于宗先（2006）。朝野對經濟現象的認知差距。經濟前瞻，106，83-90。
朱延智（2002）。企業危機管理。台北：五南。
吳宜蓁（2002）。危機傳播—公共關係與語藝觀點的論點與實證。台北：五南。
姚惠忠、汪睿祥（2008）。候選人危機情境分類之探討。選舉研究，15（2），69-92。
姚惠忠、汪睿祥、高浩緯（2011）。選民政黨傾向與候選人危機反應策略之關係。
選舉研究，18（1），35-61。
姚惠忠、鄭婕妤（2011）。危機溝通策略與溝通效果—以莫拉克颱風為例。傳播與 管理研究，10（2），37-68。
陳東園、莊克仁、郭文耀（2004）。大眾傳播學。台北：國立空中大學。
陳儀、邱天欣（譯）（2002）。危機管理：擬定應變計畫化危機為轉機的企業致勝 之道（R. Caponigro 原著）。台北：美商麥格羅希爾。
張依依（2007）。公共關係理論的演進與變遷。台北：五南。
詹中原（2004）。危機管理：理論架構。台北：聯經出版社。
臧國仁、鐘蔚文（1997）。框架概念與公共關係策略-有關運用媒介框架的探析。
廣告學研究，7，99-130。
Barton, L. (2001). Crisis in organization (2nd Ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College.
Benoit W. L., & S. L. Brinson (1994). AT and T: Apologies are not enough.
Communication Quarterly, 42, 75-88.
Benoit, W. L. & J. R. Henson (2009). President Bush’s image repair discourse on Hurricane Katrina. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 40-46.
Benoit, W. L. (1997). Image repair discourse and crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 23(2), 177-186.
Benoit, W. L., P. Gullifor, & D. A. Panici (1991). President Reagan’s defensive discourse
on the Iran-contra affair. Communication Studies, 42, 272-294.
Benson, J. A. (1988). Crisis revised: An analysis of strategies used by Tylenol in the second tampering episode. Central States Speech Journal, 39, 49-66.
Berens, G., & C. B. M. van Riel (2004). Corporate associations in the academic literature:
Three main streams of thought in the reputation measurement literature.
Corporate Reputation Review, 7(2), 161-178.
Bradford, J. L., & D. E. Garrett (1995). The effectiveness of corporate communicative responses to accusations of unethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 875-892.
Choi, Y., & Y. H. Lin (2009). Consumer responses to Mattel product recalls posted on online bulletin boards: Exploring two types of emotion. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 198-207
Claeys, A.S., V. Cauberghe, & P. Vyncke (2010). Restoring reputations in times of crisis:
An experimental study of the Situational Crisis Communication Theory and the moderating effects of locus of control. Public Relations Review, 36(3), 256-262.
Coombs, W. T. (1995). Choosing the right words: The development of guidelines for the selection of the “Appropriate” crisis-response strategies. Management Communication Quarterly, 4, 447-476.
Coombs, W. T. (1998). An analytic framework for crisis situations：Better responses from a better understanding of the situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177-191.
Coombs, W. T. (2006). The protective powers of crisis response strategies: Managing reputational assets during a crisis. Journal of Promotion Management, 12, 241-259.
Coombs, W. T. (2007a). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory.
Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176.
Coombs, W. T. (2007b). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, management, and responding (2nd Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
Coombs, W. T., & L. Schmidt (2000). An empirical analysis of image restoration:
Texaco’s racism crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(2), 163-178.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (1996). Communication and attributions in a crisis: An experimental study in crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8(4), 279-295.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 165-186.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2005). Exploratory study of stakeholder emotions:
Affect and crisis. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. J. Zerbe, & C. E. J. Hartel (Eds.), Research on emotion in organizations: The effect of affect in organizational settings (pp. 271-288). New York: Elsevier.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2007). The negative communication dynamic:
Exploring the impact of stakeholder affect on behavioral intention. Journal of Communication Management, 11(4), 300-312.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2008). Comparing apology to equivalent crisis response strategies: Clarifying apology’s role and value in crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 34(3), 252-257.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2009). Further explorations of post-crisis communication: Effects of media and response strategies on perceptions and intentions. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 1-6.
Coombs, W. T., & S. J. Holladay (2010). PR strategy and application: Managing influence. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Elliott, G., & S. Charlebois (2007). How Mosaic-Esterhazy applied a crisis communication strategy when it suddenly had the world’s attention. Public Relations Review, 33(3), 319-325.
Griffin, M., B. J. Babin, & W. R. Darden (1992). Consumer assessments of responsibility for product-related injuries: The impact of regulations, warnings, and promotional policies. Advances in Consumer Research, 19, 870-877.
Hearit, K. M. (1996). The use of counter-attack in apologetic public relations crises: The case of General Motors vs. dateline NBC. Public Relations Review, 22(3), 233-248.
Hearit, K. M. (2001). Corporate apologia: When an organization speaks in defense of itself. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 501-511) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Huang, Y. H. (2008). Trust and relational commitment in corporate crises: The effects of crisis communicative strategy and form of crisis response. Journal of Public Relations Research, 20(2), 297-327.
Huang, Y. H., Y. H. Lin, & S. H. Su (2005). Crisis communicative strategies: Category, continuum, and cultural implication in Taiwan. Public Relations Review, 31(2),
229-238.
Hwang, S., & G. T. Cameron (2008). Public’s expectation about an organization’s stance in crisis communication based on perceived leadership and perceived severity of threats. Public Relations Review, 34(1), 70-73.
Kruse, N. (1981). The scope of apologetic discourse: Establishing generic parameters.
Southern Speech Communication Journal, 46, 278-291.
Lerbinger, O. (1997). The crisis manager facing risk and responsibility. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McDonald, L. M., B. Sparks, & A. I. Glendon (2010). Stakeholder reactions to company crisis communication and causes. Public Relations Review, 36(3), 263-271.
Morley, D. (1980). The nationwide’ audience: Structure and decoding. London: British Film Institute.
Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml, & L. L. Berry (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49, 41-50.
Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml, & L. L. Berry (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64, 12-40.
Pearson, C. M., & I. I. Mitroff (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: A framework for crisis management. The Executive, 7(1), 48-59.
Petty, R. E., & J. T. Cacioppo (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Reichart, J. (2003). A theoretical exploration of expectation gaps in the corporate issue construct. Corporate Reputation Review, 6, 58-69.
Rindova, V., & C. Fombrun (1999). Constructing competitive advantage: The role of firm-constituent interactions. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 691-710.
Sheldon, C. A., & L. M. Sallot (2009). Image repair in politice: Testing effects of communication strategy and performance history in a faux pas. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(1), 25-50.
Sturges, D. L. (1994). Communication through crisis: A strategy for organizational survival. Management Communication Quarterly, 3, 297-316.
Ulmer, R. R., M. W. Seeger, & T. L. Sellnow (2007). Post-crisis communication and renewal: Expanding the parameters of post-crisis discourse. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 130-134.
Ware, B. L., & W. A. Linkugel (1973). They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 59, 273-283.