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Appendix: Selection of Thomas Cole’s Writings
1. Pictures of the Course of Empire—The Arcadian State (1836)
From: “Cole’s Pictures of the Course of Empire,” in: The Knickerbocker 8, November, 1836, p. 629.
No. 2.—The simple or Arcadian State, represents the scene after ages have passed.
The gradual advancement of society has wrought a change on its aspect. The
“untracked and rude” has been tamed and softened. Shepherds are tending their flocks, the ploughman with his oxen is upturning the soil, and commerce begins to stretch her wings. A village is growing by the shore, and on the summit of a hill a rude temple has been erected, from which the smoke of sacrifice is now ascending. In the foreground on the left is seated an old man, who, by describing lines in the sand, seems to have made some geometrical discovery. On the right of the picture is a female with a distaff, about to cross a rude stone bridge. On the stone is a boy, who appears to drawing a man with a sword, and ascending the road a soldier is partly seen.
Under the trees beyond the female figure may be seen a group of peasants, some are dancing while one plays on a pipe. In this picture we have Agriculture, Commerce, and Religion. In the old man, who describes the mathematical figure—in the rude attempt of the boy in drawing—in the female figure with the distaff—in the vessel on the stocks, and in the primitive temple on the hill, it is evident that the useful arts, the fine arts, and the sciences, have made considerable progress. The scene is supposed to be viewed a few hours after sunrise, and in the early summer.
2. Mt. Etna (1842)
From: Marshall B. Tymn (ed.), Thomas Cole’s poetry. The collected poems of America’s foremost painter of the Hudson River School reflecting his feelings for nature and the romantic spirit of the nineteenth century, York, Pennsylvania: Liberty Cap Books, 1972, pp. 134–135.
Breezes and bees were sweetly murmuring And joyously like children bright,
Bedecked in shining crimson, gold and white, Frolicked and danced the flowers around my feet.
Those were the fields of Etna where I strayed; 5
Those were the children of the flowers that erst Fair Proserpina into garlands wove;
And where yon bubbling waters upward gush With Pluto sank the loud-lamenting maid.
But these are fables and I lift my eyes 10 That they may wander through the cloudless sky.
My thoughts’ companions; in that deep serene They soar away ‘till in that vast profound In extacy and wonder they are lost.
What cloud is that, rearing its snowy head, 15
Dazzling and glorious in the morning sun, Whose mighty form o’ershadows half the world?
No exaltation of the earth and sea;
It moveth not; nor sun; nor wind disperse;
Nor shatter its indissoluble mass! 20
Etna! The fastenings of thy lofty tent Are in the rock-barred earth! Thy roots Beneath the rushing of the briny deep!
In older times Charybdis furious waved
And Scylla clamored, horrid, at thy feet 25
But they are wasted by consuming time Grown old and weak; yet thou, forever young, Outlivest centuries! Beneath thy gaze
Nations have birth and death. Augmenting ever,
Time that doth crumble temples, pyramids; 30
Hath watched thee grow until thy regal hand Usurps the empyrean with its starry realms.
But for yon filmy smoke, that from thy crest Continual issues; there would be no sign
That from thy mighty breast bursts forth at times 35 The sulphurous storm—the avalanche of fire;
That midnight is made luminous and day A ghastly twilight by thy lurid breath.
By thee tormented Earth is tossed and riven;
The shuddering mountains reel; temples and towers 40 The works of man and man himself, his hopes
His harvests, all, a desolation made!
Sublime art thou O Mount! Whether beneath The moon in silence sleeping thy woods
And driven snows, and golden fields of corn; 45
Or bleat upon thy slant breast the gentle flocks, And shepherds in the mellow flow of eve
Pipe merrily; or when thy scathed sides
Are laved with fire; answered thine earthquake voice
By screams and clamor of affrighted men. 50
Lone mountain of the pallid brow and heart Of fire! Thou art a resting place for thought, Thought reaching far above thy bounds; from thee To Him who bade the central fires construct
This wond’rous fabric; lifted by thy dread brow 55 To meet the sun while yet the earth is dark,
And ocean with its ever murmuring waves.
[May, 1842]
3. Thomas Cole, Sicilian Scenery and Antiquities (1844)299 From: The Knickerbocker 23, no. 2, 1844, pp. 103–113.
A few months only have elapsed since I travelled over the classic land of Sicily; and the impressions left on my mind by its picturesqueness, fertility, and the grandeur of its architectural remains, are more vivid, and fraught with more sublime associations, than any I received during my late sojourn in Europe. The pleasure of travelling, it seems to me, is chiefly experienced after the journey is over; when we can sit down by our own snug fire-side, free from all the fatigues and annoyances which are its usual concomitants; and, if our untravelled friends are with us, indulge in the comfortable and harmless vanity of describing the wonders and dangers of those distant lands, and like Goldsmith’s old soldier, ‘Shoulder the crutch and show how fields were won.’300 I was about to remark, that those who travel only in books travel with much less discomfort, and perhaps enjoy as much, as those who travel in reality;
but I fancy there are some of my young readers who would rather test the matter by their own experience, than by the inadequate descriptions which I have to offer them.
Sicily, as is well known, is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It was anciently called Trinacria, from its triangular shape, and is about six hundred miles in circumference. Each of its extremities is terminated by a promontory, one of which
299 The present source is the first part of a longer essay on Sicilian Scenery and Antiquities. The second part was published in the March issue in the same journal; see The Knickerbocker 23, no. 3, March, 1844, pp. 236–244; it is not reprinted here as Cole’s themes and compositional elements are
sufficiently clear in the first part. The text has been carefully adapted to modern English spelling and punctuation. All italics and small caps are from the edition of Knickerbocker. The bold numbers in square brackets refer to the journal’s page numbers. Cole’s wrong spelling of Italian terms has been preserved, but respectively indicated.
300 The quote stems from the memoirs of the Puritan theologian Nathanael Emmons (1745–1840).
Nathanael Emmons, “Miscellaneous Reflections of a Visiter, Upon the Character of Dr. Emmons,” in:
Jacob Ide (ed.), The Works of Nathanael Emmons, vol. 1, Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1842, pp.
cxxvii–clxxii, here p. cl.
was called by the ancients Lilybeum, and faces Africa; another called Pachynus, faces the Peloponessus of Greece; and the third, Pelorum, now Capo di Boco, faces Italy.
The aspect of the country is very mountainous: some of the mountains are lofty; but towering above all, like an enthroned spirit, rises Aetna. His giant form can be seen from elevated grounds in the most remote parts of the island, and the mariner can
The aspect of the country is very mountainous: some of the mountains are lofty; but towering above all, like an enthroned spirit, rises Aetna. His giant form can be seen from elevated grounds in the most remote parts of the island, and the mariner can