一︾反應時間和正確率
本研究結果指出不論身體活動的類����������������������������������型︽在反應表現及正確率皆無組別差異︽所以拒 絕研究假設一〈
空間工作記憶作業在無規律運動組的反應時間 (M = 940.22ms) 較身體活動組的反 應時間 (M = 946.91ms) 短〈學者發現對刺激物位置的預先提示會提高對刺激物辨認的 反應效率︽而這種反應效率的提升是由於知覺改善︽還是由於決策︾反應的改善所致︽
目前仍是一個爭論的問題 (Mangun & Hillyard, 1995)〈但身體活動組的正確率 (M = 65%) 較無規律運動組的正確率 (M = 63%) 高︽顯示身體活動組很可能是分配較多注意力在 執行作業正確與否︽因此反應時間長於無規律運動組︽但正確率較無規律運動高〈二組 別的反應時間及正確率沒有差異︽可能是作業難度過低︽而無法有效區辨出差異〈
二︾ERP 資料
�一 N100 振幅及潛伏時間
本研究結果發現兩個組別在Fz 的 N100 振幅有差異﹀在 Cz 的 N100 振幅及潛伏時 間均未發現差異︽所以僅部分支持研究假設二〈
兩個組別在 Fz 的 N100 振幅有交互作用存在︽身體活動組在 Fz 的 N100 振幅大於 無規律運動組︽此結果說明身體活動組在早期目標刺激出現時較無規律運動組︽投入較 多專注力〈因此︽ERP 的早期成份 N100 的調節可能與注意方位有很大的關連〈
本研究身體活動組在Fz 及 Cz 的 N100 潛伏時間雖然沒有達到顯著︽但潛伏時間仍 短於無規律運動組︽顯示在早期刺激出現時︽身體活動組在大腦前額葉區及中央區較為 活化︽分配較多資源在認知功能上︽因此能較快做出反應〈但二組別並沒有交互作用 (F
= 1.45, p > .05; F = 1.19, p > .05)︽也無組別和腦葉區的主要效果〈
�二 P300 振幅及潛伏時間
本研究結果發現兩個組別在Cz 和 Pz 的 P300 振幅及潛伏時間均未發現差異︽所以 並未支持研究假設三〈
P300 振幅反應刺激環境的神經表徵︽並且投入部分注意力資源到既定的作業上 (Kida et al., 2004)〈因此︽P300 振幅越大︽代表投入的注意力資源越多︽且有較佳的注 意力分配〈ERP 成份振幅的改變可以解釋運動介入後增加相關大腦區域的招募可能反應 出增加頂葉皮質區對作業相關的活化與額葉注意力網絡連結的能力〈然而研究結果顯 示︽二組在Cz 及 Pz 的 P300 振幅並沒有交互作用︽也無組別和腦葉區的主要效果〈
而 P300 潛伏時間是測量刺激分類����������������������������������與刺激評時間 (Kamijo, Nishihira, Higashiura, &
Kuroiwa, 2007)〈研究結果顯示︽身體活動組在 Cz 的 P300 潛伏時間短於無規律運動組〈
P300 的潛伏時間通常比反應時間來得短︽因此較短的 P300 潛伏時間代表對認知訊息處 理過程的速度較快〈
第伍章 結論與建議
本研究結果顯示不同身體活動能促進老年人的執行功能並且影響認知控制作業時
所誘發的 ERP 成份︽二組別在反應時間及正確率之間沒有差異︽可能是二組別的老年
人在複雜的認知作業中做出決定時︽利用大腦前額葉活化去抑制不相干的訊息︽且投入 較多的專注力在區辨作業〈
本研究結果顯示︽身體活動組在N100 潛伏時間短於無規律運動組︽表示身體活動 組在處理訊息的速度快於無規律運動組︽但二組未達顯著差異﹀在N100 振幅︽結果顯
示二組別在 Fz 達到顯著水準︽身體活動組大於無規律運動組︽代表身體活動組在執行
作業時︽投入較大專注力〈在 P300 潛伏時間方面︽反應時間的測量包含刺激分類����������������������������������︾刺 激評估︾反應選擇和動作編碼︽而潛伏時間的改變是反映了注意力分配的結果︽通常 P300 潛伏時間較反應時間來得短︽根據本研究發現身體活動組雖在 P300 潛伏時間快於 無規律運動組︽但二組未達顯著差異〈P300 振幅反應刺激環境的神經表徵︽並且投入 部份的注意力資源到既定的作業上〈因此︽P300 振幅越大︽投入的注意力資源越多︽
且有較佳的注意力分配︽研究結果顯示︽二組別在 P300 振幅上並未達統計顯著差異〈
本研究在二組別的 P300 潛伏時間及振幅皆無顯著差異︽可能因參與者均能有效分配注 意力資源在刺激的選擇上︽也可能因作業難度太低而無法有效區辨出差異〈未來本研究 可朝向增加執行作業的困難度︾身體活動量的強度︾時間及種類����������������������������������︽或許能廣泛了解何種 運動及持續時間能有效幫助老年人對於認知功能的影響〈
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