在觀察的低溫自發輻射光譜中，隨溫度降低過程中，除了 Nd:YAG、Nd:YAP 晶體有 部分峰值位置紅移，其他晶體之峰值位置皆為藍移或是幾乎沒有移動；多數晶體有峰值
並找出這兩種晶體在不同輸入功率下，要達到雷射雙波長輸出功率相等之溫度。
輸入功率強度越強，晶體內部溫度越高，故達到雙波長雷射輸出功率一致的最佳溫 度就需要越低。
圖 4-1-1 Nd:YAG 晶體在不同溫度下的吸收光譜，插圖為波長 808 nm 至 809 nm 之放大 圖
116
圖 4-1-2 溫度由 290 K 降至 80 K，摻釹晶體之自發輻射的峰值藍移量
Nd:YVO4 Nd:GdVO4 Nd:LuVO4
Enha nce d M ul tipl es
Nd:YAP Nd:YLF Nd:YVO4 Nd:GdVO4 Nd:LuVO4 Nd:KGW Nd:YAG
Blu e sh ift (n m )
0.9 μm(σ) 0.9 μm(π) 1.06 μm(σ) 1.06 μm(π) 1.3 μm(σ) 1.3 μm(π)
4-2 未來工作
就本論文觀察之晶體，尚有數個波段可嘗試雙波長雷射，並尋找不同輸入功率下，
可達到雙波長雷射輸出功率相等之最佳溫度。
雙波長雷射可應用於雷射光譜學 [54] [55]、全像攝影術(holography) [56]、光學雷 達 [57]、醫療儀器 [58]、非線性光學混頻 [59]等，值得進一步研究。
降溫過程中，由自發輻射光譜圖的變化，我們發現有多個峰值半高寬(full width at half maximum，FWHM)變窄之現象。而鎖模雷射(mode-locked)的脈衝與自發輻射的線寬 (linewidth)有關，故鎖模雷射在低溫下的表現將會是很有趣的研究。
118
參考文獻
1. P. Klopp, U. Griebner, M. Zorn, and M. Weyers, "Pulse repetition rate up to 92 GHz or pulse duration shorter than 110 fs from a mode-locked semiconductor disk laser," Appl.
Phys. Lett. 98, 071103 (2011).
2. 劉國基 and 張百齊, "Nd-YAG 雷射的加工應用," 遠東學報 19, 372–376 (1991).
3. J.-F. Seurin, G. Xu, A. Miglo, Q. Wang, R. Van Leeuwen, Y. Xiong, W.-X. Zou, D. Li, J. D. Wynn, V. Khalfin, and C. Ghosh, "High-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for solid-state laser pumping," SPIE Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XVI 8276, 827609 (2012).
4. R. K. Huang, B. Chann, J. Burgess, M. Kaiman, R. Overman, J. D. Glenn, and P.
Tayebati, "Direct diode lasers with comparable beam quality to fiber, CO2, and solid state lasers," SPIE High-Power Diode Laser Technol. Appl. X 8241, 824102 (2012).
5. S. Backus, S. Brown, M. Gerrity, X. Zhang, R. Bartels, J. Squier, H. Kapteyn, and M.
Murnane, "High Peak and Average Power Near/Mid-IR Femtosecond Laser Sources,"
Imaging Appl. Opt. 14 (2013).
6. H. ZHANG, X. MENG, L. ZHU, J. LIU, ChangqingWANG, and Z. SHAO, "Laser Properties at 1.06 µm for Nd : GdVO4 Single Crystal Pumped by a High Power Laser Diode," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1231, 54–57 (1999).
7. Y. Lü, P. Zhai, J. Xia, X. Fu, and S. Li, "Simultaneous orthogonal polarized dual-wavelength continuous-wave laser operation at 1079.5 nm and 1064.5 nm in Nd : YAlO3 and their sum-frequency mixing," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29, 2352–2356 (2012).
8. D. K. Sardar and R. M. Yow, "Stark components of 4F3/2, 4I9/2 and 4I11/2 manifold energy levels and effects of temperature on the laser transition of Nd3+ in YVO4," Opt. Mater.
(Amst). 14, 5–11 (2000).
9. R. J. Keyes and T. M. Quist, "INJECTION LUMINESCENT PUMPING OF CaF2:U3+
WITH GaAs DIODE LASERS," Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 50 (1964).
10. L. F. Johnson, H. J. Guggenheim, and R. A. Thomas, "Phonon-Terminated Optical Masers," Phys. Rev. 149, (1966).
119
11. J. J. Adams, C. Bibeau, R. H. Page, D. M. Krol, L. H. Furu, and S. A. Payne, "4.0 – 4.5- m m lasing of Fe : ZnSe below 180 K , a new mid-infrared laser material," Opt. Lett. 24, 1720–1722 (1999).
12. P. . F. Moulton, "Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti : Al2O3," Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 125–133 (1986).
13. A. Giesen, "Results and scaling laws of thin disk lasers," SPIE Solid-State Lasers XIII 5332, 212–227 (2004).
14. F. D. Patel, D. G. Harris, and C. E. Turner, Jr., "Improving the Beam Quality of a High Power Yb:YAG Rod Laser Falgun," SPIE Solid-State Lasers XV Technol. Dev. 6100, 610018 (2006).
15. D. C. Brown, "The promise of cryogenic solid-state lasers," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11, 587–599 (2005).
16. T. Y. Fan, S. Member, IEEE, D. J. Ripin, R. L. Aggarwal, J. R. Ochoa, B. Chann, M.
Tilleman, and J. Spitzberg, "Cryogenic Yb3+ -Doped Solid-State Lasers," IEEE J. Sel.
Top. QUANTUM Electron. 13, 448–459 (2007).
17. S. Ricaud, D. N. Papadopoulos, a Pellegrina, F. Balembois, P. Georges, a Courjaud, P.
Camy, J. L. Doualan, R. Moncorgé, and F. Druon, "High-power diode-pumped cryogenically cooled Yb:CaF₂ laser with extremely low quantum defect.," Opt. Lett. 36, 1602–1604 (2011).
18. D. Rand, D. Miller, D. J. Ripin, and T. Y. Fan, "Cryogenic Yb3+ -doped materials for pulsed solid- state laser applications [ Invited ]," Opt. Soc. Am. 1, 434–450 (2011).
19. H. Fonnum, E. Lippert, and M. W. Haakestad, "550 mJ Q-switched cryogenic Ho:YLF oscillator pumped with a 100 W Tm:fiber laser.," Opt. Lett. 38, 1884–1886 (2013).
20. D. E. Miller, L. E. Zapata, D. J. Ripin, and T. Y. Fan, "Sub-picosecond pulses at 100 W average power from a Yb:YLF chirped-pulse amplification system.," Opt. Lett. 37, 2700–2702 (2012).
21. A. Lucianetti, D. Albach, and J.-C. Chanteloup, "Active-mirror-laser-amplifier thermal management with tunable helium pressure at cryogenic temperatures.," Opt. Express 19, 12766 (2011).
120
22. D. C. Brown, J. M. Singley, K. Kowalewski, J. Guelzow, and V. Vitali, "High sustained average power cw and ultrafast Yb:YAG near-diffraction-limited cryogenic solid-state laser.," Opt. Express 18, 24770 (2010).
23. D. E. Miller, J. R. Ochoa, and T. Y. Fan, "Cryogenically cooled , 149 W , Q -switched , Yb : LiYF4 laser," Opt. Lett. 38, 149–150 (2013).
24. Y. Sato and T. Taira, "Temperature dependencies of stimulated emission cross section for Nd-doped solid-state laser materials," Opt. Mater. Express 2, 1076 (2012).
25. H. Furuse, J. Kawanaka, N. Miyanaga, H. Chosrowjan, M. Fujita, K. Takeshita, and Y.
Izawa, "Output characteristics of high power cryogenic Yb:YAG TRAM laser oscillator.," Opt. Express 20, 21739 (2012).
26. S. Banerjee, K. Ertel, P. D. Mason, P. J. Phillips, M. Siebold, M. Loeser, C. Hernandez-Gomez, and J. L. Collier, "High-efficiency 10 J diode pumped cryogenic gas cooled Yb:YAG multislab amplifier.," Opt. Lett. 37, 2175–2177 (2012).
27. K. Kowalewski, J. Zembek, V. Envid, and D. C. Brown, "201 W picosecond green laser using a mode-locked fiber laser driven cryogenic Yb:YAG amplifier system.," Opt. Lett.
37, 4633–4635 (2012).
28. H. Furuse, J. Kawanaka, N. Miyanaga, T. Saiki, K. Imasaki, M. Fujita, K. Takeshita, S.
Ishii, and Y. Izawa, "Zig-zag active-mirror laser with cryogenic Yb3+:YAG/YAG composite ceramics.," Opt. Express 19, 2448–2455 (2011).
29. D. C. Brown, T. M. Bruno, and J. M. Singley, "Heat-fraction-limited CW Yb:YAG cryogenic solid-state laser with 100% photon slope efficiency.," Opt. Express 18, 16573 (2010).
30. J. Kawanaka, Y. Takeuchi, a. Yoshida, S. J. Pearce, R. Yasuhara, T. Kawashima, and H.
Kan, "Highly efficient cryogenically-cooled Yb:YAG laser," Laser Phys. 20, 1079–1084 (2010).
31. CASTECH, "-Laser crystals-Crystal Products-," http://www.castech.com.
32. FLIR, "Yttrium Orthoaluminate - YALO3 | Scientific Materials Corporation | Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite," http://www.scientificmaterials.com/products/yalo3_yttrium-orthoaluminate.php.
121
33. J. Sulc, H. Jelínková, J. K. J. Nski, W. ˙Zendzian, J. Kwiatkowski, K. Nejezchleb, and V. Škoda, "Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd: YAG and Nd: YAP laser,"
SPIE (2005).
34. C. Maunier, J. L. Doualan, R. Moncorge, A. Speghini, M. Bettinelli, and E. Cavalli,
"Growth , spectroscopic characterization , and laser performance of Nd : LuVO4 , a new infrared," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 1794–1800 (2002).
35. Y. Chen, Y. Lin, X. Gong, Q. Tan, J. Zhuang, Z. Luo, and Y. Huang, "Polarized spectroscopic properties of Nd3+-doped KGd(WO4)2 single crystal," J. Lumin. 126, 653–
660 (2007).
36. K. A. Yahya, O. A. Hussein, and O. H. Mustafa, "Thermal focal length of Nd : YLF laser rod crystal at 797nm and 792nm diode-end pump," 4, 400–404 (2013).
37. P. a Loiko, K. V Yumashev, N. V Kuleshov, and A. a Pavlyuk, "Thermo-optic coefficients and thermal lensing in Nd-doped KGd(WO4)2 laser crystals.," Appl. Opt. 49, 6651–6659 (2010).
38. R. Moncorg, B. Chambon, N. Gamier, E. Descroix, P. Laporte, H. Guillet, S. Roy, D.
Pelenc, and P. Farge, "Nd doped crystals for medical laser applications," Opt. Mater.
(Amst). 8, 109–119 (1997).
39. LaserComponents, "Home - Laser Components GmbH,"
http://www.lasercomponents.com/de/?embedded=1&file=fileadmin/user_upload/home/
Datasheets/divers-optik/laserstaebe_kristalle/ndgdvo4_cry.pdf&no_cache=1.
40. J. Sulc, H. Jelinkova, J. K. Jabczynski, W. Zendzian, J. Kwiatkowski, K. Nejezchleb, and V. Skoda, "comparison of diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser," SPIE 5707, 325–334 (2005).
41. I. LCS, "Potassium Gadolinium (and Yttrium) Tungstate (KGW and KYW) crystals.
Laser Crystal Solutions - none-linear optical materials for laser applications.,"
http://www.lc-solutions.com/product/kgw.php.
42. CoherentINC, "Nd :YVO4," https://www.coherent.com/download/628/Nd-YVO4-Data-Sheet.pdf.
43. S. Zhao, H. Zhang, Y. Lu, J. Liu, J. Wang, X. Xu, H. Xia, and M. Jiang, "Spectroscopic characterization and laser performance of Nd:LuVO4 single crystal," Opt. Mater. (Amst).
28, 950–955 (2006).
122
44. T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, and S. Wada, "Optical properties and thermal characteristics of the floating zone grown Nd: LuVO4 crystals," Adv. Solid-State Photonics 36–40 (2005).
45. J. C. Tung, T. Y. Wu, H. C. Liang, and Y. F. Chen, "Precise measurement of the thermo-optical coefficients of various Nd-doped vanadates with an intracavity self-mode-locked scheme," Laser Phys. 24, 035804 (2014).
46. "Yb:KGW and Yb:KYW Crystals Laser Lines and Harmonics | Eksma Optics,"
http://eksmaoptics.com/femtoline-components/femtoline-nonlinear-laser-crystals/yb-kgw-and-yb-kyw-crystals-laser-lines-and-harmonics/.
47. M. Schmidt, E. Heumaim, C. Czeranowsky, G. Huber, and Y. Zavartsev, "Continuous wave diode pumped Nd:GdVO4 laser at 912nm and intracavity doubling to the blue spectral range," 50, 470–475 (2001).
48. "Nd or Yb doped Potassium-Gadolinium Tungstate crystals," http://www.mt-berlin.com/frames_cryst/descriptions/kgw.htm.
49. T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, M. Higuchi, J. Takahashi, C. Leong, J. Morikawa, T. Hashimoto, and S. Wada, "Optical and Thermal Characteristics of Nd:LuVO4 Grown by Floating Zone Method," Appl. Phys. Express 2, 012501 (2009).
50. A. A. Kaminskii, S. N. Bagaev, K. Ueda, A. Shirakawa, T. Tokurakawa, H. Yagi, T.
Yanagitany, and J. Dong, "Stimulated-emission spectroscopy of fine-grained “garnet”
ceramics Nd3+ :Y3Al5O12 in a wide temperature range between 77 and 650 K," Laser Phys. Lett. 6, 682–687 (2009).
51. M. Zhou, D. X. Cao, M. Z. Wang, X. F. Wang, and Y. M. Luo, "Polarized fluorescence spectra analysis of Yb3+:KGd(WO4)2," Opt. Commun. 282, 4109–4113 (2009).
52. C. Y. Cho, P. H. Tuan, Y. T. Yu, K. F. Huang, and Y. F. Chen, "A cryogenically cooled Nd:YAG monolithic laser for efficient dual-wavelength operation at 1061 and 1064 nm,"
Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 045806 (2013).
53. S. J. Yoon and J. I. Mackenzie, "Cryogenically cooled 946nm Nd : YAG laser," Opt.
Express 22, 8069–8075 (2014).
54. M. G. Allen, K. L. Carleton, S. J. Davis, W. J. Kessler, C. E. Otis, D. a Palombo, and D.
M. Sonnenfroh, "Ultrasensitive dual-beam absorption and gain spectroscopy:
applications for near-infrared and visible diode laser sensors," Appl. Opt. 34, 3240–3249 (1995).
123
55. B. Chance, M. Mans, J. Sorge, and M. Z. Zhang, "A Phase Modulation System for Dual Wavelength Difference Spectroscopy of Hemoglobin Deoxygenation in Tissues," SPIE Time-Resolved Laser Spectrosc. Biochem. II 1204, 481–491 (1990).
56. F. Weigl, "A generalized technique of two-wavelength, nondiffuse holographic interferometry," Appl. Opt. 10, 187–192 (1971).
57. R. Farley and P. Dao, "Development of an intracavity-summed multiple-wavelength Nd:
YAG laser for a rugged, solid-state sodium lidar system," Appl. Opt. 34, 4269–4273 (1995).
58. S. N. Son, J.-J. Song, J. U. Kang, and C.-S. Kim, "Simultaneous second harmonic generation of multiple wavelength laser outputs for medical sensing," Sensors (Basel).
11, 6125–6130 (2011).
59. Y. F. Chen, Y. S. Chen, and S. W. Tsai, "Diode-pumped Q-switched laser with intracavity sum frequency mixing in periodically poled KTP," Appl. Phys. B 79, 207–
210 (2004).
124