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Frascina, Francis, Modernity and modernism: French painting in the nineteenth century, New Haven 1993

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James, Henry, Parisian sketches, New York 1957

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1914: modernity and the anxiety of representation in Europe, Aldershot 2008 Kelder, Diane, The great book of post-impressionism, New York 1986

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in: October 31, Winter 1984, pp. 69–90

Lees, Sarah et al., Giovanni Boldini in impressionist Paris, exhibition catalog, Ferrara–Williamstown 2009/10, New Haven 2009

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Lloyd, Christopher, “An Unknown Sketchbook by Gustave Caillebotte,” in: Master Drawings 26, no. 2, 1988, pp. 107–118, 145–169

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96

Appendix: Figures

1. Gustave Caillebotte, The Floor Scrapers (Les raboteurs de parquet), 1875, oil on canvas, 102 x 146.5 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

2. Gustave Caillebotte, The Pont de l’Europe, 1876, oil on canvas, 125 x 180 cm, Musée du Petit Palais, Geneva

97

3. Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street; Rainy Day (Rue de Paris, temps de pluie), 1877, oil on canvas, 212.2 x 276.2 cm, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago

4. Angelo Morbelli, Feast Day at the Hospice Trivulzio in Milan (Giorno di festa al Pio Albergo Trivulzio), 1892, oil on canvas, 78 x 122 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

98

5. Edvard Munch, Rue Lafayette, 1891, oil on canvas, 92 x 73 cm,

Nasjonalmuseet,Oslo

6. Gustave Caillebotte, A Balcony, Boulevard Haussmann, 1880, oil on canvas, 69 x 62 cm, private collection, France

7. Edvard Munch, Music on Karl Johan Street, 1889, oil on canvas, 101.5 x 140.5 cm, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

99

8. Edvard Munch, Sketch for Spring Day on Karl Johan Street, 1889, oil on canvas, 50.5 x 82 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo

9. Edvard Munch, Rainy Day on Karl Johan Street, 1891, oil on canvas, 38 x 53 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo

100

10. Edvard Munch, Despair, 1892, oil on canvas, 92 x 67 cm, Thielska Galleriet, Stockholm

11. Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893, tempera and crayon on cardboard, 91 x 73.5 cm, Nasjonalmuseet, Oslo

12. Gustave Caillebotte, Man on a Balcony, Boulevard Haussmann (Homme au balcon, boulevard Haussmann), 1880, oil on canvas, 117 x 90 cm, private collection, Switzerland

13. Christian Krohg, Portrait of the Swedish Painter Karl Nordström, 1882, oil on canvas, 61 x 46.5 cm, The

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo

101

14. Angelo Morbelli, Last Days! (Giorni ultimi!), 1883, oil on canvas, 100 x 157 cm, Civica Galleria d’Arte Moderna, Milan

15. Angelo Morbelli, I remember when I was a girl (Mi riccordo quand’ero fanciulla), 1903, oil on canvas, 71 x 110.5 cm, private collection, Tortona

102

16. Angelo Morbelli, Christmas of the Left Behind (Il Natale dei rimasti), 1903, oil on canvas, 62 x 110.5 cm, Ca’ Pesaro, Galleria Internazionale d’Arte Moderna, Venice

17. Angelo Morbelli, A Christmas! at the Pio Albergo Trivulzio (Un Natale! al Pio Albergo Trivulzio), 1909, oil on canvas, 99 x 173.5 cm, Galleria Civica d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin

18. Angelo Morbelli, The Refectory of the Old People (Il refettorio dei vecchioni), 1919, oil on canvas, 43 x 55 cm, Civiche Raccolte Storiche, Museo di Milano, Milan

103

19. Fernand Khnopff, Passing Boulevard du Régent (En passant Boulevard du Régent), 1881, gouache and watercolor, 9 x 17.2 cm, private collection

20. Gustave Caillebotte, Young Man Playing the Piano (Jeune homme au piano), 1876, oil on canvas, 80 x 116 cm, Bridgestone Museum of Art, Tokyo

104

21. Gustave Caillebotte, Young Man at His Window (Jeune homme à sa fenêtre), 1875, oil on canvas, 117 x 82 cm, private collection, New York

22. Gustave Caillebotte, Luncheon (Le Déjeuner), 1876, oil on canvas, 52 x 75 cm, private collection, Paris

105

23. Gustave Caillebotte, Boulevard Haussmann, Snow (Boulevard Haussmann, effet de neige), c. 1880, oil on canvas, 66 x 81 cm, private collection, Paris

24. Gustave Caillebotte, Sailboats at Argenteuil (Voiliers à Argenteuil), 1888, oil on canvas, 65 x 55.5 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

106

25. Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette), 1876, oil on canvas, 131 x 175 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

26. Claude Monet, The Saint-Lazare Station, 1877, oil on canvas, 75 x 105 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

107

27. Edouard Manet, The Balcony (Le balcon), 1868–1869, oil on canvas, 170 x 124.5 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

28. Edgar Degas, Ballet (The Star), 1876, pastel, 58.4 x 42 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

29. Gustave Caillebotte, Floor Scrapers (Sketch) [Raboteurs de parquet (esquisse)], 1875, oil on canvas, 29 x 39 cm, private collection, France

108

30. Gustave Caillebotte, Floor Scrapers (Variant) [Raboteurs de parquet (variante)], 1876, oil on canvas, 80 x 100 cm, private collection, Paris

31. Gustave Caillebotte, Two Studies of a Young Man Seated, in Profile, Facing Left, c. 1875–76, graphite on white laid paper, 47.6 x 31.1 cm, private collection

32. Gustave Caillebotte, Study of a Kneeling Floor-Scraper, in Profile, Facing Left, c. 1875–76, graphite on gray laid paper, 47.9 x 30.5 cm, private collection

109

33. The Place de l’Europe, Paris, 2006, photo

34. The Pont de l’Europe, a bird’s eye view looking toward the Gare Saint-Lazare, 1866, woodcut, from Le Monde illustré, no. 14

110

35. Gustave Caillebotte, The Pont de l’Europe, oil sketch, c. 1876, oil on canvas, 33 x 45 cm, Musée des beaux-arts, Rennes

36. Gustave Caillebotte, The Pont de l’Europe, oil sketch, 1876, oil on canvas, 56 x 46 cm, private collection

37. Gustave Caillebotte, The Pont de l’Europe, oil sketch, 1876, oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm, private collection

111

38. Gustave Caillebotte, The Pont de l’Europe, oil sketch, c. 1876, oil on canvas, 54 x 73 cm, private collection

39. Gustave Caillebotte, Study for The Pont de l’Europe: Three views of a dog, 47 x 31.5 cm, private collection

40. Gustave Caillebotte, Study for The Pont de l’Europe: Standing man seen from rear, 48 x 31 cm, private collection

112

41. Gustave Caillebotte, Study for The Pont de l’Europe: Architectural and perspective study, pencil and ink, 16 x 19 cm, private collection

42. Gustave Caillebotte, Study of a Couple Seen from the Front under an Umbrella, 1877, graphite and charcoal on buff paper, 47 x 30.9 cm, private collection

43. Gustave Caillebotte, Study of a Man under an Umbrella Facing Right, 1877, graphite and charcoal on buff paper, 45.1 x 39.2 cm, private collection

113

44. Gustave Caillebotte, Perspective Study of Streets, 1877, graphite and charcoal on buff paper, 30 x 46 cm, private collection

45. Claude Monet, The Pont de l’Europe, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877, oil on canvas, 81 x 64 cm, Musée Marmottan, Paris

114

46. Auguste Renoir, Pont Neuf, Paris, 1872, oil on canvas, 75.3 x 93.7 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington

47. Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners (Les glaneuses), 1857, oil on canvas, 83.5 x 110 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

115

48. Nadar, A True Portrait of Saint Courbet, Painter and Martyr, 1855, caricature

49. Anonymous, Caillebotte as a Floor-Scraper, c. 1882, caricature clipped by É tienne Moreau-Nélaton from an unidentifed source, Musée du Louvre, Paris

116

50. Martial Caillebotte, Gustave Caillebotte in His Garden (Gustave Caillebotte dans son jardin), 1892,

silver print, 11 x 16 cm, private collection 51. Anonymous, a photo of Gustave Caillebotte, c. 1878, private collection

52. Gustave Caillebotte, Fruit Displayed on a Stand (Fruits à l’étalage), c. 1881–82, oil on canvas, 76.5 x 100.6 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

117

53. Gustave Caillebotte, sketch for Paris Street; Rainy Day, 1877, oil on canvas, 54 x 65 cm, private collection

54. Fernand Khnopff, Listening to Schumann (En écoutant du Schumann), 1883, oil on canvas, 101.5 x 116.5 cm, Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels

118

55. Gustave Caillebotte, Portrait of Madame Martial Caillebotte (Portrait de Mme Martial Caillebotte), 1877, oil on canvas, 83 x 72 cm, private

collection

56. Gustave Caillebotte, Interior, Woman Reading (Intérieur, femme lisant), 1880, oil on canvas, 65 x 80 cm, private collection

57. James Ensor, The Rooftops of Ostend (Les Toits d’Ostende), 1884, oil on canvas, 157 × 209 cm, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp

119

58. Paul Cézanne, The Roof of Paris (Les Toits de Paris), 1881–82, oil on canvas, 59.7 x 73 cm, Le Musée du Luxembourg, Paris

59. Camille Pissarro, The Roofs of Old Rouen, Gray Weather, 1896, oil on canvas, 72.3 x 91.4 cm, The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH

120

60. Gustave Caillebotte, Rooftops in the Snow (snow effect), [Vue de toits (effet de neige)], 1878, oil on canvas, 64 x 82 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

61. James Ensor, Boulevard Van Iseghem in the Rain (Boulevard Van Iseghem sous la pluie), 1880, oil on cardboard, 23.5 x 16.5 cm, private collection

62. James Ensor, The Rooftops of Ostend (Les Toits d’Ostende), 1898, oil on canvas, 48 x 73 cm, private collection, Belgium

121

63. James Ensor, Brussels Town Hall (Hôtel de ville de Bruxelles), 1885, oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, Musée d’Art Moderne et d’Art Contemporain, Liege

64. Gustave Caillebotte, The Rue Halévy Seen from the Sixth Floor (La Rue Halévy vue du sixième étage), 1878, oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, private collection, Dallas

65. James Ensor, Music in the rue de Flandre (Musique rue de Flandre), 1891, oil on wood, 24 x 19 cm, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp

66. Claude Monet, The Rue Montorgueil in Paris. Celebration of June 30, 1878 (La rue Montorgueil à Paris. Fête du 30 juin 1878), 1878, oil on canvas, 81 x 50 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

122

67. Christian Krohg, Village Street at Grez, fragment of Sunday Morning, 1882, oil on canvas, 102 x 70 cm, Rasmus Meyers Samlinger, Bergen

68. Gustave Caillebotte, Rising Road (Chemin montant), 1881, oil on canvas, 99.6 x

125.2 cm, private collection

69. Postcard of Karl Johans Street, Christiania (Oslo), c. 1900, private collection

123

70. Camille Pissarro, The Boulevards under Snow (Les Boulevards exterieurs, effet de neige), 1879, oil on canvas, 65 x 54 cm, Musée Marmottan, Paris

71. Edvard Munch, Evening on Karl Johan Street, 1892, oil on canvas, 85 x 121 cm, Rasmus Meyers Samlinger, Bergen

72. Edvard Munch, preliminary sketch for Evening on Karl Johan Street, 1889, pencil and black chalk on paper, 37 x 47 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo

124

73. Angelo Morbelli, Milan Central Station (Alla Stazione Centrale di Milano), 1887, oil on cavnas, 86 x 132 cm, Ente Autonomo Ferrovie dello Stato, Rome

74. Angelo Morbelli, Milan Central Station in 1889 (La Stazione Centrale di Milano nel 1889), 1889, oil on cavnas, 57.5 x 100 cm, Civica Galleria d’Arte Moderna, Milan

125

75. Claude Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, 1877, oil on canvas, 83 x 101.3 cm, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

76. Mario de Maria (Marius Pictor), Quai du Louvre in Paris. Moonlight (Quai du Louvre à Paris. Claire de lune), 1884–86, oil on canvas, 62 x 50 cm, Palazzo Foresti, Carpi

77. Mario de Maria (Marius Pictor), One summer evening in Paris (Veiled moon) [Una sera d’estate a Parigi (Luna velata)], c. 1880–1890, oil on canvas, 83.5 x 60.8 cm, private collection

126

78. Cladue Monet, Two Path at Argenteuil (Chemin de Halage à Argenteuil), 1875, oil on canvas, 60 x 100 cm, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, New York

79. Gustave Caillebotte, Boulevard Haussmann, Snow Effect, (Boulevard Haussmann, Effet de Neige), 1880–1881, oil on canvas, 81 x 66 cm, private collection

127

80. Mario de Maria (Marius Pictor), Moon on the tables of a tavern (Luna sulle tavole di un’osteria), 1884, oil on canvas, 40 x 31 cm, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Rome

81. Mario de Maria (Marius Pictor), Studio (courtyard) [Studio (cortile)], 1880, oil on canvas, 33 x 25.5 cm, Museo d’Arte Moderna di Bologna, Bologna

82. Mario de Maria (Marius Pictor), Red Sky at Night, in Hopes of Good Weather (Rosso di sera, bel tempo si spera), c. 1882–1909, oil on canvas, 70 x 69.5 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

128

Photographic Credits

Albright-Knox Art Gallery, New York,

www.albrightknox.org/collection/collection-highlights/piece:chemin-de-halage-a -argenteuil/: fig. 78

Anne Dayed-Distel, Gustave Caillebotte: urban impressionist, New York 1995, pp.

45, 46, 259: figs. 31, 32, 68

Arne Eggum, Munch and photography, translated from Norwegian by Birgit Holm, New Haven 1989, p. 29: fig. 69

Art Institute Chicago, www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/20684: fig. 3

Aurora Scotti Tosini et al., Angelo Morbelli: tra realismo e divisionismo, exhibition catalog, Turin 2001, Turin 2001, p. 61: figs. 73, 74

Boston Museum of Fine Arts,

www.mfa.org/collections/object/fruit-displayed-on-a-stand-34313: fig. 52 Bridgestone Museum of Art, Tokyo, www.bridgestone-museum.gr.jp/en/collection/:

fig. 20

Ca’ Pesaro, Galleria Internazionale d’Arte Moderna, Venice, www.atlantedellarteitaliana.it/artwork-7492.html: fig. 16

Civica Galleria d’Arte Moderna, Milan, www.gam-milano.com/: fig. 14

Elena Di Raddo, “Schede della opere,” in: Mario De Maria (Marius Pictor) il pittore delle lune: 1852–1924, exhibition catalog, Bologna, 2013/14, Bologna 2013, p. 145: fig. 81

Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/228649: fig. 75

Gabrielle Andries, “Les plaisirs au jardin,” in: Serge Lemoine et al., Dans l’intimite des frères Caillebotte: peintre et photographe, exhibition catalog, Paris–Quebec 2011/12, Paris 2011, p. 162 : fig. 50

Galleria Civica D’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin,

www.google.com/culturalinstitute/collection/galleria-civica-di-arte-moderna-e-c ontemporanea-torino?hl=it: fig. 17

Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Rome,

www.gnam.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/23/gli-artisti-e-le-opere/458/luna-sulle-ta vole-di-unosteria: fig. 80

Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque et al., Ensor: Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Bruxelles, Wommelgem 1999, pp. 89, 129, 133, 162, 199: figs. 57, 61, 62, 63, 65 Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich,

129

Marie Berhaut, Gustave Caillebotte: catalogue raisonné des peintures et pastels, Paris 1994, pp. 73, 74, 77. 79, 85, 110, 131, 132, 143: figs. 2, 12, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 64, 79

Mario De Maria (Marius Pictor) il pittore delle lune: 1852–1924, exhibition website, Bologna, 2013/14, at www. mariodemaria.com/ii-le-strade-di-parigi: figs. 76, 77 Musée d’Orsay, Paris, www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/overview.html: figs. 1, 4,

24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 47, 60, 66, 8255

Musée du Luxembourg, www.museeduluxembourg.fr/objet/les-toits-de-paris: fig. 58 Musée Marmottan, Paris, www.marmottan.fr/fr/claude_monet-musee-2517: figs. 45,

Musée du Luxembourg, www.museeduluxembourg.fr/objet/les-toits-de-paris: fig. 58 Musée Marmottan, Paris, www.marmottan.fr/fr/claude_monet-musee-2517: figs. 45,