• 沒有找到結果。

5-1 結論

1. 單獨 PACl 加藥及 PACl 搭配 PolyDADMAC 加藥混凝時,在低濁水(<100 NTU)條件下,提高快混強度(G > 650 s-1)可生成大且密實的膠羽,有效提 昇混沉除濁效能;改使用 PACl 搭配 FeCl3加藥混凝時,混凝膠羽結構密 實,提高快混強度雖對膠羽粒徑及碎形維度無顯著影響,但可明顯提昇混 沉除濁效能。

2. 在低濁水(<100 NTU)條件下,單獨 PACl 及 PACl 搭配 FeCl3加藥混凝之膠 羽結構密實度會隨膠羽粒徑增大而降低,且在快混 Gt 值小於 2×104的範圍 內,提高快混攪拌強度可有效提升混沉除濁效能。

3. 在高濁水(>100 NTU)條件下,單獨 PACl 及 PACl 搭配 FeCl3加藥混凝之膠 羽結構密實度會隨膠羽粒徑增大而升高,但在快混 Gt 值小於 4×104的範圍 內,增加快混攪拌強度對混沉除濁效能影響不顯著。

4. 在低濁水(<100 NTU)條件下,單獨 PACl 及 PACl 搭配 PolyDADMAC 混凝 之膠羽影像 RGB 標準偏差值(standard deviation= 1~3)可作為膠羽生長之粒 徑(d50= 80~160)分析,其 RGB 標準偏差值隨膠羽粒徑變大而升高,但高濁 水(>100 NTU)條件下,RGB 標準偏差值隨膠羽粒徑改變並無明顯變化。

5-2 建議

1. 本研究尚未針對更低濁度(< 30 NTU)的天然濁水進行混凝試驗,由於在低 濁水(< 100 NTU)條件下,調整快混攪拌強度對混沉除濁效能影響較明顯,

因此可再進一步探討更低濁度範圍時,混凝膠羽的生長情況及其混沉除濁 效能受快混攪拌強度之影響。

2. 當原水為高濁水(>100 NTU)時,增加快混強度對膠羽粒徑改變不大,建議 可針對不同濁度範圍之高濁水,提高加藥劑量並調整快混攪拌強度(G 及 t 值),對混凝膠羽生長特性作更深入的探討。

3. 低濁水及高濁水之混凝膠羽,其碎形維度會隨膠羽粒徑而有相對的生長變 化,藉由此特性可研究膠羽影像之 RGB 標準偏差值與膠羽粒徑的變化關 聯性,當克服水中顆粒雜訊干擾 RGB 值量測的問題後,未來有望可直接 藉由觀察水樣 RGB 值得知水中膠羽之粒徑及碎形維度。

參考文獻

Aktas, T. S., Fujibayashi, M., Maruo, C., Nomura, M. and Nishimura O. (2013)

“Influence of velocity gradient and rapid mixing time on flocs formed by polysilica iron (PSI) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl)” Desalination and Water Treatment, 51, 4729-4735.

Amirtharajah, A. and Mills, K. M. (1982)

Rapid-mix for mechanism of alum coagulation

Journal American Water Works Association, 74, 210-216.

Bache, D. H. and Gregory, R. (2010)

Flocs and separation processes in drinking water treatment: a review

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA,

59(1), 16-30.

Becker, V., Schlauch, E., Behr, M. and Briesen, H. (2009)

Restructuring of colloidal aggregates in shear flows and limitations of the free-draining approximation

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 339(2), 362-372.

Clomer, J., Petersb, F. and Marrase, C. (2005)

Experimental analysis of coagulation of particles under low-shear flow

Water Research, 39, 2994-3000.

Duan, J. and Gregory, J. (2003)

Coagulation by hydrolyzing metal salts

Advances in

Colloid and Interface Science, 100-102, 475-502.

Ebie, K. and Azuma, Y. (2002)

Reducing turbidity and coagulant residue in treated water through optimization of rapid mix condition

Water Science and Technology:

Water Supply, 2(5-6), 103-110.

Ebie, K., Kawaguchi, T. and Yamaguchi, D. (2006a)

Dynamic analysis of coagulation of low turbidity water sources using Al- and Fe- based coagulants

Water Science and

Technology, 53(6), 67-74.

Ebie, K., Kawaguchi, T. and Yamaguchi, D. (2006b)

Dynamic analysis of coagulation of suspended particles in low-turbidity water sources with PACl and PSI coagulants

Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 6(1), 185-192.

Edzwald, J. K., Bottero, J. Y. and Klute, R. (1998)

Treatment process selection for particle removal

In America Water Works Association Research Foundation McEwen, J.B., Ed. Denver, CO, Ch. 4.

Gregory, J. (1996)

Polymer adsorption and flocculation

In Industrial Water Soluble

Polymers Finch, C. A. Ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 62-75.

Gregory, J. (1997) “The Density of Particle Aggregates” Water Science and

Technology, 36(4), 1-13.

He, W., Nan, J., Li, H. and Li, S. (2012)

Characteristic analysis on temporal evolution of floc size and structure in low-shear flow

Water Research, 46(2), 509-520.

Jarvis, P., Jefferson, B. and Parsons, S. A. (2005) “ Measuring floc structural characteristics”Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-technology, 4(1-2), 1-18.

Johnson, P. N. and Amirtharajah, A. (1982)“Ferric Chloride and Alum as Single and Dual Coagulants” Journal American Water Works Association, 75(5), 232-239.

Kan, C. C., Huang, C. P. and Pan, J. R. S. (2002)“Time requirement for rapid-mixing in coagulation”Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 203(1-3), 1-9.

Kim, S. H., Kim, H. K., Moon, B. H., Seo, G. T. and Yoon, C. H. (2006) “Effects of addition sequence and rapid mixing conditions on use of dual coagulants” Water

Science and Technology, 53(7), 87-94.

Letterman, R. D., Quon, J. E. and Gemmell, R. S. (1973) “Influence of rapid-mix parameters on flocculation” Journal American Water Works Association, 65(11), 716-722.

Libecki, B. (2011)“The effectiveness of humic acids coagulation with the use of cationic polyacrylamides”Water Science and Technology, 63(9), 1944-1949.

Lin, J. L., Huang, C. P., Chin, C. M. and Pan, J. R. (2008)“Coagulation dynamics of fractal flocs induced by enmeshment and electrostatic path mechanisms” Water

Research, 42, 4457-4466.

Lin, M. Y., Lindsay, H. M., Weitz, D. A., Ball, R. C., Klein, R., and Meakin, P. (1989)

“Universality in colloid aggregation” Nature, 339, 360-362.

Martin, R. B. (1991) “Fe3+ and Al3+ hydrolysis equilibria. Cooperativity in Al3+

hydrolysis reactions” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 44, 141-147.

Ohno, K., Uchiyama, M., Saito, M., Kamei, T. and Magara Y. (2004) “Practical design of flocculator for new polymeric inorganic coagulant - PSI” Water Science and

Technology: Water Supply, 4(1), 67-75.

Park, S. M., Jun, H. B., Jung, M. S. and Koo, H. M. (2006) “Effects of velocity gradient and mixing time on particle growth in a rapid mixing tank” Water Science

and Technology, 53(7), 95-102.

Reynolds, T. D. and Richard, P. A. (1996) Unit operations and processes in

environmental engineering, Second Edition, 182-187.

Sheng, W. Yan., Peng, X. F., Lee, D. J. and Su, A. (2006) “Coagulation of particles through rapid mixing” Drying Technology, 24(10), 1271-1276.

Spicer, P. T., Pratsinis, S. E., Raper, J., Amal, R., Bushell, G. and Meesters, G. (1998)

“Effect of shear schedule on particle size, density and structure during flocculation in stirred tanks” Powder Technol, 97, 26-34.

Thill, A., Moustier, S., Aziz, J., Wiesner, M.R. and Bottero, J.Y. (2001) “Flocs restructuring during aggregation: experimental evidence and numerical simulation”

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 243 (1), 171-182.

Wang, D., Wu, R., Jiang, Y. and Chow, C.W.K. (2011) “Characterization of floc structure and strength: role of changing shear rates under various coagulation mechanisms” Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 379(1-3), 36-42.

Wang, Y. L., Feng, J., Dentel, S. K., Lu, J., Shi, B. Y. and Wang, D. S. (2011) “Effect of polyferric chloride (PFC) doses and pH on the fractal characteristics of PFC-HA flocs” Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 379(1-3), 51-61.

Wang, Y., Gao, B. Y., Xu, X. M., Xu, W. Y. and Xu, G. Y. (2009) “Characterization of floc size, strength and structure in various aluminum coagulants treatment” Journal

of Colloid and Interface Science, 332, 354-359.

Wei, J., Gao, B., Yue, Q., Wang, Y., Li, W., and Zhu, X. (2009) “Comparison of coagulation behavior and floc structure characteristic of different polyferric-cationic polymer dual-coagulants in humic acid solution” Water Research, 43(3), 724-732.

Wiesner, M. R. and Klute, R. (1998) “Properties and measurements of particlate contaminants in water” Treatment Process Selection for Particle Removal, Edited by Mcewen J. B., America Water Works Association Research Foundation, 35-72.

Yan, M. Q., Liu, H., Wang, D. S., Ni, J. and Qu J. H. (2009) “Natural organic matter removal by coagulation: effect of kinetics and hydraulic power” Water Science and

Technology, 9(1), 21-30.

Yan, M., Wang, D., Ni, J., Qu, J., Chow, C.W. and Liu, H. (2008) “Mechanism of natural organic matter removal by polyaluminum chloride: effect of coagulant particle size and hydrolysis kinetics” Water Research, 42(13), 3361-3370.

Yang, Z. L., Gao, B. Y., Cao, B. C., Xu, W. Y. and Yue, Q. Y. (2011) “Effect of OH-/Al3+ ratio on the coagulation behavior and residual aluminum speciation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in surface water treatment” Separation and Purification

Technology, 80(1), 59-66.

Yang, Z. L., Gao, B. Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, X. X. and Yue, Q. Y. (2012) “The effect of additional poly-diallyl dimethyl ammonium-chloride on the speciation distribution of residual aluminum (Al) in a low DOC and high alkalinity reservoir water treatment”

Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 56-66.

Yu, J. F., Wang, D. S., Ge, X. P., Yan, M. Q. and Yang, M. (2006) “Flocculation of kalion particles by two typical polyelectrolytes: A comparative study on the kinetics and floc structures” Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering

Aspects, 290, 288-294.

Yu, W., Gregory, J. and Campos, L. C. (2010a) “The effect of additional coagulant on the regrowth of alum - kaolin flocs” Separation and Purification Technology, 74(3), 305-309.

Yu, W., Gregory, J. and Campos, L. C. (2010b) “Breakage and re-growth of flocs formed by charge neutralization using alum and PolyDADMAC” Water Research, 44(13), 3959-3965.

Yu, W., Li, G., Xu, Y. and Yang, X. (2009) “Breakage and re-growth of flocs formed by alum and PACl” Powder Technology, 189 439-443.

Yukselen, M. A. and Gregory, J. (2004) “The effect of rapid mixing on the break-up and re-formation of flocs” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 79, 782-788.

吳如雅 (2008),「非接觸式光學監測混凝系統技術之發展」,國立中央大學環境工 程研究所碩士論文。

林志麟 (2008),「聚氯化鋁水解物種之混凝行為:膠體去穩定機制及膠羽形成分 析」,國立交通大學環境工程研究所博士論文。

施安琪 (2002),「藻類存在對濁度混沈去除之影響」,國立交通大學環境工程研究 所碩士論文。

翁韻雅 (2003),「以高分子凝集劑處理高濁度原水之研究」,國立成功大學環境工 程研究所碩士論文。

高肇藩 (1978),《給水工程 (衛生工程。自來水篇)》。台南市:編著者發行。

陳大為 (2012b),「倒傳遞類神經網路於淨水混凝自動加藥前饋控制應用之研究-模廠試驗」,國立交通大學工學院永續環境科技學程碩士論文。

陳映慈 (2012a),「膠羽影像色譜分析技術監測混凝程序之開發‒以地表原水為例」, 國立中央大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。

黃信元 (2010),「快混強度對天然濁水混凝效能之影響」,國立交通大學環境工程 研究所碩士論文。

劉嘉宏 (2007),「混凝劑種類對低濁度原水混凝影響之研究」,國立成功大學環境 工程研究所碩士論文。

駱尚廉,胡景堯,張嘉玲 (2010),「公共給水緊急應變管理系統及高濁度原水處 理應變技術之建立(2/2)」,經濟部水利署研究報告。

附錄 A

0 30 60 90 120

Time (min)

0 30 60 90 120

0 30 60 90 120

附錄 B

(PACl dosage: 0.5 mg/L as Al;PolyDADMAC dosage: 0.1 mg/L)

0 30 60 90 120 (PACl dosage: 0.5 mg/L as Al;PolyDADMAC dosage: 0.1 mg/L)

0 30 60 90 120 (PACl dosage: 0.5 mg/L as Al;PolyDADMAC dosage: 0.1 mg/L)

相關文件