參考文獻

王秀美、李長燦（2011，6 月）。五大人格特質量表中文版之信效度研究。論文發表於美和科技大學舉辦之「社會服務與休閒產業」研討會，屏東縣。

李仁豪、余民寧（2016）。心理幸福感量表簡式中文版信效度及測量不變性：以 大學生為樣本並兼論測量不變性議題。中華輔導與諮商學報，46，127-154。

吳武典、林幸台、王振德、郭靜姿（1999）。基本人格量表指導手冊。臺北市：心理。

林美珠、周東山、林繼偉（2008）。愛德華個人偏好量表中文版指導手冊。臺北市：

心理。

郭為藩、陳榮華、林坤燦、蔡榮貴、陳學志、陳心怡（2008）。戈登人格剖析量表指導手冊。臺北市：中國行為科學社。

楊中芳（總校訂譯）（1997）。性格與社會心理測量總覽（上）（原作者：J. P.

Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman）。臺北市：遠流。（原著出版年：

1991）

鄧景宜、曾旭民、李怡禛、游朝舜（2011）。“International English Big-Five Mini-Markers” 之繁體中文版量表發展。管理學報，28，579-600。

葉光輝（譯）（2012）。性格心理學：理論與研究（二版）（原作者：A. P.

Lawrence, & D. Cervone）。臺北市：雙葉。（原著出版年：2010）

薛秀宜、陳利銘、洪佩圓（2006）。人格理論新紀元：人格五因素模式之測驗工 具與其研究應用：教育人力與專業發展。研習資訊，23(1)，109-117。

Allport, G. W. & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study.

Psychological Monographs, 47(1), i-171. doi: 10.1037/h0093360

Aluja, A., Rolland, J. P., García, L. F., & Rossier, J. (2007). Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and its relationships with the three-and the five-factor personality models. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 246-249. doi:

10.1080/00223890701268116

Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94. doi: 10.1007/BF02723327

Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (1998). Multi-group latent variable models

for varying numbers of items and factors with cross-national and longitudinal applications. Marketing Letters, 9(1), 21-35. doi: 10.1023/A:1007911903032

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confi rmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY:

Guilford.

Bradburn, N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Aldine.

Butkovic, A., Brkovic, I., & Bratko, D. (2012). Predicting well-being from personality in adolescents and older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(3), 455-467. doi:

10.1007/s10902-011-9273-7

Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance.

Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456-466. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456

Conley, J. J. (1985). Longitudinal stability of personality traits: A multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1266-1282. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1266

Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping:

A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1080-1107.

doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080

Cooper, A. J., Smillie, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Mini-IPIP five-factor model personality scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 688-691. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.004

Corwyn, R. F. (2000). The factor structure of global self-esteem among adolescents and adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 357–379. doi: 10.1006/

jrpe.2000.2291

Credé, M., Harms, P., Niehorster, S., & Gaye-Valentine, A. (2012). An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 874-888. doi: 10.1037/a0027403

Deneve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.

doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197

Digman, J. M., & Inouye, J. (1986). Further specification of the five robust factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 116-123. doi:

10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.116

Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23(3), 558-566.

doi: 10.1037/a0012897

Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality.

Psychological Assessment, 18(2), 192-203. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192.

Ehrhart, M. G., Ehrhart, K. H., Roesch, S. C., Chung-Herrera, B. G., Nadler, K., &

Bradshaw, K. (2009). Testing the latent factor structure and construct validity of the ten-item personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 900-905. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.012.

Ehrhart, K. H., Roesch, S. C., Ehrhart, M. G., & Kilian, B. (2008). A test of the factor structure equivalence of the 50-item IPIP fi ve-factor model measure across gender and ethnic groups. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(5), 507-516. doi:

10.1080/00223890802248869

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi: 10.2307/3151312

Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure.

Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 26-42. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26

Goldberg, L. R. (1996). Evidence for the Big Five in analyses of familiar English personality adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 10, 61-77.

Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R.,

& Gough, H. G. (2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 84-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007

Goldberg, L. R., Sweeney, D., Merenda, P. F., & Hughes Jr, J. E. (1998). Demographic variables and personality: The effects of gender, age, education, and ethnic/racial

status on self-descriptions of personality attributes. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(3), 393-403. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00110-4

Gutiérrez, J. L. G., Jiménez, B. M., Hernández, E. G., & Puente, C. P. (2005).

Personality and subjective well-being: Big Five correlates and demographic variables. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1561-1569. doi: 10.1016/

j.paid.2004.09.015

Gow, A. J., Whiteman, M. C., Pattie, A., & Deary, I. J. (2005). Goldberg’s IPIP Big-Five factor markers: Internal consistency and concurrent validation in Scotland. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 317-329. doi: 10.1016/

j.paid.2005.01.011

Guenole, N., & Chernyshenko, O. S. (2005). Suitability of Goldberg’s Big Five IPIP personality markers in New Zealand: A dimensionality, bias, and criterion validity evaluation. The New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(2), 86-96.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hartup, W. W., & Van Lieshout, C. F. M. (1995). Personality development in social context. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 655-687. doi:10.1146/annurev.

ps.46.020195.003255

John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big fi ve trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R.

W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford.

John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp.102-138). New York, NY: Guilford.

Li, R-H. (2014). Reliability and validity of a shorter Chinese version for Ryff’s psychological well-being scale. Health Education Journal, 73(4), 446-452. doi:

10.1177/0017896913485743

Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.

Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 401-412. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.401

Marsella, A. J., Dubanoski, J., Hamada, W. C., & Morse, H. (2000). The measurement of personality across cultures historical, conceptual, and methodological issues and considerations. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(1), 41-62. doi:

10.1177/00027640021956080

Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2008). Abnormal child psychology. Belmont, CA:

Wadsworth.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1985). Updating Norman’s adequate taxonomy:

Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710-721.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the fi ve-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81-90. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81

McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., & Martin, T. A. (2005). The NEO–PI–3: A more readable revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(3), 261-270. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_05

McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.

tb00970.x

Mlačić, B., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). An analysis of a cross-cultural personality inventory: The IPIP Big-Five factor markers in Croatia. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 168-177.

Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., Scullen, S. M., & Rounds, J. (2005). Higher-order dimensions of the Big Five personality traits and the big six vocational interest types. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 447-478. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00468.x Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes:

Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 574-583. doi: 10.1037/h0040291

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Rammstedt, B., Goldberg, L. R., & Borg, I. (2010). The measurement equivalence of Big-Five factor markers for persons with different levels of education. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.10.005

Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001

Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 313-345. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global

esteem: Constructvalidation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin, 27, 151–161.doi:

10.1177/0146167201272002

Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2001).

Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 35(4), 463-482. doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2324

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rousseau, D. (1996). Personality in computer characters. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Artifi cial Intelligence. In H. Kitano (Ed.), Entertainment and AI/A-Life, AAAI Workshop Technical Report WS-96-03 (pp.

38-43). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI.

Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-516. doi: 10.1207/

s15327752jpa6303_8

Singh, K., Arteche, A., & Holder, M. D. (2011). Personality factors and psychopathy, alexithymia and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 35-40. doi: 10.1016/

j.ajp.2011.01.003

Socha, A., Cooper, C. A., & McCord, D. M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the M5-50: An implementation of the international personality item pool item set.

Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 43-49. doi: 10.1037/a0017371

Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 862-882. doi: 10.1037/a0024950

Steinmetz, H., Schmidt, P., Tina-Booh, A., Wieczorek, S., & Schwartz, S. H. (2009).

Testing measurement invariance using multigroup CFA: Differences between educational groups in human values measurement. Quality & Quantity, 43(4), 599-616. doi: 10.1007/s11135-007-9143-x

Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English big-fi ve mini-markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 542-548. doi: 10.1016/

j.paid.2008.06.013

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Technical Report ASD-TR-61-97. Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.

Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4-70. doi:

10.1177/109442810031002

Walton, K. E., Huyen, B. T. T., Thorpe, K., Doherty, E. R., Juarez, B., D’Accordo, C., &

Reina, M. T. (2012). Cross-sectional personality differences from age 16 to 90 in a Vietnamese sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 36-40. doi: 10.1016/

j.jrp.2012.10.011

Zheng, L., Goldberg, L. R., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Liu, L. (2008). Reliability and concurrent validation of the IPIP Big-Five factor markers in China:

Consistencies in factor structure between Internet-obtained heterosexual and homosexual samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 649-654. doi:

10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.009

附錄 1　IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果

向度題號智性 / 想像情緒穩定外向性友善性嚴謹性

外向性

IPIP 1 .520 -.077 .400 .321 -.221

IPIP 6R -.040 -.044 .516 .074 -.122

IPIP 11 .206 -.181 .209 .642 .249

IPIP 16R .241 -.257 .586 .124 .007

IPIP 21 .253 -.096 .213 .646 .071

IPIP 26R .335 -.293 .580 .281 .191

IPIP 31 .265 -.178 .288 .554 -.014

IPIP 36R .076 -.052 .501 .091 -.012

IPIP 41 .187 -.018 .053 .382 -.050

IPIP 46R .106 -.160 .619 .118 -.059

友善性

IPIP 2R .208 -.153 .214 .189 .530

IPIP 7 .366 .014 .228 .595 .097

IPIP 12R -.042 -.234 -.050 .129 .547

IPIP 17 .341 .045 -.164 .457 .504

IPIP 22R .193 -.269 .285 .072 .197

IPIP 27 .169 .157 -.247 .438 .430

IPIP 32R .240 -.237 .516 .211 .299

IPIP 37 .350 -.019 .010 .520 .370

IPIP 42 .390 .040 -.186 .442 .430

IPIP 47 .334 -.189 -.009 .566 .381

嚴謹性

IPIP 3 .557 .091 .075 .256 .323

IPIP 8R .196 -.258 -.050 .110 .542

IPIP 13 .437 .338 -.086 .338 .265

IPIP 18R .150 -.256 .075 .113 .639

IPIP 23 .505 -.120 .004 .466 .402

IPIP 28R .229 -.376 .101 .109 .503

（續下頁）

向度題號智性 / 想像情緒穩定外向性友善性嚴謹性

嚴謹性

IPIP 33 .500 .204 -.256 .354 .418

IPIP 38R .181 -.166 .018 .204 .605

IPIP 43 .523 .122 -.107 .471 .363

IPIP 48 .546 .008 -.129 .387 .302

情緒穩定

IPIP 4R -.104 -.661 .181 .107 .110

IPIP 9 .118 -.272 .103 .339 .104

IPIP 14R -.108 -.709 .149 -.003 .093

IPIP 19 .253 -.428 .022 .240 .126

IPIP 24R .030 -.730 .259 .095 .270

IPIP 29R .139 -.589 .251 .200 .602

IPIP 34R .069 -.612 .185 .061 .523

IPIP 39R .092 -.667 .263 .113 .356

IPIP 44R .173 -.571 .085 .171 .663

IPIP 49R .163 -.710 .235 .211 .481

智性/ 想像

IPIP 5 .712 -.075 .307 .284 -.048

IPIP 10R .396 -.449 .186 .122 .260

IPIP 15 .734 .014 .185 .367 .025

IPIP 20R .195 -.145 .221 .045 .139

IPIP 25 .653 -.082 .274 .378 -.039

IPIP 30R .528 -.370 .336 .340 .305

IPIP 35 .702 -.122 .035 .441 .184

IPIP 40 .222 .147 .082 .013 -.446

IPIP 45 .636 .087 -.021 .279 .295

IPIP 50 .598 .036 .198 .252 -.171

註：使用455 人的樣本。採主軸因子萃取及 direct oblimin 斜交轉軸。題號旁的字母 R 表示該題為反向題，

但在分析時已將其重新編碼為正向。畫底線表示該試題在主要因素或其它可能因素上的負荷量較高。

附錄 1　IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果（續）

附錄 2　IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表

五大人格量表 50 題歸屬向度 15 題版 15 題版新編號

1. 我總是聚會上炒熱氣氛的人 E

2. 不關心其他人 A

3. 總有所準備 C

4. 很容易感覺壓力過大 ES

5. 詞彙豐富 I/Im レ 13

6. 話不多 E

7. 對人感興趣 A

8. 把自己的東西到處亂放 C

9. 大部分時間很放鬆 ES

10. 很難理解抽象的概念 I/Im

11. 和別人相處時感覺很自然 E レ 1

12. 容易冒犯別人 A

13. 注重細節 C

14. 擔心的事多 ES

15. 有生動的想像力 I/Im レ 14

16. 躲在人群的背後，不喜歡引人注目 E

17. 能同情他人的感受 A

18. 常把事情搞得一團糟 C

19. 很少感到憂鬱 ES

20. 對抽象的觀點不感興趣 I/Im

21. 主動與別人交談 E レ 2

22. 對別人遇到的問題不感興趣 A

23. 平常的事馬上就處理，不拖延 C

24. 很容易心煩 ES

25. 總有好點子 I/Im レ 15

26. 不健談 E

（續下頁）

五大人格量表 50 題歸屬向度 15 題版 15 題版新編號

27. 心很軟 A

28. 常忘了將東西放回原處 C

29. 很容易不高興 ES レ 10

30. 想像力不豐富 I/Im

31. 在聚會上和很多不同的人聊天 E レ 3

32. 對別人不怎麼感興趣 A

33. 喜歡有條理 C レ 7

34. 情緒變化很大 ES レ 11

35. 理解事物快 I/Im

36. 不喜歡被別人注意 E

37. 抽空幫助別人 A レ 4

38. 逃避責任 C

39. 常常會心情起伏不定 ES

40. 使用複雜艱深的詞語 I/Im

41. 不介意成為眾人關注的焦點 E

42. 能感受別人的情緒 A レ 5

43. 按計畫做事 C レ 8

44. 很容易發怒 ES

45. 花時間反思一些事情 I/Im

46. 不愛跟陌生人說話 E

47. 讓別人在和我相處時感覺很放鬆 A レ 6

48. 對工作要求準確無誤 C レ 9

49. 經常感到憂鬱 ES レ 12

50. 主意很多 I/Im

註：E 表示外向性，A 表示友善性，C 表示嚴謹性，ES 表示情緒穩定性，I/Im 表示智性 / 想像。另外，表中繁體版試題係採用Zheng 等人（2008）翻譯自 Goldberg（1992）的 IPIP-50 之簡體版後再稍加修飾而得。

附錄 2　IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表（續）

在文檔中摘　要 IPIP 五大人格量表簡版的發展及其跨年齡層的測量不變性檢定 (頁 23-34)

附錄 1 IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果

附錄 1 IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果（續）

附錄 2 IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表

附錄 2 IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表（續）

附錄 1　IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果

附錄 1　IPIP-50 探索性因素分析結果（續）

附錄 2　IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表

附錄 2　IPIP-15 五大人格量表試題對照表（續）