參考文獻

（一）樣本部份

計算高低語文能力兩組在與作業相關的私語之單位時間平均語句數效果量（effect size）

為.39，因此若要達到統計上的顯著差異，即高語文能力組的參與者在作業相關的私語之單位時間內平均語句數要顯著多於低語文能力組，從效果量來推估研究樣本數需要 82 位的參與者，本研究只有 29 位的參與者，參與者的人數明顯不足的情況下，參與者的個別差異大，因此無法平衡自閉症類障礙兒童的個體間變異，且受限於統計考驗力的不足，使得未能如預期的觀察到自閉症類障礙兒童在統計檢驗上顯著的私語發展趨勢。

（二）實驗設計部分

在本研究中自閉症類障礙兒童的私語發展，主要以語文能力做為控制變項，但從研究結果可得知自閉症類障礙兒童之不同語文能

力，呈現不同私語發展模式來看，高語文能力的自閉症類障礙兒童在非語文的認知能力存在較大的個體變異，因語文與認知的能力可能非並行的發展。因此對於語文能力較佳的自閉症類障礙兒童來說，認知作業的難度未必會比低語文能力的自閉症類障礙兒童簡單，故之後的研究建議同時考慮語言發展與作業難度的控制，使能更純粹的觀察到自閉症類障礙兒童私語的發展。另外一種更能夠減少個體差異的研究設計為長期追蹤研究。若能針對同一群自閉症類障礙兒童進行一段較長時間的重複私語觀察，理應更能減少因個體間差異過大造成的推論困難。

此外，與作業不相關的私語在本研究中佔總私語量的 39.26%。從 Winsler 等人在 2007 年的研究結果，自閉症類障礙的兒童在與作業不相關私語百分比幾乎等於 0，該研究在實驗室情境下操弄，且排除有其他診斷的參與者，

本研究的自閉症類障礙兒童中的3 位還額外有 ADHD 的診斷，沒有明確被診斷的參與者也有觀察到注意力不集中的問題，且多為在半開放式的情境（參與者的家中）施測，這些因素可能增加了自閉症類障礙兒童在作業不相關私語表達量的增加，建議盡量維持實驗情境的一致性外，可增加對注意力的評估與控制，排除可能的干擾因素。

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收稿日期：2010.07.07 接受日期：2010.11.09

Bulletin of Special Education 2011, 36(1), 57-83

A Preliminary Study on Private Speech in Children

在文檔中自閉症類障礙兒童的私語表現初探 (頁 21-26)