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表 1 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜上的吸收峰位置與其所代表的官能基 Table 1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak assignmemts.
Peaks (cm-1)
Groups Reference 3600-3200 O-H stretching Kim et al. (2012), Wu et al. (2012),
Keiluweit et al. (2010) 3070-3000 aromatic C-H stretching Kloss et al. (2011)
2980-2820 aliphatic C-H stretching Kim et al. (2012), Wu et al. (2012), Kloss et al. (2011)
1740-1700 carboxyl or carbonyl C=O stretching
Uchimiya et al. (2011), Kim et al.
(2012), Schwanninger et al. (2004) 1610-1580 aromatic C=C stretch and C=O
stretching
Kim et al. (2012), Uchimiya et al.
(2011), Kloss et al. (2011), 1500-1300 C-H stretching or asymmetric
C-O streching from carbonate
Kloss et al. (2011), Schwanninger et al. (2004)
1200-1000 C-O stretching from carbonhydrate
Kloss et al. (2011), Schwanninger et al. (2004)
1100, 800, 450
Si-O internal vibration Kordatos et al.,2008 885-750 aromatic C-H out of plane
C-O out of plane from carbonate
Kloss et al. (2011), Keiluweit et al.
(2010) 670 C-OH out-of-plane bending
mode
Schwanninger et al. (2004)
表 2 碳-13 核磁共振圖譜上的化學位移與其所代表的碳元素結構
Table 2 Peak assignments of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Chemical shift
(ppm)
Groups Reference 172 carboxyl resonances Almendros et al. (2003), Freitas et al.
(2001), Solum et al. (1995)
148 oxygenated aromatic carbon Freitas et al. (2001), Almendros et al.
(2003) 128 non-oxygenated aromatic
carbon
Freitas et al. (2001), 106 anomeric carbon in cellouse Solum et al. (1995) 89, 66 cellulose crystalline material Solum et al. (1995) 84, 63 cellulose amorphous material Solum et al. (1995) 80-70 resonances from cellouse Solum et al. (1995)
56 methoxy groups Solum et al. (1995), Almendros et al.
(2003)
30 aliphatic group McBeath et al. (2011), Freitas et al.
(2001)
22 methyl resonances Freitas et al. (2001), Solum et al.
(1995)
表 3 稻殼 (RH)、柳杉木材 (CJ) 與田菁植體 (SR) 的未炭化植體材料 (raw)、300
℃ (300) 與 500℃ (500) 生物炭的化學性質
Table 3 The chemical properties of rice husk (RH), Cryptomeria japonica woods (CJ) and Sesbania roxburghii (SR) in raw material (raw), 300℃(300) and 500℃(500) biochar. Exchangeable cations (mmol(+) kg-1)
K 14.8 11.5 18.4 9.4 9.2 11.2 47.8 95 124.4 Na 1.5 2 2 1.4 1.5 2.1 2 3.1 3.9 Ca 21.3 15.6 46.2 19.8 40.5 117.2 121.3 117.3 197.5 Mg 3.8 1.7 2.4 5.3 4.7 9.8 1.6 1.9 1.6 Total amount (mmole(+) kg-1)
K 42.3 55.5 81.7 26.9 44.9 105.5 346.3 517.7 1099.5 Na 3.6 4.4 4.7 9.2 4.7 29.4 154.5 208.7 371.5 Ca 23.6 33.3 49.0 45.5 71.2 164.2 150.1 294.9 853.8 Mg 14.8 21.6 30.8 18.6 29.9 61.9 88.1 147.7 338.3 Exchangeable cation/total amount ratio
K 0.35 0.21 0.23 0.35 0.20 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.11 Na 0.42 0.45 0.43 0.15 0.32 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 Ca 0.90 0.47 0.94 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.81 0.40 0.23 Mg 0.26 0.08 0.08 0.28 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.01 0.00
表 4 稻殼 (RH)、柳杉木材 (CJ) 與田菁植體 (SR) 的未炭化植體材料 (raw)、300℃ (300) 與 500℃ (500) 生物炭的碳-13 NMR 化 學位移分佈率
Table 4 Integration results of solid-state CPMAS 13C-NMR spectra for rice husk (RH), Cryptomeria japonica woods (CJ) and Sesbania roxburghii (SR) in raw material (raw), 300℃ biochar (300) and 500℃ biochar (500).
Material 0-45 45-110 110-160 160-190 190-225 Aliphatic C1 Aromatic C2 alkyl C O/N-alkyl C aromatic C carbonyl C Ketone C % %
RH-raw 5 75 15 4 2 80 15
RH-300 20 43 32 2 3 63 32
RH-500 13 7 75 1 4 19 75
CJ-raw 5 71 19 2 2 77 19
CJ-300 18% 41 35 2 4 59 35
CJ-500 15 10 69 1 4 25 69
SR-raw 15 67 10 6 2 81 10
SR-300 31 26 36 4 3 57 36
SR-500 13 8 73 2 4 21 73
1Aliphatic C was calculated by expressing as the ratio of aliphatic C (0-110 ppm) to total regions (0-225 ppm).
2Aromatic C was calculated by expressing as the ratio of aromatic C (110-160 ppm) to total regions (0-225 ppm).
表 5 在稻殼 (RH)、柳杉木材 (CJ) 與田菁植體 (SR) 的未炭化植體材料 (raw)、300℃ (300) 與 500℃ (500) 生物炭處理，以及有或 無施肥處理下，玉米作物的地上部乾重、地下部乾重、總乾重與根莖比
Table 5 Dry weight (g) of shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass and R/S ratio of corn planted with (+F) and without (-F) fertilizer application in soil amended with rice husk (RH), Cryptomeria japonica woods (CJ) and Sesbania roxburghii (SR) in raw material (raw), 300℃
biochar (300) and 500℃ biochar (500).
Shoot biomass (g) Root biomass (g) Total biomass (g) R/S ratio (%)
treatment -F +F -F +F -F +F -F +F
Control 10.5±1.1b1, A2 11.9±3.0bc, B 2.2±0.3ab, A 1.7±0.4cd, B 12.7±0.9b, A 13.6±3.2c, B 0.21±0.04c, A 0.15±0.04bc, B RH-raw 3.4±0.2d, A 10.0±1.3d, B 1.5±0.5c, A 1.5±0.1d, A 4.9±0.7d, A 11.4±1.2d, B 0.44±0.14a, A 0.15±0.03c, B RH-300 9.3±1.0b, A 11.1±2.5c, B 1.9±0.3bc, A 2.3±1.0b, B 11.1±1.0b,A 13.4±3.0c, B 0.20±0.04c, A 0.21±0.09bc, A RH-500 10.7±1.8b, A 13.7±1.2ab, B 1.9±0.2bc, A 2.2±0.3bc, B 12.6±2.0b, A 15.8±1.5ab, B 0.18±0.02c, A 0.16±0.01a, B
CJ-raw 6.4±1.9c, A 12.8±0.6b, B 1.8±0.3bc, A 2.8±0.4a, B 8.3±2.2c, A 15.7±0.3ab, B 0.30±0.06b, A 0.22±0.04ab, B CJ-300 12.3±1.0a, A 12.8±0.7bc, A 2.2±0.5ab, A 1.7±0.3cd, B 14.4±0.6a, A 14.5±1.0bc, A 0.18±0.05c, A 0.13±0.02ab, B CJ-500 9.8±2.1b, A 12.8±0.7bc, B 1.5±0.2c, A 2.1±0.3bc, B 11.3±2.3b,A 14.9±0.8abc, B 0.16±0.02d, A 0.17±0.02a, A SR-raw 6.1±0.2c, A 12.0±0.9ab, B 1.8±0.1bc, A 2.4±0.3ab, B 7.9±0.3c, A 16.5±0.7a, B 0.30±0.01b, A 0.17±0.02ab, B SR-300 9.5±1.2b, A 11.5±0.3c, B 2.0±0.3b, A 1.5±0.2b, B 11.5±1.3b, A 12.9±0.4cd, B 0.21±0.04c, A 0.13±0.02ab, B SR-500 9.5±0.3b ,A 14.7±1.1a, B 2.5±0.1a, A 1.9±0.3bcd, B 12.0±0.4b, A 16.6±1.4a, B 0.27±0.01bc, A 0.13±0.01a, B
1The small letter shows the differences among treatments in column.
2 The capital letter shows the differences between with and without fertilizer in row.
表 6 在稻殼 (RH)、柳杉木材 (CJ) 與田菁植體 (SR) 的未炭化植體材料 (raw)、
300℃ (300) 與 500℃ (500) 生物炭處理，以及有或無施肥處理下，玉米作物的葉 片SPAD 值與土壤 pH 值
Table 6 soil pH of each plot and SPAD values of cron with (+F) and without (-F) fertilizer application in soil amended with rice husk (RH), Cryptomeria japonica woods (CJ) and Sesbania roxburghii (SR) in raw material (raw), 300℃ biochar (300) and 500
℃ biochar (500).
pH SPAD
Treatment -F +F -F +F
Control 6.0±0.1d1, A2 6.0±0.2c, A 29.5±3.6a, A 31.7±1.0bc, A RH-raw 6.3±0.1c, A 6.0±0.2c, B 13.7±1.5b, A 27.2±1.3c, B RH-300 5.9±0.1de, A 5.7±0.1cd, B 28.1±1.3a, A 31.8±1.5bc, B RH-500 5.8±0.1e, A 5.9±0.1cd, A 26.3±3.3a, A 37.8±1.6a, B
CJ-raw 5.8±0.1e, A 5.9±0cd, A 16.7±4.2b, A 35.2±0.7ab, B CJ-300 6.5±0.4bc, A 6.1±0.1c, B 26.8±1.1a, A 33.0±3.9ab, B CJ-500 6.5±0.1c, A 5.9±0.1cd, B 27.4±2.8a, A 35.6±2.2a, B SR-raw 6.7±0.2b, A 6.2±0.1bc, B 18.1±1.7b, A 35.2±1.7ab, B SR-300 6.8±0.2ab, A 6.3±0.3,b B 25.8±1.9a, A 32.9±2.5ab, B SR-500 6.9±0.2a, A 6.8±0.1a, A 24.3±2.9a, A 35.7±2.8a, B
1The small letter shows the differences among treatments in column.
2 The capital letter shows the differences between with and without fertilizer in row.
表 7 在稻殼 (RH)、柳杉木材 (CJ) 與田菁植體 (SR) 的未炭化植體材料 (raw)、
300℃ (300) 與 500℃ (500) 生物炭處理，以及不同達有龍施用量下的黑麥草存活 率 (%)
Table 7 Survival rate (%) of ryegrass seed after planting under different application rate of diuron in soil amended with rice husk (RH), Cryptomeria japonica woods (CJ) and Sesbania roxburghii (SR) in raw material (raw), 300℃ biochar (300) and 500℃
biochar (500).
Treatment Application Rate of Diuron (mg kg-1)
0.0 1.5 6.0 Control 100a1, A2 0d, B 0d, B
RH-raw 100a, A 0d, B 0d, B
RH-300 100a, A 100a, A 0d, B RH-500 100a, A 93±0.6b, B 0d, C
CJ-raw 100a, A 0d, B 0d, B
CJ-300 100a, A 100a, A 90±1b, B CJ-500 97±0.6a, A 90±1c, B 0d, C
SR-raw 100a, A 0d, B 0d, B
SR-300 97±0.6a, A 100a, A 97±0.6a, B SR-500 100a, A 100a, A 83±1.5c, B
1The small letter shows the differences among treatments in column.
2 The capital letter shows the differences between diuron application rate in row.
圖 1 淋洗試驗裝置設計圖
Fig. 1 The design of soil column leaching experiment equipment
圖 2 稻殼未炭化植體材料 (RH-raw)、300℃(RH-300)與 500℃(RH-500)生物炭的 FTIR 圖譜
Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of rice husk raw material (RH-raw), 300℃(RH-300) and 500℃
biochar (RH-500).
圖 3 柳杉未炭化植體材料 (CJ-raw)、300℃(CJ-300)與 500℃(CJ-500)生物炭的 FTIR 圖譜
Fig. 3 FTIR spectra of Cryptomeria japonica woods raw material (CJ-raw), 300℃
biochar (CJ-300) and 500℃biochar (CJ-500).
圖 4 田菁未炭化植體材料 (SR-raw)、300℃ (SR-300) 與 500℃ (SR-500) 生物 炭的FTIR 圖譜
Fig. 4 FTIR spectra of Sesbania roxburghii raw material (SR-raw), 300℃ biochar (SR-300) and 500℃biochar (SR-500).
圖 5 稻殼未炭化植體材料 (RH-raw)、300℃ (RH-300) 與 500℃ (RH-500) 生物 炭的13C-NMR 圖譜
Fig. 5 13C-NMR spectra of rice husk raw material (RH-raw), 300℃ biochar (RH-300) and 500℃ biochar (RH-500).
圖 6 柳杉未炭化植體材料 (CJ-raw)、300℃ (CJ-300) 與 500℃ (CJ-500) 生物炭 的13C-NMR 圖譜
Fig. 6 13C-NMR spectra of Cryptomeria japonica woods raw material (CJ-raw), 300
℃ biochar (CJ-300) and 500℃ biochar (CJ-500).
圖 7 田菁未炭化植體材料 (SR-raw)、300℃ (SR-300) 與 500℃ (SR-500) 生物 炭的13C-NMR 圖譜
Fig. 7 13C-NMR spectra of Sesbania roxburghii raw material (SR-raw), 300℃
biochar (SR-300) and 500℃ biochar (SR-500).
a
NO3-N Amount (mg kg-1 )
100
NO3-N Amount (mg kg-1 )
100 raw material, (b) 300℃ biochar and (c) 500℃ biochar. RH: rice husk; CJ:
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
a
b
c
NH4-N Amount (mg kg-1)
NH4-N Amount (mg kg-1 )
0.0
NH4-N Amount (mg kg-1 )
0.0
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
c
b
a
phosphate-P Amount (mg kg-1 )
phosphate-P Amount (mg kg-1)
0.0
phosphate-P Amount (mg kg-1)
0.0
Fig. 10 Cumulative amounts of phosphate-P in the leachate form soil and soil mixed with raw material (a), 300℃ biochar (b), 500℃ biochar (c). RH: rice husk; CJ:
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
a
b
c
Potassium Amount (mg kg-1 )
0
Potassium Amount (mg kg-1 )
0
Potassium Amount (mg kg-1 )
0
Fig. 11 Cumulative amounts of potassium in the leachate form soil and soil mixed with raw material (a), 300℃ biochar (b), 500℃ biochar (c). RH: rice husk; CJ:
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
a
b
c
Calcium Amount (mg kg-1 )
0
Calcium Amount (mg kg-1)
0
Calcium Amount (mg kg-1)
0
Fig. 12 Cumulative amounts of calcium in the leachate form soil and soil mixed with raw material (a), 300℃ biochar (b), 500℃ biochar (c). RH: rice husk; CJ:
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
c
b
a
Magnesium Amount (mg kg-1 )
10
Magnesium Amount (mg kg-1 )
10
Magnesium Amount (mg kg-1 )
10
Fig. 13 Cumulative amounts of magnesium in the leachate form soil and soil mixed with raw material (a), 300℃ biochar (b), 500℃ biochar (c). RH: rice husk; CJ:
Cryptomeria japonica wood; SR: Sesbania roxburghii.
a
b
c
附錄
Summary of two-way ANOVA by R for dry mass, R/S ratio, soil pH, leaf SPAD value, nutrient of leachate (NO3-N、NH4-N、phosphate-P、K、Mg、Ca), and ryegrass survival rate.
pH
K
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr (>F) material 9 1651747 183527 315.28 < 2e-16 ***
week 1 252848 252848 434.37 < 2e-16 ***
material: week 9 58009 6445 11.07 1.07e-12 ***
Residuals 130 75674 582
Ca
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr (>F)
material 9 86840 9649 24.88 <2e-16 ***
week 1 270528 270528 697.41 <2e-16 ***
material: week 9 6911 768 1.98 0.0466 * Residuals 130 50427 388
Mg
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr (>F)
material 9 4589 510 12.319 5.89e-14 ***
week 1 28757 28757 694.783 < 2e-16 ***
material: week 9 990 110 2.658 0.00732 **
Residuals 130 5381 41
Survival rate
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr (>F)
material 9 617.4 68.6 10.697 3.04e-10 ***
application rate 1 698.0 698.0 108.842 6.67e-16 ***
material:
application rate
9 240.2 26.7 4.162 0.00025 ***
Residuals 70 448.9 6.4