March 18, 2007
1 Big Picture of the Conference (Special Event)
甲 EAP Actuators and Devices （EAPAD Conference #6524）by Yoseph Bar-Chen (Jet Propulsion Lab.)
A Invited Speech: How fish swim
B EAP-in-Action Demonstration Session C Biology – inspiration of human innovation
a The honeycomb is now part of almost every aircraft b The desire to fly has prompted to study birds
D Nastic structures pants a model for mimicking (捕蠅草、含羞草, etc.) E Nature imitates technology
a The mynah bird
(http://img.dailymail.co.uk/video/384Kbps.wmv) F DARPA funded prosthetic arms
a Human-like robots with distinguishable features b Realistically looking humanlike robots
G Various active EAP a Ionic EAP b Electronic EAP
H Platforms for EAP Implementation I Android Head
J Wrestling match between EAP actuated robotic arm and human
K Dec. 2002 The first commercial EAP product by Eamex Inc. in Japan, the fish robot.
乙 Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems: Smart Structures and Bionics （Conference #6525）by Yuji Matsuzaki (Nagoya University)
A 2006 SPIE: Conf. Damping and Isolation & Smart Structures; Merged this year
B Energy Harvesting, MR Systems, Smart Aerospace Systems, Biology-inspired and related systems, Shape memory materials and applications, autonomous materials, active control, damping and vibrations
C Bionics and Nature Inspired Technologies a Collapsing of Iceberg in Norwegian Sea
b Bionics, equivalently Biomimetics (from 1950’s)
i Application of solutions, methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology
c Nature and biological systems D Concluding remarks:
a Smart structures/adaptive systems research been matured during the past two decade
b Biology and physiology provide us with many new research subjects on adaptive/smart/integrated system and materials
c We may work with bio-engineers and biologist for bionics/biomimitry which aim at sustainability for our environment
d Scientific knowledge on biology and bioengineering is limited e The humble we are, the more we may learn from Nature 丙 Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Composite Materials
A Ferroelectric Materials research by T. Liu and C.S. Lynch a Interaction of Cracks and Domains in PZN-PT b Phase Field Simulation and Domain Evolution c Nonlinear Piezoelectric FEM
B Devices, Materials Behavior, Failure Modeling a Domain wall –defect interactions
C Material models and model-based Control D Solid Mechanics at AFOSR
a Wed afternoon- Keynote talks (L. Lee, D. Stepp, etc.) E Autonomic Composites (UIUC/Duke/UCLA: White et al.) F Energy Harvesting
G Game Changer ’07 : Multifunctional Hybrid Composites a Small unmanned air vehicles, etc.
H Self-healing polymers (Beckman institutes) a Self-healing coating
b μVAC (microvascular self-healing) I Self-healing F-R composites
a Glass layer above nanoparticle-filled polymer film b E-field reversible adhesion (cf: Gecko finger) J Shape Memory Alloy and Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy
a Graphite nanotube coated with conducting coatings b Problems in SMA Response (NiTi)
丁 Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures and
18
Technologies Conference by M. Brett McMickell (Honeywell Co.)
A Plenary Speaker: Torey Davis (Thursday March 22nd, 8:20 am – 9:05 am, Town and Country Room)
a Smart Structures: the solution to “cheaper, faster, better’ in the space industry
B Role of Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures and Technologies Conference
a Focus on applications
i Highlight multiple areas within broad markets
ii Specific examples of products currently on the market b Applications to broad technology areas
i Aircraft, spacecraft, marine ships, automobiles, civil structures, machinery and medical equipments
c Provide a global forum
i Particupants from Brazil, Canada, China,etc.
d Space applications, mechanisms and sensing applications, structural health monitoring applications, aircraft applications, etc.
C Space Applications
a Key technical topics
i Isolation and pointing of jitter sensitive payloads ii Flatness control of flexible membrane structures D Structural Health Monitoring Applications
a Key technical topics
i Lightweight healable composite structures ii Monitoring of composite structures
iii Design of adaptive algorithms to compensate for damaged sensors
iv Cost advantages of SHM E Mechanisms and Sensing Applications
a Key technical topics
i Increase performance of parallel kinematics
ii Piezoelectric pumps and hydraulic amplifiers (DARPA funded projects, high power density, etc.)
iii Industrial mechanisms F Aircraft Applications
a Key technical topics
i Shape morphing wings
ii Self repairing composites G Biological and Medical Applications
a Key technical topics
i Drug delivery products: water cooling systems by ii Rehabilitation devices
iii Biological inspired mechanisms H Automotive Applications
a Key technical topics
i Die casting multifunctional materials ii Fuel injection using piezoelectric actuation iii Automotive safety devices
iv Vibration attenuation using smart materials I Energy Harvesting and Absorption Applications
a Key technical topics
i Application of energy harvesting for munitions ii Energy harvesting for turbo-machinery
iii Vibration attenuation
戊 Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, mechanical, and Aerospace Systems
A Invited Lectures and NSF programs
己 Sensor Systems and Networks: Phenomena, technology and Applications for NDE and Health Monitoring (Conference 6530) by Kara J. Peters (NC State U.)
A How can sensors be integrated and multiplexed to provide structural health monitoring and non-destructive evaluations?
a Interaction with host structure b Design, characterization, validation c Reliability in field applications
B This conference bridges the gap between new sensor development and real applications for SHM/NDE systems
C Sensor packaging fro harsh environments a Mechanically robust
i Ferguson, Synder, Graver and Mendez (6530-03)
b High temperature, Cryogenic temperature, radiation environments
i Kunzler, newman, Wilding, Selfridge, Schultz, and Wirthlin (6530-04)
D New Sensing Principles
20
a High deformation measurements
i Kiesel, Peters, Abdi, Hassan and Kowalsky (6530-12) E Sensor Networks for imaging
a Ultrasonic 3D imaging: Schmitt and Hafner (6530-08) F Performance Issues, Data Fusion, Signal Processing
a Shape deformation for control of morphing structures i Nishio, Mizutani and Takeda (6530-56)
ii Rritt, Klimcak, Pollard, Dumm and Murphey (5430-42) G Future of Sensor Networks
a Monitoring/Measuring of structures before and after the damages as well as while the damaging is happening
庚 Nondestructive Characterization for Composite Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security by Peter J. Shull (Penn State U.)
A Our newest challenges are often our oldest problems!
B What we want is what we always wanted – more than we have now!
a Increased: intelligence, sensitivity, speed, reliability (sensor reliability, system reliability), longevity
b Reduced: technical expertise, manpower, costs C “New” Challenges
a New materials
b New applications (security!) c Increased Expectations:
i In-service lifetime
ii Greater mechanical demands iii Reduced maintenance
D Structural Health Monitoring: Smart Suitcase E Structural Health Monitoring: Civil Structures F Information Technology/Wireless
a Wireless Structural Health Monitoring System (eg. Sensametrics, Palo Alto, California)
G Homeland Security / Robust, Multi-modal Biometrics Technology H Home Security / Microsystems
I Some Challenges for 2008
a Scalable integrated sensing, monitoring, and control management b Continuous and real-time quality control tools for civil
construction
c System and methodologies for improving infrastructure
management
d Methodologies of protecting our national infrastructure in open fields, such as pipelines, tension leg platforms, railroads, nuclear facilities, dams, etc.
e Multifunctional materials/ structures incorporating with sensor/actuator
f Intelligent buildings and systems: healthy & sustainable buildings
g NIST –ATP Awards for Industrial Harsh Environments
辛 Health Monitoring & Smart NDE of Structural & Biological Sysems (Conference # 6532) by T. Kundu (Conference #6532)
A SHM for Aerospace Applications
a Passive and Active SHM (Develop embedded sensors in structures)
b Condition based maintenance+: and eLog21 initiative c Embedded Sensor Development
d Embedded Sensor Evaluation: impact measurement B Guided Waves for SHM
a Guided Waves for SHM I, II, III b Guided Wave Modeling
i Finite Element Method and Boundary Element Method becomes computationally intensive
ii Is Distributed Point Source method (DPSM) the answer?
C SHM for Civil structures
D Damage Detection & Prediction
a Small changes lead to abrupt failures
b Slow phenomenon can lead to sudden failure E Vibration-based Techniques for SHM
a How to excite and measure high-frequency time-varying operational conditions
F Nonlinear Methods in SHM
a Identifying sources of nonlinearity, whether they are inherent or damage induced, exploring nonlinear behavior for interactions for enhanced sensitivity to dynamic events that may indicate damages
G Novel Instrumentation & Sensing a Electrostatic imaging of PCBs b X-ray microscopy
22
H Biological and Medical Applications
a Federal estimates predicate that health care spending will surpass the $2 trillion mark in the next decade in US alone,. Within health care technology, biomedical devices are one of the fastest growing area
b Sensing Topics: biomedical imaging and optics (acoustics, optics, etc.)
March 19, 2007
1 Funding Agency Talk, AFOSR – Current and Future Programs and Initiatives by Victor Giurgiutiu (Air Force Office of Scientific Research, IOAs；他為 U. of South Carolina 的航太系教授)
甲 “Science is the key to air supremacy,” said Dr. Theodore Von Kraman.
乙 “The first essential of airpower is pre-eminence in research” by General H.
H. Arnold.
丙 AFOSR Mission: AFOSR orchestrates the Air Force basic research program…
丁 AFOSR Research Areas now reorganized into three areas: Aerospace, Chemistry, and Materials Sciences (NA); Physics and Electronics (NE);
Math, Info, and Life Sciences (ND).
戊 Major AFOSR Activities
A Encourage and fund basic research supporting USAF needs B Identify and disseminate basic research discoveries
C Educate tomorrow’s S&E’s (DOD Education Programs) D Leverage Foreign Research
己 Partnership Strategy
A Building partnerships with excellence and relevance enabled by Program Manager authority (www.afosr.af.mil)
a Between several disciplines b Many performers
c Between users and performers d Merit review all proposals
庚 “Anything that flies” is of interest to AFOSR
A Building a world class, internationally recognized program in fundamental structural mechanics by proactively engaging with the academic community to increase awareness of the USAF future needs – emphasis on multidisciplinary research projects, participation in technical conference , focused workshops and international collaborations
2 Morphing Wings – From Concept to reality (Dr. Jayanih N. Kudva, NextGen Aeronautics, Inc.)
甲 Outline:
A Who: Sponsors, well-wishers, and performers B What: Highlights of accomplishment
C Why D How
24
E 20/20 Hindsight - Lesson learned and Challenges F The future – opportunities and transition
G A few closing thoughts
乙 Morphing Wing – A Working Definition
A A wing whose shape and/or state can be actively changed in flight to achieve dramatically improved system level performance in multiple flight regimes which cannot be achieved with a fixed wing
B Goals:
a Develop and Test a Full-scale, morphing wing b Lay the foundation for near-term flight testing C Technical Challenges
a Morphing skin designs (flexible skins is one step further from variable sweep wings (similar to the one in F-14))
b Development of kinematics and shape change structures c System Integration
丙 Bottom Line (Each week testing in Wind Tunnel cost US$250K)
A Morphing wing provides dramatically improved performance at acceptable cost and budget
丁 Key Innovations
A Flex Skins (150% skin area changes)
a Flexible wing skin designs which can undergo strains in excess of 100 percent while withstanding air loads of up to 400psf
b The material is just pre-stretched rubber. The trick is on how you support it.
B Distributed Actuators (hybrid actuators from CHAP program originally, eventually use hydraulic actuator for the current flying model)
C Optimized Morphing Configurations D Kinematic load bearing structures
a Torsion stiffness augmentation E Load Distributed over multiple joints 戊 Leading edge provides most of the stiffness
己 20/20 Hindsights: If this is not a DARPA program, we will spend 10 years in basic research and write many technical papers. However, no working / flying model will be built in such a short time.
A Technical B Programmatic
C Running a Small R&D business a Gets a thick skin
庚 Challenges and Issues
A Analytical methods and design tools for shape changing structures a Structural optimization
b Airfoil optimization c Linking CFD to FEM
d Distributed actuation system optimization
3 From the Piezo-Effect to a New Generation of Fuel Injection by Hans Meixner (Siemens AG, Germany)
甲 Innovation for a better mobility
A Is vital for society founded on the division of the tasks
B The transport of humans, goods and information is a key element in a free market economy
乙 The research started in the 80’s. The first concept started was the longitudinal stack actuator. The first configuration used was a 420-layer transverse piezoelectric effect actuator. Another configuration used was a 200-layer 80 μm thick longitudinal actuator.
丙 Performance improvement of the piezoelectric injector was found to be 52% in terms of smooth running, etc.
丁 Mechanical stroke Amplifier (Level) was adopted 戊 Multilayer Piezo actuator: problem of fast switching
A The problem of short response time:
a Switching time is in the range of 10 μs
b The operating temperature of the fuel injector is 380 degree C.
己 Automotive Applications based on Piezoceramic Multilayer Actuators and Thin-film Technology
A Fuel injectors: today’s technology generates oil drop in the range of 3 μm or smaller, which translates to much higher efficiency and cleaner combustion process.
B Parking sensors, etc.
庚 Research is the transformation of money to knowledge. ÅÆ Innovation is the transformation of knowledge to money.
4 Bio-inspired design of sensing, cognition and actuation: examples in real biology and is transfer to a new man-made sensor system (#6529-01) by Minoru Taya (Boeing-Pennell Professor and Director, Center for intelligent Materials and Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352600, Seattle, WA 98195-2600, Tel: 206-685-2850, [email protected]) with coauthor Dr. R. Stahlburg (Biology Department, UW)
甲 Mechanisms in action plants
26
A Bending of Mimosa Pudica Petiole (含羞草)
i Motor cells in stem change its size (expand above the neutral axis and shrink below the neutral axis)
B Leaf Folding of Venus Flytrap
a Insect touches sensing hair will trigger the action. The closing is done in less than 2 seconds
C Coiling of cucumber tendril
a Tendril found secure surface will induce coiling (right coil first and then with a reverse coiling point to become left coil to balance the rotation.
D Mechano-chemo-sensor in insects
a A hair-like olfactory sensilla of insect
E Successful and unsuccessful defense systems across the different kingdoms
a Cotton plant (successful model): herbivorous caterpillar vs bug sensing the volatile chemical to come to sting the caterpilla
b Colorado potato plants (unsuccessful model): volatile chemicals attract the bug as well. However, the bug eat the plant leaves instead of the catellipar
F Bio-inspired Research from the above cases
a Flemion and Nafion materials was compared and explored.
i Arrayed design and single dome-shaped Flemion IPMC b Functionally Graded Microstructures (FGM)
i Cross section of a Mohso-Bambo along the stem cross section is also functionally graded microstructures.
ii Achieve same deformation with much lower strain level than the traditional bimorph configuration.
G Bird of Paradise Flower (Latin name: Strelitzia reginae) is a bird-pollinated flower. Small birds are attracted to this flower to help pollination of this plant.
a Purple flower utilizes mechanical force exerted by a bird to pen its petals sideways
b This flower view birds as helper and insects as enemy. This choice was done by giving spectrum attract bird and repel insect.
H Are we smarter than the Hawke moth?
5 From phtogrammetry, computer vision to structural response measurement (#6529-02) by C.C. Chang (Smart and Sustainable Infrastructure Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Hong Kong, China)
甲 Photogrammetry is the technique that measure the 2D or 3D objects A Four development cycles
a Plan table photorammetry (1850-1900) b Analog photorammetry (1900-1950) c Analytical photorammetry (1950-2000) d Digital photorammetry (2000-)
B Terrestrial technique C Aerial technique
乙 Metric Camera provides us with a way to convert photo to drawings 丙 Computer vision
A Image processing: transforming images
B Image analysis: computing images components and properties C Image understanding: computing the meaning of images 丁 Response measurement
A Displacement Measurement can use:
a Accelerometers b GPS
i Based on satellites: 24 satellites ii Need at least 4 to compute position
iii Accuracy: 1 cm horizontal and 2 cm vertical c Laser Doppler Vibrometer
d LVDT (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer)
B Image based Measurements (in comparison to response measurement) a Problems and issues (Lighting condition is important.)
i Camera calibration: In Metric camera case, we adopt it in the multi-collimator configuration. In computer Vision, we adopt the calibration boxes. In large scale 3D displacement, we will need at least 8 control points.
ii Point correspondence: Two types of point correspondence exist: between two images at a time instance (for two camera system, we will need the epipolar plan approach.) and within a sequence of images. Targets are used in this operation.
iii Point reconstruction: nonlinear triangulation
b Using PC’s, each frame requires about 1 min processing time.
C Concluding remarks:
a Phtogrammetry – computer vision
28
b Flexible, more flexible?
i Rotation?
ii Egomotion?
6 A road to practical dielectric elastomer actuators based robotics and mechatronics:
discrete actuation (#6524-05) by J. Plante (MIT) 甲 Scientific motivation – caves, etc.
乙 Bistable Actuator Module 丙 System concept
A Highly redundant a 1000s of units b Sacrificial B Small and light weight
a 100mm/100 grmas C Highly agile in rough terrain
a Hops of 1 m clear most obstacle b Hopping, rolling, bouncing c Caves exploration
D LAN (Local Area Network) communications: each one can serve as a local controller to relay information
E Micro sensing F Autonomous
a Teams group intelligence G Mobility –DEA actuators 丁 Conclusions
A The design DEA actuators to meet required force, power, work output, efficiency and reliability of many applications is very challenging.
B The will not meet the requirements of all challenges
7 Robust adaptive control of conducting polymer actuators (#6524-06) by Y. Fang (Michigan State U.)
甲 Conjugated polymer is one class of electroactive polymers (EAP) 乙 Challenges
A The actuator is time-varying system, while consistent performance is needed in applications.
B The elecrochemomechanical dynamics is complicated 丙 Motivation
A Utilize adaptive control algorithm to control the action 丁 Model Structure
A The complete model consistent of three models: admittance model,
electromechanical, and mechanical modules 戊 Conclusions:
A The adaptive control achieves better results in the long run.
8 Characterization of electrolastomers based on interpenetrating polymer networks by Soon Mok Ha (soft Materials research Lab, UCLA)
甲 Prestrain Acrylic Elastomer: stress concentration, difficult to maintain flatness
乙 IPN approach; the tension in VHB network 丙 Research Objective
A How the IPN formation effect on mechanical and thermal properties 丁 Summary
A IPN electroelastomers showed much faster recovery of initial viscoelasticity
9 Development of a wireless bridge monitoring system for condition assessment using hybrid technology (#6530-16) by Mathew J. Whelan (Clarkson U.)
甲 Wireless sensor network for transportation infrastructure A Schematic and functional overview
B Vibration monitoring, strain measurement C Functional overview
a Design integrates a commercially available, ultra-low power wireless transceiver unit (ZigBee)
b Custom Sensorboard c Vibration Monitoring
i Accelerometer: ADXL 203 Dual-axis MEMS ii Conditioning electronics
iii BDI “intelliducer” strain sensor: easily deployable, reusable, field proven, 9 pounds per 100 micro-strain
iv Sampling approach with analog and digital filter representations
v Radio transmission protocol: bidirectional intelligent and coordinated radio transmission
vi Operating system: TinyOS interface with LabVIEW
D Funding: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority;
St. Lawrence County Highway Department; Clarkson Univ.
10 A study of implantable power harvesting transducers (#6530-17) by B. Lee (National Taiwan University)
甲 Cantilever type for external environmental testing
乙 Disk type for implantable devices (higher operating frequency than that of
30
the audio frequency
11 How fish swim: flexible fin thrusters as an EAP platform by George V. Lauder (Harvard University) http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/lauder
甲 Fish as model systems for understanding aquatic propulsion.
乙 Fish fins are flexible, complex composities.
丙 Low frequency on fin motion (0.5-4 Hz) 丁 Modest strains of fin muscles (2-10%)
戊 The EAP useful for generating the biological platform 己 Focusing on the pectoral fin.
庚 Using polypyrrole to EAP and the applied voltage can define the displacement of the fin.
辛 One fin ray attach to four muscles. The material between the fin ray is the
collagen..
壬 There are 14 fin ray of the sun fish and there are 59 muscles bundles total per fin..
癸 Ref. Hydrodynamic Performance of Deformable Fish Fins and Flapping Foils. 44rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, January 9-12, 2006, Reno, Nevada
( http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~glauder//reprints_unzipped/Bozkurtta s_AIAA2006.pdf )
12 Benefits and challenges of using ionic polymer metal composites in medical device applications
C. Yung, N. Bhat, PAVAD Medical, Inc.
甲 The advantage of the ionic polymer metal composites A low driving voltage
B no moving parts
13 Harvesting of electrical energy from an backpack with a piezoelectric strap (#6525-01) by H. A. Sodano (Michigan Technological University)
甲 This study developed an energy harvesting backpack that can generate electrical energy between the wearer and the pack.
乙 It is accomplished by replacing the traditional strap of the backpack with one made of the piezoelectric polymer PVDF.
丙 This work developed a theoretical model of the backpack strap and perform experimental testing to identify its performance in this application.
丁 The output power depends on the load of the backpack.
14 Energy harvesting using optimized piezoelectric micro-cantilevers (#6525-02) by M. J. Parsons (The University of Tennessee)
甲 Simulation model of a piezoelectric MEMS-based cantilever bonded to an
aluminum base is developed and designed to harvest ambient vibration
aluminum base is developed and designed to harvest ambient vibration