國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
第八章、 結論與未來研究方向
歷年發生的大型天然災害中，行動通訊系統常常會因為道路、橋樑、電力的損毀而 導致嚴重癱瘓，進而影響災後救援工作的進行，行動通訊系統其實是不可靠且極為脆弱 的。為使災區能夠快速地恢復通訊，本研究提出一種應急通訊系統，利用無線通訊，將 這些無連線能力的基地台連接起來，並利用存活可連至核心通訊網路的基地台，建構成 為一個臨時性的通訊系統，稱為應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路(Contingency Cellular Network，
CCN)，供使用者在災區內進行通訊。由於資料庫的可靠度在行動通訊網路中具有舉足 輕重之地位，本論文旨在利用分散式架構提高 CCN 網路資料庫的可靠度。
CCN 網路是由數個元件組成，其中，link、DB、連網台是全系統的關鍵性元件，也 是較為脆弱的元件，當這些元件故障時，對 CCN 網路衝擊較大。本論文主要探討 DB 的備援方式，在有限的資源下，依據各資料表的特性設計相應的分散式架構，提昇 CCN 網路的可靠度。
本論文提出數種不同的儲存架構：(1)用於 Group_Member 資料表的階層備援式架構、
(2)用於 HLR 資料表的階層備援式架構、(3)用於 HLR 資料表的鄰近階層備援式架構，
我們以系統可用度、平均總成本，以評估各架構在不同的情形下之最合適架構。在 Group_Member 儲存架構中，若追求高系統可用度，可選擇高儲存密度之架構，反之，
若追求較低的成本，可選擇低儲存密度之架構。而在 HLR 儲存架構中，階層備援式的 系統可用度與平均總成本比鄰近階層備援式來得高，表示階層備援式耗費較多成本，但 可用度也較高，故在建置時可依實際情況來選擇合適的架構儲存。
為驗證分散式資料庫架構之可行性，本研究以 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 無線網路環境及資 料庫管理系統軟體來建置模擬分散式架構，我們利用數部筆記型電腦及 Android 平台手 機來模擬通話情境。
最後，利用上述架構，驗證在階層備援式或鄰近階層式架構中，發話端撥出受話端
120
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
號碼後查詢到受話端位置的時間。從實驗結果可知，此二種架構皆可快速建置並可立即 通訊，唯在鄰近階層備援式架構下，發話端花費的 call setup time 比階層備援式略長，
但仍在可容許範圍之內。
本論文針對 Group_Member 及 HLR 資料表所提出之數個分散式儲存架構，係以 CCN 網路樹狀拓樸為研究架構，而樹狀拓樸會有愈接近連網台的 link，訊務會過高的現象，
此時可搭配訊務分級機制，來維持一定的通話品質。此外，當 CCN 網路有多個連網台，
不再只是單純的樹狀拓樸時，如何設計分散式儲存架構，是未來可研究的議題。
121
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
參考文獻
[1] Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials International, Project 25, http://www.apcointl.org/frequency/project25.php, retrieved May 2010.
[2] Alfayez Adel, Assiri Majid, Clerk Rutvij, and Alsaadan Usamah, "Evaluating the Viability of TETRA for US Public Safety Communication," University of Colorado at
Boulder Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program Capstone Project, Boulder, USA,
Nov. 2009.[3] Yong Bai, Wencai Du, Zhengxin Ma, Chong Shen, Youling Zhou and Baodan Chen,
"Emergency communication system by heterogeneous wireless networking,” 2011
International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , June 2010.
[4] Melanie Basich, "Wireless When You Need It," http://www.policemag.com/
Channel/Technology/Articles/Print/Story/2009/01/Wireless-When-You-Need-It.aspx, retrieved Jan. 2009.
[5] Jean-Charles Bazin, Hongdong Li, In So Kweon, Cédric Demonceaux, Pascal Vasseur and Katsushi Ikeuchi, "A Branch and Bound Approach to Correspondence and Grouping Problems," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Tokoyo, Japan, Dec. 2012.
[6] Carlo Bertolli, Daniele Tarchi, Romano Fantacci, Marco Vanneschi, and Andrea Tassi,
"An Integrated Communication-Computing Solution in Emergency Management," ACM
International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, Caen,
France, June 2010.[7] Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein,
"Introduction to Algorithms," Third Edition, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2009.
[8] Raheleh Dilmaghani, and Ramesh Rao, "A Systematic Approach to Improve Communication for Emergency Response," Proc. of 42nd Hawaii Int'l Conference on
System Sciences, Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, Jan. 2009.
[9] Weimin Dong, et al., Chi-Chi, "Taiwan Earthquake Event Report, Risk Management Solutions," Inc., https://www.rms.com/Publications/Taiwan_Event.pdf, retrieved Mar. 2010.
122
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
[10] Jinling Du, and Dalian Liu, "Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Multi-objective Flexible Scheduling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and
Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[11] Arjan Durresi, Mimoza Durresi, Vamsi Paruchuri, and Leonard Barolli, "Ad Hoc Communications for Emergency Conditions," IEEE International Conference on
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Biopolis, Singapore, Mar. 2011.
[12] R. C. Eberhart, and J. Kennedy, "New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory," Proc.
Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan,
Oct. 1995.[13] M.R. Garey, and M.D. Johnson. "Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness," 1979. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5.
[14] Jyh-Shyan Huang, Yao-Nan Lien and Yu-Chieh Huang, " Network Topology Planning for Contingency Cellular Network," Proceedings of 17th Mobile Computing Workshop, Aug.
2012, Taoyuan, Taiwan, NSC 100-2221-E-008.
[15] Jyh-Shyan Huang, Yan-Song Wang and Yao-Nan Lien, "Deployment Scheduling for Contingency Cellular Network for Disaster Operations," Proceedings of the 15th
Asis-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, Sep. 2013, Hiroshima,
Japan, NSC 101-2420-H-004-006-MY3.[16] ITR-RESCUE, Robust Networking and Information Collection Project, http://www.itr-rescue.org/research/networking.php, retrieved Feb. 2010.
[17] Bahareh Jalili, and Mehrdad Dianati, "Application of Taboo Search and Genetic Algorithm in planning and optimization of UMTS radio networks," ACM International
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, June
2010.[18] Hung-Chin Jang, Yao-Nan Lien and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Rescue Information System for Earthquake Disasters Based on MANET Emergency Communication Platform", Proc. of
the ACM International Workshop on Advanced Topics in Mobile Computing for Emergency Management: Communication and Computing Platforms (MCEM 2009), June,
2009, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 623-627.[19] Hong Kong Amateur Radio Transmitting Society, Proposal on Amateur Radio Emergency
Service in Hong Kong-Mobilezing Radio Amateur’s community Resources for Disaster
123
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
and Emergency Communications, Document No. 06/XIII/018, Aug. 2005.
[20] J. Kennedy, and R. C. Eberhart, "Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE International
Confernece on Neural network, vol. 4, Perth, Australia, Nov. 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[21] Tae-Ho Lee and Taesang Choi, "Self powered wireless communication platform for disaster relief,” 2011 Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium
(APNOMS), Sep. 2011.
[22] Yao-Nan Lien and Yung-Chuan Wun, "QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach", Proc. of The 19th Workshop on Object-Oriented Technology and Applications, HuWei, Taiwan, Sep. 2008.
[23] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Yuh-Sheng Shaw, "A Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," Proc. of ISPAN09, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Dec. 2009.
[24] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang, and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "A MANET Based Emergency Communication and Information System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," IEEE
Workshop on Specialized Ad Hoc Networks and Systems, Montreal, Canada, June. 2009.
[25] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Chih-Chieh Huang, "A Multi-hop Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters", Proceedings of
International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshop (on Applications of Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks), San Diego, CA.
[26] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Design of P2Pnet: An Autonomous P2P Ad-Hoc Group Communication System", Proceedings of The First
International Workshop on Mobile Peer-to-Peer Information Services (MP2PIS), May
18-21, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan.[27] Jaeaoo Lim, Rchard Klein, and Jason Thatcher, "Good Technology, Bad Management: A Case Study of the Satellite Phone Industry," Journal of Information Technology
Management, vol. XVI, no.2, 2005, pp. 48-55.
[28] Kelly T. Morrison, AT&T, "Rapidly Recovering from the Catastrophic Loss of a Major Telecommunications Office," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.19, no.1, Jan. 2011.
pp. 28-35.
[29] E. Natalizio, "The practical experience of implementing a GSM BTS through open
124
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
software hardware,” 2010 International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical
and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), Nov. 2010.
[30] J. Chris Oberg, Andrew G. Whitt, Robert M. Mills, "Disasters Will Happen - Are You Ready? " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.49, no.1, Jan. 2011. pp. 36-45.
[31] Ren Qing-dao-er-ji, and Yuping Wang, Xiaojing Si, "An Improved Genetic Algorithm For Job Shop Scheduling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational
Intelligence and Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[32] Yang Ran, "Considerations and Suggestions on Improvement of Communication Network Disaster Countermeasures after the Wenchuan Earthquake," IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol.49, no.1, Jan. 2011. pp. 44-47.
[33] Cristina Ribeiro, and Alexander Ferworn, "Computational Public Safety in Emergency Management Communications," ACM International Wireless Communications and
Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, Oct. 2010.
[34] María Luisa Santamaría, and Sebastià Galmé, "Multi-objective Simulated Annealing Approach for Optimal Routing in Time-Driven Sensor Networks," IEEE 19th Annual
International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Singapore, July 2011.
[35] Zhenhong Shao, Yongxiang Liu, Yi Wu and Lianfeng Shen, "A Rapid and Reliable Disaster Emergency Mobile Communication System via Aerial Ad Hoc BS networks,”
2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , Sep. 2011.
[36] Yoshitaka Shibata, Yosuke Sato, Naoki Ogasawara, Go Chiba, "A Disaster Information System by Ballooned Wireless Adhoc Network," IEEE International Conference on
Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, Fukuoka, Japan Mar. 2009.
[37] The Weather Channel, "Earthquake Deaths to Reach 3.5 Million by 2100,"
http://www.weather.com/news/science/earthquake-deaths-dramatic-rise-20130221, retrieved Feb. 2013.
[38] Stelios Timotheou and Georgios Loukas, "Autonomous Networked Robots for the Establishment of Wireless Communication in Uncertain Emergency Response Scenarios,"
ACM symposium on Applied Computing, New York, USA, Mar. 2009.
125
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
[39] Search Underwood, "Improving Disaster Management," Comm. of ACM, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb. 2010, pp. 18-20.
[40] Misako Urakami, Yuya Okada, Yasuyuki Niwa, Hisaya Motogi and Hiroshi Matsuno,
"Construction of Wireless Network for Information Communication for a Disaster-affected Island," IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information
Networking and Applications Workshops, Perth, Australia, Apr. 2010.
[41] Fan Wei, Md.Emadadul Haque, Yukihiro Fukunaga, Takehiro Gouda, Xiaodong Lu and Kinji Mori, "Autonomous Community Construction Technology for Timely Transmitting Emergency Information," IEEE Symposia and Workshops on Ubiquitous, Autonomic and
Trusted Computing, Shaanxi, China, Oct. 2010.
[42] 3GPP, Specifications, http://www.3gpp.org/Specifications, retrieved Nov. 2011.
[43] 3GPP, TS 23.401, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access" version 11.0.0.
[44] Christian Doerr and Fernando A.Kuipers, "All Quiet on the Internet Front?" IEEE
Communications Magazine, Oct. 2014.
[45] Yifan Sun and Kaushik R. Chowdhury, "Enabling Emergency Communication through a Cognitive Radio Vehichar Network," IEEE Communications Magazine, Oct. 2014.
[46] Rodrigo de Souza Couto, Stefano Secci, Miguel Elias Mitre Campista, and Luís Henrique Maciel Kosmalski Costa, "Network Design Requirements for Disaster Resilience in IaaS Clouds," IEEE Communications Magazine, Oct. 2014.
[47] Quang Tran Minh, Kien Nguyen, Cristian Borcea, and Shigeki Yamada, "On-the-Fly Establishment of Multihop Wireless Access Networks for Disaster Recovery," IEEE
Communications Magazine, Oct. 2014.
[48] 林進豐, "行動衛星通訊," 五南出版社, ISBN：9789571150062, Dec. 2007.
[49] 姚國章, "應急管理信息化建設," 北京大學出版社, ISBN：9787301155806, Sep. 2009.
[50] 孫玉, "應急通信技術總體框架討論," 人民郵電出版社, ISBN：7115208328, 2009.
[51] 連耀南, 黃智賢, "大型自然災害下大規模救災緊急通訊系統方案," Proc. of 2010
National Symposium On Telecommunications, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Dec.2010.
[52] 張雪麗等, "應急通信新技術與系統應用," 機械工業出版社, ISBN：9787111292982,
126
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Jan. 2010.
[53] 楊永年, "八八水災救災體系之研究," 公共行政學報, vol. 32, pp.143-169, Sep. 2009.
[54] 交 通 部 電 信 總 局 , " 九 二 一 震 災 災 後 重 建 電 信 問 答 手 冊 ,"
http://kbteq.ascc.net/archive/dgt/dgt01.html, retrieved Dec. 2011.
[55] 高 抗 災 通 信 平 臺 , http://88flood.www.gov.tw/committee_news_detail.php?cn_id=506, retrieved Dec. 2011.
[56] 國家通訊傳播委員會, "高雄縣莫拉克颱風災後通訊傳播設施改善實施計畫," Jun.
2010.
[57] M. Tamer Özsu,Patrick Valduriez, "Distributed and Parallen Database Systems," ACM Computing Surveys, Vol.28, No.1, Mar.1996.
[58] 陳聖棋, "企業整合型資料庫更新機制植基於分散式資料庫之建立－以疾病管制局預 防接種中央資料庫導入為例, " 輔仁大學, pp.2002
[59] 張惠晴, "應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路之群組通訊設計," 政治大學,pp.,Dec,2012.
[60] 曾守正,周韻寰, "資料庫系統之理論與實務," 儒林圖書公司, ISBN：9576529085, Sep.2001.
[61] 沈嘉，3GPP 長期演進(LTE)技術原理與系統設計，人民郵電出版社，2008.11
[62] 3GPP Technical Specification 36.300, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);
Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8), www.3gpp.org.
[63] 3GPP Technical Specification 23.401, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access, www.3gpp.org.
[64] Ulrich Barth, 3GPP Long-Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution Overview, Alcatel White Paper, 2006
[65] Erik Dahlman et al., 3G Evolution, Second Edition: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Oxford Elsevier Ltd Jul 2008
[66] Erik Dahlman et al., 4G LTE/LTE-advanced for Mobile Broadband, 1st edition, UK:
Elsevier, 2011
127
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
[67] Tewfik Doumi, Mike F Dolan, Said Tatesh, Alessio Casati, George Tsirtsis, Kiran Anchan, and Dino Flore, "LTE for Public Safety Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb. 2013.
128