⍿姒侭➢㛔屯㕁烉⿏⇍烉_____ ⸜漉烉___㑼ả℔借⸜屯______烊悐攨炷㬟⸜
㚱炸___________㗗⏎㚦ảᷣ䭉借_________ぐ娵䁢冒㗗⏎㚱妋㰢⓷柴䘬㼃傥烎 ________ 忶⍣ⶍἄᷕ㚱䘤㎖↢Ἦ╶烎_______䁢Ṩ湤㚱炾㰺㚱烎_____________
⍿姒侭姒婯⓷柴⣏䵙
⓷⓷柴妋㰢忶䦳炷Problem Solving Process炸
⛐ぐ䘬℔⊁Ṣ⒉䓇㵗ᷕ炻婳㔀徘ᶨẞぐ冒ㆸ≇妋㰢⓷柴䘬ᾳ㟰ˤ
I. Problem Identification 䁢ỽ䔞⇅ぐ゛妋㰢㬌⓷柴炻侴ᶵ㗗℞⬫⓷柴烎
㓧㱣炾怠冱⚈䳈烊㕘ᷣ䭉ᶳẌ烊⌙㨇烉冒䃞ㆾṢⶍ烎ℏ悐攟㛇⓷柴炻⤪屯㸸↮
惵ᶵ⛯炻⎴ḳ攻屯妲⁛怆㚱ẋ㹅炻ⶍἄ㓰䌯ᶵἛ烊㕘䥹㈨烊⚳晃嵐⊊烊㓧⹄㓧 䫾㓡嬲烊㤕⊁斄ὪṢン⹎炾㳣≽㓡嬲烊℞Ṿ⤪㮹䛦㉙⿐忋忋ˤ
II. Initiation 䁢妋㰢ᶲ徘⓷柴炻Ἀ冒㍸↢Ḯỽ䧖妋㰢㕡㟰烎
III. Support 忁ᾳ㍸㟰㗗⏎㚱⍿⇘㓗㊩烎
婘㓗㊩Ἀ烎婘⍵⮵Ἀ烎Ἀ㗗⏎㚱⎰ἄ⣍Ờ烎悐攨ℏ烎悐攨⢾烎㓧㱣Ṣ䈑烎ẩ 㤕烎㮹攻⛀橼烎
IV. Implementation
➟埴䘬忶䦳㚱⒒ṃ㊹㇘烎㊹㇘⽆ỽ侴Ἦ烎ℏ悐炾⢾悐炾㓧㱣⚈䳈䫱烊Ἀ⤪ỽ朊
⮵忁ṃ㊹㇘烎䌐冒烎㈦⎴Ờ烎℞Ṿ彎㱽烎
V. Result
䳸㝄䁢ỽ烎㬌⓷柴妋㰢㕡㟰㊩临Ḯ⣂ᷭ烎䎦⛐怬⛐䓐╶烎怬㗗塓㓡嬲Ḯ烎嬲⤥
炾ᶵ⤥烎
VI. Value creation
Ἀ娵䁢Ἀ䘬㕘㍸㟰ⷞ䴎忁ᾳ䳬䷼ㆾ㗗⣏䑘⠫ỽ䧖㕘䣦㚫₡ῤ烎
VII. Role of Civil Servant
Ἀ娵䁢℔⊁Ṣ⒉娚䴎Ḱ妋㰢⓷柴䘬䨢攻╶烎䁢Ṩ湤烎℔⊁Ṣ⒉䘬ⶍἄ䚖䘬ㅱ娚 䁢ỽ烎
VIII. Typology 㚨⼴炻ぐ娵䁢ぐ妋㰢⓷柴炾∝㕘ἄ㱽䘬栆✳䁢ẍᶳ恋䧖烎炷⎗墯 怠炸
1. ㍸↢ℐ㕘䘬妰䔓ㆾ埴≽㕡㟰炷ẍ⇵Ἀ䘬㤕⊁䭬⚵ᶵ⊭㊔ㆾ⽆㰺 忶䘬炸2.
嶐ℏ悐℔悐攨⎰ἄ 3. 嶐⢾悐℔悐攨⎰ἄ 4. 㮹攻朆㓧⹄䳬䷼⎰ἄ 5. 㮹 攻ẩ㤕⎰ἄ 6. 䣦⋨炾⯭㮹⎰ἄ 7. ἧ䓐㕘䘬䥹㈨炾庇橼ㆾ䠔橼 8. ➡≃ㆾ 㔁做⭊㇞炾⯭㮹炾䣦⋨ 9. 埴扟℔ℙ㓧䫾 10. 溻⊝㮹䛦⍫冯℔ℙḳ⊁ 11. 䳬
䷼ℐ朊㓡忈 12. 䳬䷼悐ấ㓡忈 13. ↮㔋㪲≃炾㰢䫾㪲炷⏓ㆸ䩳↮彎℔⭌炾ㆸ 䩳↮䳬炸 14. 普ᷕ㰢䫾㪲 15. ⭊㇞⮶⎹㓡嬲 16. 借⒉妻䶜 17. 借⟜⸛䫱 18.
埴㓧㳩䦳≈忇 19. 䥩㚱⊾ 20. ℔悐攨㤕⊁⥼⢾ 21. 溻⊝ℏ悐䪞䇕 22. ⡆≈⽿
ⶍ䘬ἧ䓐 23. 㹊↢㓰ㅱ炷⼙枧Ḯ℞⬫╖ỵ炸 24. ⇵㛇妰䔓 25. 旚㬊㛒Ἦ⓷柴 䘬䘤䓇 26. 䓐溻⊝炻朆⻟⇞夷⭂ 27. 䯉⊾㳩䦳 28. 䯉⊾䥹㈨ 29. ㍸ὃ㚜⣂⃫
㚵⊁ 30. ≈⻟⋼婧⎬悐攨 31. 䲣䴙⿏䘬妋㰢⓷柴 32. 㓡嬲䳬䷼䚖㧁 33. 䁢℔
悐攨䚩拊炷㷃⮹㓗↢炸 34. 䁢℔悐攨岢拊炷㍸ὃẀ屣㚵⊁炸 35. 攳㓦借⒉⍫
冯⺷㰢䫾忶䦳 36. 攳㓦朆℔悐攨Ṣ⒉⍫≈㰢䫾忶䦳 37. 溻⊝ⶪ⟜䪞䇕炷冱彎 䵈㍉岤䪞岥炻枺ᷕ⮷ẩ㤕∝㕘䋶䫱炸
References
Alvesson, M., & J. Sandberg (2013). Constructing research questions: doing interesting research. London: Sage.
Ascher, W. (1986). The evolution of the policy sciences: Understanding the rise and avoiding the fall. Journal of Public Analysis and Management, 5(2), 365-373.
Bacchi, C. (1999). Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems.
London: Sage.
Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Bacchi, C. (2012). Why study problematizations? Making politics visible. Open Journal of Political Science, 2(1), 1-8.
Barnes, J. (Ed.). (1984). The complete works of Aristotle, Volume 2: The revised Oxford translation. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Berglund, K., B. Johannisson, & B. Schwartz (Eds.). (2012). Societal entrepreneurship:
Positioning, penetrating, promoting. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Borrás, S. (2003). The innovation policy of the European Union: From government to governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Colebatch, H. K. (2006). What work makes policy? Policy Sciences, 39(4), 309-321.
Colebatch, H. K., R. Hoppe, & M. Noordegraaf (Eds.). (2010). Working for policy.
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Dryzek, J. S. (1997). The politics of the Earth:Environmental discourses. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Fischer, F., & J. Forester (Eds.). (1993). The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Flynn, T. (2005). Foucault’s mapping of history. In G. Gutting (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Foucault (2nd Ed.)(pp. 29-48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bouchard, D. F., & S. Simon (Trans.). (1977). Language, counter-memory, practice:
Selected Essays and Interviews. (M. Foucault Original Author). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Funtowicz, S. O., & J. R. Ravetz (2001). Global risk, uncertainty, and ignorance. In J. X.
Kasperson, & R. E. Kasperson (Eds.), Global Environmental Risk (pp. 173-194). Tokyo: United Nation University Press.
Haas, P. (2004). When does power listen to truth? A constructivist approach to the policy process. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 569-592.
Hajer, M. A., & H. Wagenaar (Eds.), (2003). Deliberative policy analysis:
Understanding governance in the network society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hoppe, R. (2011). The governance of problems: Puzzling, powering and participation.
Bristol: Policy Press.
Kooiman, J. (Ed.). (1993). Modern governance: New government-society interactions.
London: Sage.
Lasswell, H. D. (1951). The policy orientation. In D. Lerner, & H. D. Lasswell (Eds.), The policy sciences: Recent developments in scope and method (pp. 3-15).
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lasswell, H. D. (1971). A pre-view of policy sciences. New York, NY: American Elsevier Publishing.
Lindner, S. H., & B. G. Peters (1995). The two traditions of institutional designing:
dialogue versus decision? In D.L. Weimer (Ed.), Institutional design (pp. 133-160). Boston: Kluwer.
Maniglier, P. (2012). What is a problematic? Radical Philosophy, 173, 21-23.
McCabe, J. L., & D. Holmes (2009). Reflexivity, critical qualitative research and emancipation: A Foucauldian perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(7), 1518-1526.
Jamison, D., & A. Hart (Trans.). (1995). Of problematology: Philosophy, science and language. (M. Meyer Original Author). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Barsky, R. F. (Trans.). (2000). Philosophy and the passions: Toward a history of human nature. (M. Meyer Original Author). University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.
Mol, A. (2002). The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Durham, London:
Duke University Press.
Pierre, J. (Ed.). (2000). Debating governance: Authority, steering and democracy.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pierre, J. & B. G. Peters (2000). Governance, politics and the state. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Rose, N. (1999). Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rose, N., & P. Miller (1992). Political power beyond the State: Problematics of government. The British Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 173-205.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflexive practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.
Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests (3rd Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Simon, J. K. (1971). A conversation with Michael Foucault. Partisan Review, 38(2), 192-210.
Stoker, G. (Ed.). (1999). The new management of British local level governance.
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Turnbull, N. (2013). The questioning theory of policy practice: Outline of an integrated analytical framework. Critical Policy Studies, 7(2), 115-131.
Unger, R. K. (1989). Sex, gender and epistemology. In M. Crawford, & M. Gentry (Eds.), Gender and thought: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 17-35). New York:
Springer-Verlag.