肉桂芸香鹼是一種具有許多藥理特性的生 物鹼,因此民間有使用芸香作為調味品及有解 毒功效的夏季清涼飲品。惟採集野生芸香,因 植株不僅肉桂芸香鹼含量不一,且汁液含有檸 檬油、桉油精及香豆素等可致敏成分,不慎觸 碰後易導致嚴重的接觸性皮膚炎。故篩選高肉 桂 芸 香 鹼 含 量 的 芸 香 品 種, 並 萃 取 肉 桂 芸 香 鹼,對實際民俗應用及相關產品後續研發甚至 於開發小分子藥物上等皆極具關鍵性。
台 灣 有 許 多 特 有 原 生 植 物, 惜 受 到 不 同 等 級 威 脅 而 逐 漸 消 失 於 野 外, 故 利 用 植 物 繁 殖 復 育 的 技 術 來 進 行 相 關 之 保 種 保 育 任 務 相 當 重 要。 對 於 具 有 景 觀 園 藝 或 經 濟 作 物 價 值 的 物 種, 我 國 已 多 有 人 工 繁 殖 技 術 之 推 廣 及 加 強 栽 種, 不 過 對 於 芸 香 之 相 關 研 究 卻 不 多 見。國際上為避免異花授粉而造成基因的多變
(A)
(B) (D)
(E) (F) (G)
10 mm
10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
10 mm 15 mm 30 mm
(C)
圖1. (A) 本研究所使用之蒐集芸香種子外觀圖;由左至右分別對應植株 (B–G) 外觀圖。
Fig. 1. (A) The appearance of collected rue seeds and (B–G) the respective shoots.
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性,因此大部分的研究團隊捨棄種子而採用芽 (Atta-Alla
et al. 2008) 或節間組織 (Hussain &
Nathar 2020) 誘發體外培養的方式來進行芸香 保株。惟因芸香所含之肉桂芸香鹼大多存在於 其種子中 (Rayburn 2007),且獲取肉桂芸香鹼 以期在疾病預防治療時扮演關鍵角色,故以異 於植物保護復育之方式,從種子中培育出植株 後,篩選生物鹼高產之品種。
代謝自氨茴酸 (anthranilic acid) 的肉桂芸 香 鹼, 不 僅 可 在 芸 香 科 (Rutaceae) 之芸香中 發現,如主要分布在熱帶、亞熱帶、溫帶的乾 旱地區的約250 種蒺藜科 (Zygophyllaceae) 亦 被 報 導 含 肉 桂 芸 香 鹼 (Aniszewski 2007)。其 他還有南美安地斯山脈的酢醬薯 (Oxalis
tube-rose L.) (Bais et al. 2002)、百香果 (Passiflora (A)
(D)
(B)
(E)
15 mm
15 mm 25 mm
15 mm
100 mm
(C)
圖2. 芸香組織培養與發育。(A) 芸香種子培養於 MS 基礎培養基上;(B) 種子發芽情形;(C) 莖尖培養在 1/2 MS + 4.44 µM BAP 上再生芽體;(D) 在含有 5.0 µM IBA 的 1/2 MS 培養基上從芽再生根;(E) 完整植株移植 至大塑膠盒中。
Fig. 2. Tissue culture and the development of the rue plants. (A) Collected seeds were grown on the MS (Murashige
& Skoog 1962) basal medium; (B) germination of rue seed; (C) generation of multiple shoots from the dissected shoot apex on MS + 4.44 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); (D) regenerating roots on half strength salt medium containing 5.0 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); and (E) transplantation of whole plants into big plastic boxes.
(A)
a b c d e f
(B)
圖3. 芸香種子萃取物螢光檢測。(A) 冷凍乾燥萃
取物顯示出不同芸香種子萃取物其紫外線吸收所產 螢光各異。(B) 暴露於短波紫外線 (247 nm) 下,可
觀察到從樣本d 的種子萃取液發出藍紫色螢光。
Fig. 3. Fluorescence detection of the rue seed extracts.
(A) Fluorescence emancipating by different lyophilized extracts. (B) Visualization for blue-purplish fluores-cence under UV light exposure with a short wavelength of UV (247 nm) from the extract of sample d.
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edulis) (Pereira et al. 2014),甚至於同屬無患
子目的近親敘利亞芸香 (Peganum harmala L.) (Berlinet al. 1993) 的種子中,亦含有大量包
括肉桂芸香鹼的吲哚類生物鹼。但進口外來植 物牽涉到複雜的檢疫程序,且台灣的體質即是 多樣性,過去也原生存在許多被外人稱道的芸 香,珍貴遺產值得後人繼承發揮。本研究利用 種子篩選出的植株,其肉桂芸香鹼產量每100 g 種子在 0.75 g 左右,若能進一步改良萃取條 件,之後即可將高產樣本進行大量繁殖以穩定 取得肉桂芸香鹼,並應用於保健產業中。商業 培養純化後,民眾可直接購買衍生商品,不須 採集野外族群,不但可避免過敏等副作用,同 時也減輕野外芸香族群之壓力。引用文獻
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圖4. 芸香種子萃取物多步梯度高效液相層析檢測;色譜圖鑑定出含有肉桂芸香鹼和氫化肉桂芸香鹼。
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