• 沒有找到結果。

在課程中,多數文獻需要學生自行閱讀吸收,並且要有能力在短時間內運用 在作業中,以及展開與學習貴人間的對話,對過去從未經此種學習經驗的學習者 而言挑戰很大。同樣地受到過去考試文化背景因素的影響,期初與期末的調查結 果並未顯著差異。從結果而論,由於這是碩士課程,多數答卷者在進入課程前已 了解閱讀文字與理解內容的技巧內容以及如何筆記重點,答卷者會研究和記憶一 些關鍵的概念,協助後續的學習。但就與其他資料綜合分析的結果來看,答卷者 在將文獻中知識與做學經驗結合部分仍有進步空間。

表 6.13 學習者對關鍵字和有效的組織的看法

Factor Pre- /

Post-Test N Mean Std.

Deviation

t value p

value

期初 42 11.45 1.565

關鍵字和有效的組織

期末 42 11.95 1.529 -1.860 .070 期初 42 3.69 .680

1. 我會徹底地研究和記憶 一些關鍵的概念,以便幫

忙記住更廣泛的內容。 期末 42 3.81 .833

-.777 .442

期初 42 3.83 .696 2. 在深入學習一篇新的課

文前,我會先瀏覽並且研

究它的題綱。 期末 42 3.95 .623

-1.000 .323

期初 42 3.93 .778 3. 當我閱讀文章時,我會對

重要的內容做筆記。 期末 42 4.19 .671 -2.050* .047

*p<.05 *** p<.001

6.理論的應用

在課程中我們強調理論的應用,例如要求學習者應用理論解構過去一次的減 重經驗,運用所學到的理論方法精進去年修課學長姐的論文計畫書。課程中教師 不斷要求與訓練學習者具有與學習貴人、理論文獻進行對話的能力,提升自己的 理解與培養成為專家型的學習者。雖期初與期末的調查結果並未顯著差異,但調 查結果顯示多數答卷者會主動思考理論與實踐的關聯,以及試著以實例達到深化 理解的程度。另外,在結果中也反應出多數學習者會對發展出自己的結論或理論 上仍有進步的空間。

24

25

*p<.05 *** p<.001

七、討論

從問卷的統計結果可知漸進式自主學習的課程設計有助於學習者自主學習 能力培養,學習者逐漸具備專家型學習者的特徵,並達到深度理解的學習目標。

為獲得對學習者更多的了解,結合問卷以外的資料,針對以下議題進行討論:(1) 從 IQ Form 問卷結果傳達出什麼訊息?(2)學習者是否看見自己學習的樣子?對 學習的體驗與態度是否有所轉變?以及(3)學習者對課程設計的評價如何?以及 課程對學習的理解力與自主學習的影響為何?

(一)IQ Form 問卷結果傳達的訊息:學習者學習特徵與課程的特色

表 7.1 為 IQ Form 問卷期初與期末 t 統計考驗結果的摘要表,表 7.1 的結果 顯示出在學習先見能力部分,「對成功的期待」;在學習策略部分,「時間管理」、

「自主管理」;以及在學習技能部分,「複習」、「自我評量」等題項結果顯示期初 與期末有顯著差異。從表 7.1 的結果研究者發現幾項有趣的訊息。

在學習者的學習特徴部分,研究者從學習者對「對成功的期待」以及「學習 的意義」的結果可知學習者相當程度地重視「分數」的表現。在「時間管理」部 分問卷結果雖顯著但數據並不算太好,呈現出「學習者會盡力準時繳交作業」的 現象,我們推斷多數課程中的學習者係屬於策略型的學習者。此外,從「自我效 能與自信」的調查結果部分可知學習者對達成自己設定的學習目標上信心不算 高,以及在「批判性思考」(特別是題項 2 之結果)、與「找出重點」部分的調查 結果未呈現顯著差異,都反應出考試文化下學習者的典型特徵。受限於篇符,詳 細的分析結果有待於研究者後續相關研究的進行。

問卷調查的結果亦反應出課程設計的特色並對學習者產生影響。「自主管 理」、「複習」、「連結舊知識」、以及「自我評量」的調查結果反應出課程設計的 重點與成效,特別是 think aloud 的作業設計,促使學習者在課程進行中不斷循環 經歷學習反思的過程,不斷前後連結課程中所學習到的各種知識技能。透過相關 資料的分析,研究者發現學習者學習轉化的現象確實存在與持續發生,並與各項 課程設計有密切的關係。

26

27 用。此外,絕大多數學習者先前並未有使用過 Moodle 教學平台的經驗,且 Moodle 學習平台強調社會建構主義,因此在操作使用上會與學校既有的教學平台有很大 10 分),並協助正確同學畫出自己的學習特徵圖(Pattern of Learning)。教師協助學 習者完成學習特徵圖後,學習者需再利用 PowerCam 教學畫面錄製軟體配合圖形

28

定,進入自我計畫學習與自我指導學習的學習轉化階段,並預估自己課後三個月 的情況仍處在穩定高點。資料反應出漸進式自主學習課程設計的成效貢獻與穩定 性。

圖 7.1 「研究方法」課程參與者的學習特徵圖

期末個別訪談協助同學看見自己整學期的學習樣子,舉其中一位同學訪談稿 中所整理出來的資料為例。這位同學曾經工作,有工程的碩士學位,論文曾經使 用過實驗法,但屬於自學(未修過研究方法)。從課程內容的理解程度和逼近專家 型學習者的行為特徵,並放在時間軸(從上課前、學習模組 1~4,及預期課程結 束後三個月)上展開,可以看到他學習轉化的樣子,以及大致可以說整個教學在 這位同學的身上是相當成功的。訪談中並觸及每一個模組所遇到的學習上的問題 和挑戰。當事人林 X 芳同學提及關鍵的第一、二學習模組對一位工學院的同學 如何藉由觀摩其他同學的表現、理解及運用管理思維解決問題的差異和困境,以 及初次遇到嶄新的數位學習方法如何由不適應和逐步超越此一困境等,非常具有 啟發性。

(三)學習者是否看見自己學習的樣子?對學習的體驗與態度是否有 所轉變?

在學期末時,研究者進行「看見自己學習的樣子」意見調查,以了解學習者 在剛過的一週,在學習上的樣子是否具備和所謂「專家型學習者」類似的特徵?

專家型學習者新手型學習者的差別歸納如下:專家型學習者善於注意到什麼時候

29

30 學習黑箱的機會。亦符合設計實驗(design experiment)理論的目的與精神。

在本論文中,量化資資料提供研究者一些訊息與現象,有助於後續課程的改 良與設計實驗的進行。但在研究中仍有不如預期的現象發生,目前仍有很多學習 黑箱並未被開啟,有賴於後續相關質化課程資料的深入分析後,才能得到針對特 定現象所追求的可能解釋與答案,以及因應之道。

在後續的研究部分,將針對各學習模組進行研究分析,以解決在本論文中尚

31

未釐清的問題與現象。我們認為數位學習課程設計必須處理學習者心理機制的因 素,其影響學習者的學習樣貌與自主學習能力的培養。在面對高度創新的學習環 境中,學習者的心理機制在學習過程中形成正向與負向的張力,正向力量促使學 生正向學習轉化的發生,同時負向抗拒力量會降低轉化的程度,學習者可能對教 學設計,產生抗拒、焦慮的心理機制,學習轉化的程度高低會形成不同的學習樣 貌。同時,學習者也可能產生抗拒、焦慮的心理機制,學習轉化的程度高低會影 響其自主學習能力的培養。我們認為在課程設計時必須處理這些議題。

參考書目

Alavi, M., Yoo, Y. & Vogel, D. R. (1997). Using Information Technology to Add Value to Management Education. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.40, No.6, pp.1310-1333.

Artzt, A. F., & Armour-Thomas, E. (2002). Becoming a reflective mathematics

teacher: a guide for observations and self-assessment. NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum

Associates.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cogn

itive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Bella, N. J. (2004). Reflective analysis of student work: improving teaching through

collaboration. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press.

Biggs, J. (1999). What the Student Does: Teaching for Enhanced Learning. Higher

Education Research & Development, Vol.18, No.1, pp.57-75.

Bunderson, C.V. and Newby, V.A. (2003). The role of design experiments and invariant measurement scales in the development of domain theories. http:

//edumetrics.org/papers/Role_of_design_experiments.pdf. Retrieved December

30, 2009.

Entwistle, N. (1986). Approaches to learning in higher education: Effects of

motivation and perceptions of the learning environment. Paper presented at the

American Educational Research Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED271074).

Entwistle, N. (1997). Contrasting perspectives on learning. In F. Marton, D. Hounsell,

& N. Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching

32

and studying in higher education (2 ed., pp. 3-22). Edinburgh: Scottish

Academic Press.

Entwistle, N. (2000). Promoting deep learning through teaching and assessing

conceptual frameworks and educational contexts. http://www.ed.ac.uk/etl/do cs/entwistle2000.pdf. Retrieved January 15, 2009.

Entwistle, N. (2009). Teaching for understanding at university: deep approaches and

distinctive ways of thinking. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] ; New York :

Palgrave Macmillan.

Entwistle, N. (2009). Teaching for understanding at university: deep approaches and

distinctive ways of thinking. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ertmer , P. A. & Newby ,T. J. (1996) The expert learner: strategic, self-regulated, and reflective. Instructional Science, Vol.24, pp.1-24.

Gibbons, M.(2002). The self-directed learning handbook: challenging adolescent

students to excel. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.

Grow, G. (1991). Teaching Learners to be Self-Directed. Adult Education Quarterly, Vol.41, No.3, pp.125-149.

Hacker, D., Dunlosky, J., and Graesser, A. (1998). Metacognition in Educational

Theory and Practice. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Mansilla, V. B., & Gardner, H. (1998). What are the qualities of understanding?. In M.

S. Wiske (Ed.), Teaching for understanding: linking research with practice (pp.

161-196). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Marton, F., & Saljo, R. (1976a). On qualitative differences in learning: I - outcome and process. British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol.46, pp. 4-11.

Marton, F., & Saljo, R. (1976b). On qualitative differences in learning - II: Outcome as a function of the learner’s conception of the task. British Journal of

Educational Psychology, 46, pp.115-127.

Marton, F., & Saljo, R. (1997). Approaches to learning. In F. Marton, D. Hounsell, &

N. Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and

studying in higher education (2 ed., pp. 39-58). Edinburgh: Scottish Academic

Press.

33

Nickerson, R. S. (1985). Understanding Understanding. American Journal of

Education, Vol. 93, pp. 201-239.

Niemi, H., Nevgi, A., & Virtanen, P. (2003). Towards Self-Regulation in Web-based Learning. Journal of Educational Media, Vol.28, No.1, pp.49-71.

Perkins, D. (1998). What is understanding? In M. S. Wiske (Ed.), Teaching for

understanding: linking research with practice (pp.39-57). San Francisco, Calif.:

Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Ramsden, P. (1987). Improving teaching and learning in higher education: The case for the relational perspective. Studies in Higher Education, Vol.12, No.3, pp.275-286.

Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge.

Ramsden, P. (2003). Learning to teach in higher education,2nd. New York : RoutledgeFalmer.

Taylor, M.(1986), Learning for self-direction in the classroom: the pattern of a transition process. Studies in Higher Education, Vol.11, No.1, pp.55-72.

Turner, T. (2005). Encouraging self-directed learning by spiraling through a co urse. Proceedings of HERDSA2005.

http://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf /refereed/paper_274.pdf. Retrieved January 15, 2009.

Wiske, M. S. (1998). Teaching for understanding: linking research with practice. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Wiske, M. S. (2005). Teaching for understanding with technology. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Wiske, Martha S. (1998). Teaching for understanding: linking research with

practice.San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.

Yin, Robert K. (2002). Case study research: design and methods, 3rd

ed. Newbury

Park, Calif.: Sage.

Zimmerman, B. J. & Schunk D. H. (2001). Self-regulated learning and academic

achievement: theoretical perspectives. NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc.

Trajectories Towards Web-Mediated Engaged Learning:

A University Professor's Account of Learning-by-Trying

Hu, Ming-Hsia

School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy College of Medicine, National Taiwan University

[email protected]

Lee, Tsang-Hsiung

Department of Management Information Systems National Cheng-Chi University, Taiwan

[email protected]

Abstract: This paper describes an on-going action research on effectiveness of deploying web technology and learning-centered pedagogy to enhance student learning. Alternative web-mediated course designs in three successive implementations in an introductory course of movement science for undergraduates are tried and evaluated based on technology

effectiveness framework. The preliminary results of this experiment show that student engagement may not be enhanced without teachers’ transformative learning and course redesign. The results of this research have implications that professional development in higher education should provide both technological support and course design workshops to foster teacher transformation and hence enhance student engagement in learning.

Introduction

We are moving from standard mode of transmission toward more authentic, flexible, and most importantly,

learning-centered. It is believed that design is the key (Reigeluth, 1999). In this regard, not only learning technology but also instructional strategies and pedagogical models should be re-designed to achieve a synergy (Dabbagh, 2005).

This paper describes an on-going 3 year action research on the effects of web-mediated learning with or without teacher transformation. The technology effectiveness framework proposed by Jones and colleagues was adopted as the primary conceptual model. The course in experiment is an introductory course of movement science, entitled

‘Introduction of Motor Control and Motor Learning’, offered to the third year undergraduate physical therapy and occupational therapy students at the National Taiwan University. This university created its own learning

management system (LMS) in 1995, first as a system for faculty to place course supplements then with some added interactive features to support instruction (Yueh & Hsu, 2008). The university emphasizes on providing

technological supports to faculties, providing courses on educational technology (such as multimedia production software, and so on) and granting technological teaching assistants. These efforts, however, resulted in most university faculty to place their course materials online, using the course management system only for resource

technological supports to faculties, providing courses on educational technology (such as multimedia production software, and so on) and granting technological teaching assistants. These efforts, however, resulted in most university faculty to place their course materials online, using the course management system only for resource

相關文件