 -45.4 -36.8
O9 -55.0 (-6.1) -52.6 -39.4 -52.2 -43.8 -92.3 -61.6 -48.6 -41.4
O10 -69.4 -72.4 -74.3 -70.0 -70.7 -69.4 -71.3 -74.9
O11 -90.1 -93.9 -88.9 -87.5 -88.4 -96.0 -90.5 -84.7
O12 -90.4 -94.2 -89.2 -87.7 -88.6 -96.3 -90.8 -85.0
O13 -88.6 (-93.4) -87.5 -85.4 -86.7 (-86.5) -95.4 -89.1 -82.8
O14 -92.5 -91.1 -88.8 -85.3 -86.6 (-76.9) (-83.6) (-81.3) -88.8 -82.0
O15 -104.1 -84.1 -92.8 -85.1 -86.4 (-48.0) (-48.1) (-58.0) -91.4 -79.5
O16 -113.5 -113.9
O17 -96.7 -95.4 -95.3 -97.7 -97.1 (-90.1) -98.0 -97.5 -99.2 -94.9
N18 (-68.0) -105.6 -103.8 -103.7 -101.9
130
(接續附表四 A.)
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
N19 (-85.8) -98.0 -98.6 -96.4 -100.3
N20 (-59.9) -66.6 -76.7 -74.6 -78.3
N21 (-97.6) (-93.0) (-95.1) (-91.5) (-99.3)
N22 -16.7 -30.3 -14.1 -45.7 -40.1 -38.3 -41.6 -42.6
N23 (-42.3) (-81.3) (-80.8) (-41.5) (-90.9) (-81.1)
N24 (-60.0) (-73.8) (-75.6) (-55.2) (-83.7) (-79.6)
N25 (-34.1) (-42.3) (-53.6) (-27.9) (-61.9) (-57.5)
N26 (-71.8) (-68.8) (-72.1) (-64.4) (-78.8) (-78.5)
N27 (-58.4) (-99.1) (-97.4) (-58.0) (-100.7) (-94.4)
N28 (-76.2) (-91.5) (-92.2) (-71.8) (-93.4) (-92.8)
N29 (-50.3) (-60.1) (-70.2) (-44.5) (-71.6) (-70.8)
N30 (-80.9) (-86.5) (-82.5) (-80.9) (-83.1) (-77.2)
N31 (-62.8) -109.2 (-101.7) (-67.2) (-102.1) (-98.4)
N32 (-80.6) -101.6 (-96.6) (-81.0) (-96.8) (-96.8)
N33 (-54.6) -70.2 (-74.6) (-53.7) (-75.0) (-74.8)
N34 (-46.2) (-49.5) (-47.1) (-46.3) (-47.5) (-44.1)
N35 (-12.8) -92.7 -28.3 (-56.0) -99.6 -103.0
N36 (-33.5) -45.9 -46.6 (-66.6) -54.4 -41.8
N37 (-74.5) -100.7 -100.9 (-140.7) -116.8 -90.2
N38 (-15.8) -53.4 -51.7 (-52.8) -61.7 -43.4
131
(接續附表四 A.)
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
N39 (-30.5) -57.6 -98.4 (-157.3) -130.4 -79.2
N40 -116.9
N41 -111.8
N42 -89.8
N43 -108.3
N44 (-53.1) -92.8 -90.1 (-59.8) -93.1 (-85.9)
N45 (-64.7) -69.3 -66.0 (-64.8) -66.5 (-61.8)
N46 (-44.9) -53.8 -63.0 (-46.2) -64.0 (-62.4)
N47 (-82.7) (-80.2) (-81.4) (-82.7) (-81.0) (-83.3)
N48 (-68.6) -98.2 -89.8 (-12.4) (-62.1) -89.4
N49 (-86.3) -90.6 -84.6 (-26.1) (-54.8) -87.8
N50 (-48.6) -52.0 -49.5 (-48.6) (-49.9) -46.3
N51 (-48.8) -55.1 -62.9 (-34.4) (-56.3) -63.2
N52 (-80.9) (-78.9) (-55.0) (-81.9) (-53.3) (-57.6)
S53 -11.1 -5.9 -11.5 -18.7 -13.8 -18.3 -15.1 -16.8
S54 (14.7) (14.7) (12.8) (3.9) (9.3) (-14.2) (6.4) (-5.6) (5.7) (7.4)
S55 (-1.4) (-2.2) (-4.9) (-10.8) (-7.3) (-21.7) (-10.1) (-15.3) (-7.6) (-10.8)
S56 (-5.8) -11.7 -15.1 (-15.0) (-11.7) (-24.8) -19.3 (-18.8) (-11.6) (-15.4)
S57 -35.4 -40.3 -42.3
S58 -26.9 -31.9
132
(接續附表四 A.)
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
S59 0.5 (-12.9) -7.4 -19.0 -13.9 -41.6 (-12.5) -19.3
S60 (26.3) (7.7) (16.8) (3.6) (9.1) (-43.0) (-29.1) (-28.9) (8.3) (5.0)
S61 (10.1) (-9.2) (-0.9) (-3.9) (-4.1) (-44.5) (-45.6) (-38.6) (-0.4) (-6.9)
S62 (5.8) (-18.6) -11.0 (-4.0) (-4.1) (-43.7) -54.8 (-42.1) (-0.4) (-7.0)
S63 (-20.6) (-75.5) -71.7 (-40.3) (-38.5) (-72.5) -110.0 (-62.8) (-32.9) (-45.8)
S64 -27.1 -34.4
S65 15.5 (-9.3) 5.4 -0.3 -0.2 (-38.5) -47.4 -31.0 (3.5) -3.2
M66 -6.8 -1.6 -5.0 -6.3 -3.3 -2.1 -4.8 -3.9
M67 (75.7) (76.0) (77.0) (65.1) (79.1) (-3.8) (83.4) (42.2) (64.0) (81.4)
M68 (5.6) (4.2) (3.0) (3.2) (6.4) (-16.9) (8.6) (1.8) (5.5) (4.3)
M69 -8.7 -10.3
M70 -21.9 -25.3
M71 -9.6 -3.7 -6.5 -7.9 -6.5 (27.0) -3.0 -7.5 -6.1
M72 -61.2 -61.3 -100.5 -61.8 -100.5 -62.3 -101.5 -97.1 -61.2
M73 -78.9 -79.6 -93.0 -80.9 -95.4 -76.1 -94.3 -95.5 -79.7
M74 -53.0 -60.5 -61.6 -65.3 -73.4 -48.8 -72.5 -73.5 -64.3
M75 -66.1 (-100.0) (-0.3) -59.3 -67.0 (-63.0) (-20.1) (5.4) (7.5) -67.0
M76 -45.4 (-93.5) (-47.2) (-62.2) (-48.8) (-50.2) (-9.5) (-39.9) (-53.7) (-58.1)
M77 (-41.7) (-89.3) (-42.7) (-58.4) (-44.9) (-46.3) -5.7 -35.9 (-50.5) (-53.4)
M78 -134.5 -67.7
133
(接續附表四 A.)
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
M79 -4.2 -4.3 -6.4 -12.4 -10.5 (-13.2) -14.4 -16.2 -10.3 -12.9
Fe80 -73.0 (-101.7) -5.4 -65.6 -70.3 (3.3) (2.7) -70.9
Fe81 -52.3 (-95.1) (-52.2) (-68.5) (-52.1) (-42.0) (-58.5) (-62.0)
Fe82 (-48.6) (-90.9) (-47.7) (-64.7) (-48.2) -38.0 (-55.3) (-57.4)
Fe83 -136.1 -71.0
Fe84 (-47.2) (-81.0) (-18.9) (-43.0) (-47.3) (-64.0) (0.7) (15.9) (23.5) (-46.6)
Fe85 (-26.5) (-74.5) (-28.0) (-45.9) (-29.1) (-51.1) (11.4) (-29.3) (-37.7) (-37.7)
Fe86 (-22.8) (-70.3) (-23.4) (-42.1) (-25.1) (-47.3) (15.1) (-25.3) (-34.5) (-33.1)
Fe87 (-44.4) (-115.5) (-47.9)
Fe88 (-63.4) (-97.9) (1.2) (-57.7) (-63.8) (-71.5) (-15.8) (6.3) (10.2) (-64.9)
Fe89 (-42.6) (-91.4) (-45.7) (-60.6) (-45.6) (-58.6) (-5.2) (-39.0) (-51.0) (-56.0)
Fe90 (-38.9) (-87.2) (-41.2) (-56.8) (-41.7) (-54.8) (-1.5) (-35.0) (-47.8) (-51.3)
Fe91 (-60.6) (-132.4) (-64.5)
Fe92 (-67.8) (-107.4) -8.9 (-61.9) (-68.3) (74.6) -25.0 (2.8) (6.2) (-69.5)
Fe93 (-47.0) (-100.9) (-55.8) (-64.8) ( -50.1) (-61.7) (-14.4) (-42.5) (-55.0) (-60.6)
Fe94 (-43.3) (-96.7) (-51.3) (-60.9) (-46.1) (-57.9) -10.6 (-38.5) (-51.8) (-56.0)
Fe95 (-64.9) -141.9 (-68.9)
Fe96 -83.4 -86.0
Fe97 (-65.2) (-77.1)
134
(接續附表四 A.)
磺山 龍鳳谷 硫磺谷 地熱谷 小油坑 富源 金山漁會 磺港 七股 大油坑
Fe98 (-61.3) (-72.4)
Fe99 -84.1
Fe100 -58.1 (-98.1) (7.5) -47.0 -56.6 (-59.4) (-17.5) (13.8) (18.7) -54.9
Fe101 -37.3 (-91.5) (-39.4) (-49.8) (-38.4) (-46.5) (-6.9) (-31.4) (-42.6) (-46.0)
Fe102 (-33.6) (-87.3) (-35.0) (-46.0) (-34.4) (-42.7) -3.2 -27.4 (-39.3) (-41.3)
Fe103 (-132.5) -57.3
F104 -33.2 -35.4 -32.2
F105 (5.3) -5.8 -3.6 (3.7) (2.0) (-30.1) -31.3 (-0.5) (3.5) (1.4)
F106 -62.6 -64.3 -86.5
F107 -51.0 -49.0 -101.2
135
B. 台灣東部、南部溫泉
安通 紅葉 虎爺 關仔嶺 新養女湖 I 新養女湖 II 小滾水 III 小滾水 IV
安通 紅葉 虎爺 關仔嶺 新養女湖 I 新養女湖 II 小滾水 III 小滾水 IV