討論與結 討論與結 討論與結語 語 語 語
本論文的覆誦實驗招募六十五歲以上之漳州腔與海口腔臺閩語使用者為 受試者，各分未受教育與受過二到六年臺灣國語教育兩組。藉由臺閩語之陽 平變調探討變調之心理真實性，檢驗臺灣國語和臺閩語間之語言轉移，同時 也研究不同年齡組別間是否如範例理論預測產生不同的結果。
本章先總節實驗結果，並提供每個結果可能的解釋。實驗 I 中非升調之 出現率 (約 50-70% 與 30-35%) 與陽平變調之比例 (約 30-50% 與 20-30%) 皆高於實驗 II，並不令人感到意外。相較於有受過臺灣國語教育之受試者，
未受教育者接觸臺閩語的機會與時間較多，因此，對於非句尾或詞尾不能有 升調這個聲調制約比較敏感。再者，實驗 I 所使用之承載句為臺閩語，因此 受試者可能較易於使用臺閩語的知識去執行實驗工作。相對地，實驗 II 使用 臺灣國語為承載句可能對受試者產生抑制的效果。此外，實驗結果除了模仿 升調調型及正確變調 (漳州腔之 33 與海口腔之 31) ，其餘的覆誦結果皆為平 調 (漳州腔之 55 與海口腔之 33 和 55)。在臺閩語中，因為升調不能出現在非 句尾或詞尾之位置，若受試者沒有應用陽平變調規則，可能選擇用與原本調 型差異不會太大之平調來對應升調 (臺灣國語之 35)，其結果就是與起始調值 或末尾調值相同，此一現象可視為遵循優選論中之信實原則 (faithfulness) (Prince and Smolensky 2004)。以上之推論也可用於解釋為何 31 鮮少出現於漳 州腔受試者之實驗結果，且高降調 51 未曾出現在實驗結果。前者之起始調值
雖與原升調之起始調值一致，但調型下降。至於後者，其起始調值和末尾調 值與原升調皆不一致，又調型與原升調相反，因此不出現在實驗結果之中。
由以上之推論，在漳州腔受試者之實驗結果，33 可能源自遵循優選論之信實 原則，也可能衍生自陽平變調，所以 33 的出現頻率在實驗 I 和 II 中皆顯著 高於 55，且漳州腔受試者之變調正確率高於海口腔受試者。至於實驗 I 和 II 海口腔受試者之實驗結果顯示 55 的出現頻率皆高於 33，可能是原升調末尾 調值停留在工作記憶 (working memory) 時間較長久的緣故。最後，年齡分 組對於實驗 I 漳州腔受試者之實驗結果與實驗 II 兩種方言之實驗結果有顯 著正面的影響，實屬預期之中，因為年紀越大之受試者對於語言使用的態度 越保守，而且使用臺閩語的時間也較長。
本論文有以下幾項理論意涵。第一、本研究傾向支持臺閩語陽平變調具 有心理真實性，從海口腔受試者之實驗結果尤其明顯。即使低降調 31 與原升 調之調型相反，且 31 與原升調之末尾調值不一致，其出現率在實驗 I 與實 驗 II 仍分別有 28.9% 和 19%，提供了臺閩語陽平變調心理真實性強而有力 的證據。第二、如同 Cheng (1968) 和 Hsu (1989)，本研究之實驗結果也證實 語言轉移的現象。在實驗 II 中，受試者皆受過二到六年的臺灣國語教育，又 實驗材料與承載句皆為臺灣國語，仍產生陽平變調，尤其海口腔受試者之實 驗結果更支持第一語言對第二語言之影響。第三、不同年齡組別之受試者對 於臺閩語非句尾或詞尾不能容納升調這個聲調制約產生正面之影響印驗了範 例理論，從 Pierrehumbert (2001) 節錄之段落足以清楚說明。
…First, older people may have more exemplars than younger ones for the same pattern, so that the parameter values displayed in older exemplars dominate the production
statistics… A second possibility is that older people are less likely to add new exemplars than young ones; because the formation of new memories becomes less rapid and robust with age, the production statistics are dominated by exemplars stored at a younger age… Both of these lines of explanation predict that the speech patterns of older adults could shift to some extent, just not as rapidly as for younger people.
最後，本論文之部分實驗結果可訴諸優選論的信實原則 (faithfulness)。當受 試者聽到一個不能出現在非句尾或詞尾之升調，他們選擇將升調轉換成其他 與原升調之起始或末尾調值一致的聲調。
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附錄一 附錄一附錄一 附錄一 實驗刺激項
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T1T1: la55la55 T2T1: la35la55 T3T1: la21pha55 T4T1: la51la55 T1T2: la55la35 T2T2: la35la35 T3T2: la21la35 T4T2: la51la35 T1T3: la55la31 T2T3: la35la31 T3T3 = T2T3 T4T3: la51la31 T1T4: la55la51 T2T4: la35la51 T3T4: la21la51 T4T4: la51la51 sa-sa
T1T1: sa55sa55 T2T1: sa35sa55 T3T1: sa21sa55 T4T1: sa51sa55 T1T2: sa55sa35 T2T2: sa35sa35 T3T2: sa21sa35 T4T2: sa51sa35 T1T3: sa55sa31 T2T3: sa35sa31 T3T3 = T2T3 T4T3: sa51sa31 T1T4: sa55sa51 T2T4: sa35sa51 T3T4: sa21sa51 T4T4: sa51sa51 ka-ka
T1T1: ka55ka55 T2T1: ka35ka55 T3T1: ka21ka55 T4T1: ka51ka55 T1T2: ka55ka35 T2T2: ka35ka35 T3T2: ka21ka35 T4T2: ka51ka35 T1T3: ka55ka31 T2T3: ka35ka31 T3T3 = T2T3 T4T3: ka51ka31 T1T4: ka55ka51 T2T4: ka35ka51 T3T4: ka21ka51 T4T4: ka51ka51 kha-kha
T1T1: tsa55tsa55 T2T1: tsa35tsa55 T3T1: tsa21tsa55 T4T1: tsa51tsa55 T1T2: tsa55tsa35 T2T2: tsa35tsa35 T3T2: tsa21tsa35 T4T2: tsa51tsa35
T1T3: tsa55tsa31 T2T3: tsa35tsa31 T3T3 = T2T3 T4T3: tsa51tsa31 T1T4: tsa55tsa51 T2T4: tsa35tsa51 T3T4: tsa21tsa51 T4T4: tsa51tsa51 tsha-tsha
T1T1: tsha55tsha55 T2T1: tsha35tsha55 T3T1: tsha21tsha55 T4T1: tsha51tsha55 T1T2: tsha55tsha35 T2T2: tsha35tsha35 T3T2: tsha21tsha35 T4T2: tsha51tsha35 T1T3: tsha55tsha31 T2T3: tsha35tsha31 T3T3 = T2T3 T4T3: tsha51tsha31 T1T4: tsha55tsha51 T2T4: tsha35tsha51 T3T4: tsha21tsha51 T4T4: tsha51tsha51
附錄二 附錄二附錄二 附錄二
實驗 I 漳州腔受試者之實驗結果分類
受試者受試者
受試者受試者 性別性別性別性別 年齡年齡 年齡年齡 R→33 R→55 R→31 R 總和總和總和總和
1 F 69 27 6 0 31 64
2 F 68 14 5 0 45 64
3 F 69 54 8 0 1 63
4 F 87 42 14 1 7 64
5 F 96 17 35 6 6 64
6 F 86 31 30 0 3 64
7 F 82 38 18 0 7 63
8 F 70 22 7 0 35 64
9 F 73 28 2 1 33 64
10 M 76 40 4 0 18 62
11 M 79 50 5 0 9 64
12 F 76 42 6 0 16 64
13 F 70 25 2 2 35 64
14 F 73 35 7 0 22 64
15 F 74 39 6 0 19 64
16 F 71 20 5 0 39 64
17 F 75 39 5 0 20 64
18 M 81 47 10 1 6 64
附錄三 附錄三附錄三 附錄三
實驗 I 海口腔受試者之實驗結果分類
受試者受試者
受試者受試者 性性性性別別別別 年齡年齡年齡年齡 R→31 R→33 R→55 R 總和總和總和總和
1 F 83 26 6 12 22 64
2 M 82 5 0 10 49 64
3 F 89 20 9 1 33 63
4 F 75 14 34 0 16 64
5 F 66 31 5 15 13 64
6 F 66 4 0 18 42 64
7 F 67 18 2 16 27 63
8 F 67 5 8 13 38 64
9 F 69 26 9 5 24 64
10 M 68 22 0 6 36 64
11 M 75 21 0 20 20 62
12 M 90 45 0 6 13 64
13 M 81 25 1 22 16 64
14 M 86 28 0 22 14 64
15 M 72 3 5 4 52 64
16 M 73 4 1 27 32 64
17 F 76 18 4 13 28 63
18 F 74 16 1 5 42 64
附錄四 附錄四附錄四 附錄四
實驗 II 漳州腔受試者之實驗結果分類
受試者受試者
受試者受試者 性別性別 性別性別 年齡年齡年齡年齡 R→33 R→55 R→31 R 總和總和 總和總和
1 F 70 20 2 0 42 64
2 F 74 30 0 0 34 64
3 F 76 25 0 0 39 64
4 F 66 15 0 0 49 64
5 F 68 20 0 0 44 64
6 F 72 10 30 0 24 64
7 F 73 13 0 0 51 64
8 F 72 20 0 0 44 64
9 M 73 22 23 0 19 64
10 M 70 16 2 0 46 64
11 M 68 13 0 0 51 64
12 F 73 22 0 0 42 64
13 M 69 18 0 0 46 64
14 M 74 21 0 0 43 64
15 M 75 19 1 0 44 64
16 M 70 19 0 0 45 64
17 F 69 19 0 0 45 64
18 F 71 18 0 0 46 64
附錄五 附錄五附錄五 附錄五
實驗 II 海口腔受試者之實驗結果分類
受試者受試者
受試者受試者 性別性別性別性別 年齡年齡年齡年齡 R→31 R→33 R→55 R 總和總和總和總和
1 M 66 5 8 5 46 64
2 M 66 0 11 18 35 64
3 F 67 4 0 2 58 64
4 M 68 7 0 5 52 64
5 M 68 8 2 7 47 64
6 M 69 7 0 3 53 63
7 M 69 6 0 1 57 64
8 M 70 8 0 6 50 64
9 M 70 12 1 1 49 63
10 F 72 14 8 6 36 64
11 M 72 15 6 6 37 64
12 F 73 17 3 5 39 64
13 F 73 21 0 6 35 62
14 M 73 20 3 8 33 64
15 M 73 17 3 5 39 64
16 F 74 19 0 4 40 63
17 F 75 22 0 4 36 62
18 M 75 15 3 6 38 62