• 沒有找到結果。

在檢視的句型練習中,有部分已經納入上下文,盡量提供標 的句型在對話或篇章段落中的練習。此種練習立意甚佳,顯示編 輯者重視篇章語用功能,期使學生在熟習結構形式之外,同時能 理解句型的語用功能。但有許多所謂「情境化」的練習設計,僅 是在形式上於單句之外提供更多的上下文,並未真正考量句型在 上下文中的合適性。例如下列即為練習 ADJ/ADV/N +as + S +V …, S + V 之倒裝句型(如 Hard as he tried, he still did not pass the exam.) 的例子:

15 見本文第貳小節(頁 7)之討論。

(25) ADJ/ADV/N +as + S +V …, S + V

Exercise: Jessie and Cory are talking about their friend, Dick.

Follow the pattern above and rewrite the underlined parts in the dialog.

J: Do you know Dick had a car accident last night?

C: No. What happened?

J: He went through a red light and got hit by a car.

C: Was the other car moving fast?

J: No. Though the car was moving slowly, Dick was still hurt.(a)

C: Is he OK now?

J: Well, though he is strong as a bull, he still has to stay in the hospital for a few more days.(b)

C: Who will look after him?

J: His little brother, I think. Though he is a boy, he can do a man’s work.(c)

C: Dick must feel very bad now.

J: It was his won fault. Though he is mad at the other driver, he is the man to blame.(d)

(25)之練習提供對話作為句型代換的情境,立意甚佳。問題 是,原對話中所用之 though 所帶起的子句雖然和練習標的句型的 基本語意相同,但語用功能並不相等,因此以新句型代換,並不 適用於原來的語境。事實上,代換後的句子可能本身就十分不自 然,如下(26b,d)所示:

(26) ADJ/ADV/N +as + S +V …, S + V

(a) Slowly as the car was moving, Dick was still hurt.

(b) ??Strong as a bull as he is/Strong as he is as a bull, he still has to stay in the hospital for a few more days.

(c) Boy as he is, he can do a man’s work.

(d) ??Mad at the other driver as he is/Mad as he is at the other driver, he is the man to blame.

其 次 , 此 類 倒 裝 句 型 乃 是 標 記 性 極 高 的 語 句 , 其 中 將 ADV/ADJ/N 提至句首,並非單純的加強語氣,而是要呼應前文中 已經提過的事實敘述,再進一步做讓步條件的鋪陳;例如(26a)句,

應該用於前文已經提過車子行走極慢,後文再進一步強調:「儘管 車行如此緩慢,Dick 卻仍然受傷」。仔細檢視(25)的對話,(a)句的 前一句為問句 Was the other car moving fast?,之後也僅有簡短的回 答 No.,並未清楚陳述另一輛車子行走緩慢,因此此處若使用 Slowly as the car was moving,即顯得銜接十分突兀。相對地,(25) 的原文所使用之 though 子句,詞序為一般無標子句的語詞順序,

自然沒有此種呼應前文已過的事實的特殊語用功能,因此較適用 於此情境。

再者,此一練習之句型標的 ADJ/ADV/N +as + S +V …乃屬有 標的特殊句型,在第三小節的教材選文和測驗選文中語料中出現 頻率均極低,因此極不可能在同一對話情境中重複多次出現。因 此,此處提供對話的上下文,反易導致錯誤學習,模糊了原本提 供情境練習的真正目的。

綜合以上的討論可知,本研究所檢視的三個版本高中教材之 句型練習,在句型選取、練習設計、情境考量上,確實有必要重 新檢討。整體而言,教材中之句型選取普遍未考量實際選文中句

型的語用頻率,有過度偏重特殊句型的趨勢;而練習設計的內容 也多偏重結構形式而忽略句型的篇章語用功能。首先,特殊句型 的練習過多,且以代換、造句等為重點,與此類句型在上述選文 語料中的超低頻率顯然不符。其次,句型練習設計多為單句的形 式,因此各個句型在語用篇章功能上的特點往往不易突顯,導致 學生僅強記形式結構而不問語用功能。尤其單句練習又以等句代 換練習為多數,甚至將結構特別複雜的句型放在等句代換中反覆 練習,使學習更加困難,更使學生誤以為只要基本語意相同即可 將句型互換,任意選用於各種上下文情境中。而少數練習表面上 是在對話或段落中練習句型,但所用的句型篇章功能卻往往與其 上下文情境不相符,不但無助於正確語用的學習,甚至造成訊息 傳達的混淆。

而教學現場訪視普遍顯示,這些特殊而困難的句型之解說、

練習與代換,確實是高中教學的重點,影響甚為深遠。不但許多 教師手冊及各類補充教材、參考書中均強調特殊句型之等句代 換,甚至有部分學校的段考、測驗卷之短文等還將原文選文中的 句型隨意代換,以致影響原有的段落連貫。以下(27)即為高中段考 中出現的短文16

16 此一試題出現於南部某國立高中 96 學年高一段考試題。

(27) Well goes the saying, “The pen is mightier than the sword.”

Take Tom for example. __(1)__ he is, he can help others with his wisdom. One night, while he was taking a walk in the neighboring park, __(2)__ was a soul seen nearby. Suddenly, there came a lady.

Then, out of the bush appeared a bad guy. No sooner had the lady drawn near __(3)__ the guy robbed her of her purse. Without any hesitation, he dialed 110. By no means __(4)__ to give the lady a needy hand. Later, the bad guy was immediately arrested by the police on the spot.

1) (A) In spite of a student (B) Despite being a student (C) A student as (D) Student though

2) (A) few (B) little (C) less (D) nor 3) (A) before (B) when (C) as (D) than

4) (A) he failed (B) has he failed (C) did he fail (D) is he failing

(27)之短文僅有 9 句,其中倒裝句型出現高達 7 次,顯然不符 常情,顯然嚴重影響段落連貫,造成解讀困難。猶有甚者,學生 若長期接受此類篇章連貫結構不良的文章輸入,不僅影響其對句 型功能的正確掌握,更無法在溝通情境時適切表達語意。

伍、結論與建議

國內英語教育歷經變革,各級學校教學現均以溝通式教學法 為基本架構;但溝通教學法框架下的語法教學應如何落實,迄今 仍未有具體的考量基礎。

本文從功能語法的角度,討論溝通式教學架構下句法教學應 有的內容。文中首先闡述語用頻率標記理論和在當代語法研究和 英語參考語法編寫中之重要地位,並依據其理論檢視高中教材以 及入學測驗之選文中句型結構的出現頻率,進而比對並檢討教材 中句型單元之選取、練習之設計是否合乎溝通式教學的精神。研 究結果顯示,句型教學在內容選取上過度偏重特殊句型,練習設 計則多重結構代換,至於篇章語用功能的練習則亟待改進。

當代語法理論研究成果卓著,對近年來各語言之參考語法研 究影響甚鉅,但對國內英語教學實務之影響卻十分有限。本文希 望能藉由功能語法的討論,拋磚引玉,引起更多語法學者和英語 教學實務研究者之迴響,結合理論和實務,共同檢討教學內容的 實際課題。

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