本論文研究高轉換效率的長波段摻鉺光纖放大器，先藉由數 值模擬在九種架構中找出符合∆G＜0.7 dB、NF＜6 dB 條件下，最 佳的幫激波長及架構，然後經由實際實驗上的組裝及量測，驗證 數值模擬的結果，設計出適合 32 個波道 DWDM 系統使用之長波 段放大器。由模擬結果知，在1480 nm 幫激波長下的 FBIp 架構為 最佳的架構。再分別改變幫激波長960~990 nm 和 1460~1490 nm，
發現在多波長系統下並不會對各波道的增益有很大的影響。
模擬結果顯示，1480 nm 幫激波長下的 FBIp 架構在 1575 - 1600 nm 之間，每一波道之光輸入功率為-18.5 dBm 時，信號的增 益大於23 dB，增益平坦度△G ＝0.6 dB，雜訊指數低於 4.5 dB，
功率轉換效率為 40.8 %。我們組裝和模擬相同的架構來進行實 驗，由量測數據顯示，在1575 - 1600 nm 之間的信號的增益大於 22 dB，增益平坦度△G ＝1.2 dB，雜訊指數低於 7 dB，而放大器 的功率轉換效益能達到 39.7 %，與模擬的值相當符合。如果選擇 插入損失較小的元件並減少元件間的熔接損失，相信就能夠再提 高增益並雜訊降低指數。
在論文最後也對傳統波段摻鉺光纖放大器進行模擬，找出最 佳的增益平坦濾波器頻譜，使得傳統波段32 個波道增益平坦。將 長波段與傳統波段的摻鉺光纖放大器並行使用，可達到寬頻放大 器的目標。
參考文獻ġ
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表 1. 九種長波段摻鉺光纖架構及其代表符號
表2. 摻鉺光纖( HP980 )的特性資料 在兩級摻鉺光纖中 幫激架構
加入光隔離器
符號
1.雙前向 FFI
2.雙後向 BBI
3.前後向，
隔絕剩餘幫激功率 FBIb
4.前後向，
仍有剩餘幫激功率 FBIp
5.後前向 BBI
6.雙前向 FF
7.雙後向 BB
8.前後向 FB
9.後前向 BF
C u to ff w a v e le n g th 9 3 5 n m C o re ra d iu s 1 .9 3 µ m In d e x s te p (∆ n ) 0.0117 N u m e ric a l a p e rtu re 0 .1 8 5 M o d e fie ld d ia m e te r 6 .7 µ m B a c k g ro u n d lo s s @ 1 .5 5 µ m 0.72 d B /km L o s s @ 1 5 8 0 n m 0 .4 d B /m P e a k a b s o rp tio n c o e ffic ie n t @ 1 .5 3 µ m 4.35 d B /m P e a k a b s o rp tio n c o e ffic ie n t @ 1 .4 8 µ m 1.6 d B /m E rb iu m c o n c e n tra tio n 6 .5 × 102 4 m-3
表3. 長波段摻鉺光纖放大器模擬參數
Signal Wavelength 1574.54-1600.6 nm, 32 channels with channel spacing 0.8 nm Input signal power -18.5 dBm per channel
Pump wavelength 980 nm or 1480 nm
Pump power per pump laser 125 mW
WDM coupler pump loss 0.2 dB
WDM coupler signal loss@1580 nm 0.2 dB
Insertion loss of optical isolator 0.5 dB Isolation of optical isolator 50 dB
表 4.(a) 980 nm 幫激波長九種架構模擬結果
characteristics with midway isolator without midway isolator
FFI FBIb FBIp BFI BBI FF FB BF BB
Interstage loss (dB) 1.5 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9
EDF1 (m) 85 107 8 24 17 100 X 12 18
EDFtotal (m) 132 132 144 137 137 130 123 115 132
ΔG (dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 Gmax (dB) 19.9 19.8 21.3 20.7 20.7 20.2 19.1 17.6 20.5 NFmax (dB) 4.6 5.9 4.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 PCE (%) 16.6 16.4 22.7 20 19.8 17.9 17.6 9.8 19
表 4.(b) 1480 nm 幫激波長九種架構模擬結果
characteristics With midway isolator without midway isolator FFI FBIb FBIp BFI BBI FF FB BF BB Interstage loss (dB) 1.5 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9
EDF1 (m) 126 110 15 9 23 126 X 18 29
EDFtotal (m) 134 151 159 134 146 134 148 134 146
ΔG (dB) 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Gmax (dB) 20.3 23.1 23.8 20.3 21.9 20.8 23.3 20.8 22.8 NFmax (dB) 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.3 5.7 4.8 4.9 5.3 5.1 PCE (%) 18.3 34.3 40.8 18.1 27.9 20.4 35.8 20.7 32.5
表5. HighWave Optical Technologies ER741 摻鉺光纖的特性規格
Optical specifications
Absorption coefficient
At 1532nm 7 ± 1 dB/m
At 1480nm 3 ± 0.3 dB/m
At 980nm 4.5 ± 0.5 dB/m
Background Loss at 1200nm <10 dB/km Fiber Cut-off Wavelength λc 1000 ± 50 nm
Mode Field Diameter
At 980nm 3.2 ± 1 µm
At 1550nm 5 ± 0.3 µm
Geometric specifications
Outside Cladding Diameter 125.0 µm ± 1 µm
Coating Diameter 245 µm ± 10 µm
Core Diameter 3 ± 0.2 µm
Performance characterization
Numerical Aperture 0.29 ± 0.03
表6 光隔離器的特性量測
Optical Isolator
Test Data
I.L. (dB)
1570-1600 nm Isolation (dB)
ISO.1
0.8~0.9 66.08ISO.2
0.3~0.6 65.89ISO.3
0.3~0.4 65.07ISO.4
0.7~0.9 69.93＊ With connectors
Measurement Definition
Optical Isolator
表 7. 長波段分波多工器的特性量測
L-Band WDM Coupler
Test Data ( Insertion Loss )
Wavelength (nm) 1480 980 1570~1610
WDM1 0.4 dB - 0.4~0.7 dB
＊ With connectors
Measurement Definition
Insertion dB
表8. 傳統波段摻鉺光纖放大器的模擬參數
Signal Wavelength 1535.4 -1560.2 nm, 32 channels with channel spacing 0.8 nm Input signal power -18.5 dBm per channel
Pump wavelength (forward) 980 nm
Pump wavelength (backward) 1480 nm
WDM coupler pump loss@980 nm WDM coupler pump loss@1480 nm
0.2 dB
圖2-1 Er3+離子的部分能階圖[15]
圖 2-2 1.58-µm 波段之放大原理說明[15]
L
in: 輸入端元件及熔接所造成的總功率損失 L
out: 輸出端元件及熔接所造成的總功率損失 P
in: 放大器的信號輸入功率
P
out: 放大器的信號輸出功率 S
in: 信號進入光纖的功率 S
out: 信號出光纖的功率 G
S: 理論模擬之增益
NF
S: 理論模擬之雜訊指數 G
A: 放大器的實際增益
NF
A: 放大器的實際雜訊指數 L
1: 摻鉺光纖(EDF)的長度
圖2-3 放大器的元件差入損失與接點熔接損失
S
inS
outP
inP
outWDM
L
Isolator WDM Isolator
G
S, NF
S125 mW pump
125 mW pump
L
inL
outG
A, NF
A Simulated EDF圖2-4 九種長波段摻鉺光纖放大器架構
No
Yes
No
Yes
圖 2-5 長波段摻鉺光纖放大器模擬流程圖
start
Input Pin, Ppump
Ins. Loss, Isolation
L1=0, L2=0
∆G=0, NF=0
EDF1=1(m)
EDF2=1(m)
Calculate ∆G, NF
EDF2=EDF2+1(m)
Calculate ∆G1, NF1
∆G1﹤∆G
L1=EDF1
L2=EDF2
∆G=∆G NF=NF
EDF1=EDF1+1(m) NF < 6 (dB)
∆G < 0.7 (dB)
Find:Optimum length LT=L1+L2
∆G1=∆G
PCE
圖 2-6 980 nm 幫激波長下九種架構所需摻鉺光纖長度
圖2-7(a) 980 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的輸出功率(不加隔離器架構)
110
120 130 140 150
FF FFI FB FBIb FBIp BB BBI BF BFI Dual-Pump EDFA Structure
EDF Total Length (m)
single-stage
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
FFFB BBBF
圖2-7(b) 980 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的雜訊指數(不加隔離器架構)
圖2-8(a) 980 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的輸出功率(加入隔離器架構)
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
NF (dB) FF
FBBB BF
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm) FFI
FBIbFBIp BBIBFI
圖2-8(b) 980 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的雜訊指數(加入隔離器架構)
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm) Dual-pumped EDFA Structure
NFmax (dB) △G (dB)
圖2-10 980 nm 幫激波長 FBIp 架構(改變幫激波長)
960 970 980 990
Pump Wavelength (nm) Nfmax (dB) △ G (dB)
Dual-Pumped EDFA Structure
EDF Total Length (m)
single stage
圖2-12(a) 1480 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的輸出功率(不加隔離器架構)
圖2-12(b) 1480 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的雜訊指數(不加隔離器架構)
0
1 2 3 4 5
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
FF FB BB BF
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
NF (dB)
FF FB BB BF
圖2-13(a) 1480 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的輸出功率(加入隔離器架構)
圖2-13(b) 1480 nm 幫激波長 32 個波道的雜訊指數(加入隔離器架構)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
FFI FBIb
FBIp BBI
BFI
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
NF (dB)
FFIFBIb FBIpBBI BFI
0
960 970 980 990 1460 1470 1480 1490 Pump Wavelength (nm)
NFmax (dB) ΔG (dB)
Gmax (dB) PCE(%)
ΔG NFmax Gmax PCE
圖 2-14 1480 nm 幫激波長 九種架構比較 Dual-pumped EDFA Structure
NFmax (dB) △G (dB)
圖2-16 1480 nm 幫激波長 FBIp 架構(改變各波道輸入功率) Channel Input Power(dBm)
Gain (dB) Channel Spacing = 0.8 nm -40
1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 Wavelength ( nm )
Output Power (dBm)
△G = 0.6 dB
圖3-1 量測光增益及雜訊指數的裝置圖
RB: 0.07 nm
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
1579.5 1580 1580.5
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
~ max
null
PL PR
圖 3-2 量測 ASE 位準之方法 PC (Polarization Controller) : 極化控制器 PBS (Polarization Beam Splitter) : 極化分光器 OSA (Optical Spectrum Analyzer) : 光譜分析儀 Tunable VOA
Laser VOA
圖3-3 放大器在 WDM 系統特性之量測裝置
圖3-4(a) 1480 nm 幫激雷射之輸出頻譜 Under test
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510
Wavelength (nm)
Ou tp u t P ow er (dB m )
VOA VOA
VOA
圖 3-4(b) 980 nm 幫激雷射之輸出頻譜
圖3-5 光隔離器各波長所對應插入損失
-60
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
Isolation : 65.07 dB
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1500 1530 1560 1590 1620 1650
Wavelength (nm)
Insertion Loss (dB)
圖3-6 1.48/1.58μm 分波多工器各波長所對應插入損失
圖3-7 不同長度摻鉺光纖的 ASE 頻譜 (1480 nm 幫激波長) (固定第一段 EDF 改變第二段 EDF 長度，由上而下分別為 103, 98, 93, 90 m)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 Wavelength (nm)
Insertion Loss (dB)
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
10+90 m 10+93 m 10+98 m 10+103 m
圖3-8(a) 放大器輸出頻譜 (1480 nm 幫激波長)
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
Prob signal 1574.54 nm Pin = -18.5 dBm
Saturation tone 1587.8 nm
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
Prob signal
Saturation tone
圖3-8(c) 放大器輸出頻譜 (1480 nm 幫激波長) (第一段摻鉺光纖 10 米,第二段摻鉺光纖 103 米)
圖 3-9 在不同長度摻鉺光纖下 32 個波長的增益值 (1480 nm 幫激波長)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Power(dBm)
Prob signal
Saturation tone
15 18 21 24
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
G (dB)
10+80m ΔG = 2.1 dB 10+90m ΔG = 1.2 dB 10+103m ΔG = 3.6 dB
simulation (10+90m) ΔG = 0.6 dB
圖3-10 實驗與模擬的結果比較(I) (1480 nm 幫激波長)
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
1565 1575 1585 1595 1605
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
Simulation spectra (dBm/1 nm) Experiment spectra
(dBm/0.1 nm)
圖3-12 不同長度摻鉺光纖的 ASE 頻譜 (980 nm 幫激波長) (固定第一段 EDF 改變第二段 EDF 長度，由上而下分別為 90, 85, 80 m)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Output power (dBm)
5+80 m 5+85 m 5+90 m
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
5+90 m 5+85 m 5+80 m
圖3-14 在不同長度摻鉺光纖下 32 個波長的增益值
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wavelength (nm)
Gain (dB)
5+80m ΔG = 2.05 dB 5+85m ΔG = 1.2 dB 5+90m ΔG = 1.3 dB
simulation (5+85m) ΔG = 0.5 dB
0
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wave le ngth (nm)
Gain (dB)
Simulated Gain Simulated Gain Experimental Gain Simulated NF Simulated NF(Ⅱ) Experimental NF
(Ⅰ) (Ⅱ)
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605
Wave le ngth (nm)
Gain (dB)
Simulated Gain Simulated Gain Experimental Gain Simulated NF Simulated NF(Ⅱ) Experimental NF
(Ⅰ) (Ⅱ)
圖 3-16 實驗與模擬的結果比較(Ⅱ) (980 nm 幫激波長) -40
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
1565 1575 1585 1595 1605
Wavelength (nm)
Power (dBm)
Simulation spectra (dBm/1 nm) Experiment spectra
(dBm/0.1 nm)
圖4-1 傳統波段摻鉺光纖放大器架構
圖4-2 EDFA 加入增益平坦化濾波器 980/1550 nm
WDM
EDF1 EDF2
1480/1550nm
WDM Isolator
980 nm LD 1480 nm LD GEF
Pin Pout
Isolator
圖 4-3 32 個訊號輸出功率頻譜在未加入增益平坦濾波器前
-50
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
△G = 2.8 dB
圖 4-5 增益平坦濾波器頻譜
圖 4-6 C+L band 輸出功率頻譜 -5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
Wavelength (nm)
Transmittance (dB)
-45 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
圖4-7 C+L band 輸出增益及雜訊指數
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 Wavelength (nm)
signal gain (dB)
0
1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 Wavelength (nm)
signal gain (dB)
0
圖4-9 32 個訊號輸出功率頻譜(加入光隔離器)
圖4-10 增益平坦濾波器頻譜
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
沒加入光隔離器
加入光隔離器
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
Wavelength (nm)
Transmittance (dB)
-45 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620
Wavelength (nm)
Output Power (dBm)
圖 4-11 C+L band 輸出功率頻譜(改變輸入波長)
△G = 1.1 dB
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 Wavelength (nm)
Signal gain (dB)
0 2 4 6 8 10
NF (dB)
圖4-13 增益平坦濾波器頻譜(改變輸入波長)
1550/1580nm
WDM
圖4-14 傳統波段與長波段摻鉺光纖放大器的並行架構
1.58 µm-band EDFA 1.55 µm-band EDFA
1550/1580nm
WDM -8
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
1520 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 Wavelength (nm)
transmittance (dB)
圖4-15 傳統波段與長波段摻鉺光纖放大器的並行架構[7]