• 沒有找到結果。

CHAPTER  7.   CONCLUSION

7.4   C ONCLUSION   R EMARKS

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

a large amount of assertions, the knowledge inside is not optimized for service design so that it may contain some noises that may influence the users. If we want to provide a better using experience, a new knowledge base specifically for service design could be developed.

Furthermore, in the experiments, we also found a few cases of subjects considering that Discover+ cannot facilitate their insight discover process for some reasons including that the recommendations are not specific and deep enough as well as the concept map-like data representation cannot match their ways of reasoning. For example, one of the subjects did the design synthesis mainly from the service provider’s point of view considering about competitors, market segmentations, resources, investments and etc. He thought the recommendations provided by Discover+ can not facilitate his thinking. According to these cases, some further works could be done to improve the facilitation ability of the system.

Finally, some of experiment qualitative results could be further analyzed and interpreted by different interpreters in order to increase the interpretation objectivity.

7.4 Conclusion Remarks

In this research, we aim to design a mechanism with information technologies to facilitate insight discovery process in service design. We reviewed the insight discovery process and its related cognitive factors at first. After understanding how service designers discover insights, we designed and developed an IT artifact which is aimed to facilitate the process and thus enhance the qualities of derived insights. In addition, we also provide an application scenario and evaluations to show its practicability. Finally we find some interesting implications about different mindset of people with different educational backgrounds. We believe this work is able to help service designers and management team in any type of organizations to do better service design.

2. Barile, S., Spohrer J, and Polese, F., "Editorial Column—System Thinking for Service Research Advances." Service Science Vol. 2.1, 2010, pp. i-iii

3. Birbili, M., “Early Childhood Research and Practice”,

https://pkab.wordpress.com/2008/07/17/peta-konsep-pada-pendidikan-tingkat-awal, 2006, Accessed Nov-2012

4. Brown, T. “Design Thinking,” Harvard Business Review, Jun., 2008, pp. 84-92 5. Buzan T. The Mind Map Book. 2nd edn., BBC Books: London, 1995

6. Cambria, E., Hussain, A., Havasi, C., and Eckl C., 2010. “SenticSpace: Visualizing opinions and sentiments in a multi-dimensional vector space,” Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems (KES), Heidelberg, German, 2010, pp. 385–393

7. Chi, P. Y. and Lieberman, H. 2011. “Intelligent assistance for conversational storytelling using story patterns,” Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (IUI '11). New York, USA, pp. 217-226

8. Cross, N., “Expertise in Design: an overview,” Design Studies, Vol. 25(5), 2004, pp.

427-441

9. Design Council, “The double diamond design process model,”

http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/designprocess, 2005, Accessed Aug-12-2012 10. Dorst K., “The core of ‘design thinking’ and its application,” Design Studies, Vol.

32(6), Nov., 2011, pp. 521-532

11. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), “News Release - EPRI Calculates Annual

12. Eppler, M., “A comparison between concept maps, mindmaps, conceptual diagrams, and visual metaphors as complementary tools for knowledge construction and sharing,” Information Visualization, Vol. 5(3), Sep., 2006, pp. 202-210

13. Goldstein, S. M., Johnston, R., Duffy J., Rao, J., “The service concept: the missing link in service design research?,” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20(2), 2002, pp. 121-134

14. Liu, H. and Singh, P., “ConceptNet: A practical commonsense reasoning toolkit”, BT Technology Journal, Vol. 22(4), Oct. 2004, pp. 211–226

15. Joseph, D. N., “Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations,” Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, Vol. 6(3), Sep., 2010, pp. 21-30

16. Klein, G. , Moon, B., and Hoffman R., “Making Sense of Sensemaking 2: A Macrocognitive Model,” Intelligent Systems (IEEE), Vol.21(5), pp. 88-92

17. Kolko, J., “Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: The Drivers of Design Synthesis,”

Design Issues, Vol. 26(1), 2010, pp. 15-28

18. Kolko, J., “Methods of Design Systhesis,”

http://jonkolko.com/projectFiles/preso/kolko_2009_02_methodsOfSynthesis.pdf, Accessed Aug-03-2012, 2008

19. Kwan, S. K. and Yuan, S. T., “Customer-Driven Value Co-Creation in Service Networks,” The Science of Service Systems, vol. Service Science: Research and Innovation (SSRI) in the Service Economy series, Springer, 2011

20. Lindegaard, S., Making Open Innovation Work, CreateSpace Independent Publishing

21. Liu H. and Singh P., “Commonsense Reasoning in and over Natural Language,” 8th Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES-04), 2004, pp. 293-306

22. Lusch, R. F. and Vargo, S. L.,“Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections,”

Marketing theory, Vol. 6, No. 3., 2006, pp. 281-288

23. Lusch, R. F. and Vargo, S. L., “The service-dominant mindset,” Service Sciences, Management and Engineering Education for the 21th century, New York, Springer, 2008, pp. 89-96

24. Novak, J. D., Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 25. Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y., Business Model Generation: A Handbook for

Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2010

26. Paton, B. and Dorst, K., “Briefing and reframing,” Design Studies, Vol. 32(6), Nov., 2011

27. Reckwitz A., “Toward a theory of social practices: a development in culturalist theorizing”, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 5(2), 2002, pp. 243-263

28. Rowe, P. G., Design Thinking, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1987

29. Ryan, G. W., and H. R. Bernard. 2003. Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods 15:85-109.

30. Salton, G. and Buckley, C., “Term weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval,”

Information Processing and Management, Vol. 24(5), 1988, pp. 513-523

31. Satir, V., Banmen, J., Gerberm J. & Gomori, M., The Satir Model: Family Therapy and Beyond, Science & behavior Books, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1991

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

recommendation,” Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces(IUI '07), 2007, pp. 365-368

33. Speer, R., Havasi, C., “Representing general relational knowledge in ConceptNet 5,”

International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC’12), Istanbul, Turket, May., 2012

34. Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F., “Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 68(1–17), Jan., 2004, pp. 1-17

Appendix A. Basic Profile of Experimental Subjects

No. Age Sex Profession

12 25 Female Information Management N/A

13 25 Female Business 1

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

21 28 Male Industrial Design 2

22 26 Male Industrial Design N/A

23 28 Male Industrial Design N/A

24 26 Male Industrial Design N/A

25 26 Female Industrial Design 1

26 27 Male Industrial Design 1

27 26 Male Industrial Design N/A

28 25 Male Industrial Design N/A

29 25 Male Industrial Design N/A

30 26 Female Industrial Design N/A

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Appendix B. Experiment Instruction and questionnaire

Part A. 設計問題 (約10-15分鐘)

捷遊是一家台灣的旅行社,過去承接許多來台灣遊玩的旅行團,但近年來面對大旅行社如雄獅、

燦星…等的價格戰中,無法與大企業一樣削價競爭,導致客源逐漸減少,目前正面臨倒閉的危

機。第二代的老闆小張在今年接下爸爸數十年的心血,認為目前捷遊急需開發出創新的服務,

以求脫離價格競爭的紅海,進而度過倒閉的危機。小張細數捷遊擁有的資源,發現這數十年來,

捷遊建立了完善的服務供應鏈,包含長期合作的專業導遊、領隊群、自有的實體通路(全台灣共

20間實體店面,分布在機場、火車站等各大城市熱門地區),以及由自己資訊部門開發出的電

子商務通路以及行動app,經驗豐富的行銷團隊對於社群行銷、數位內容也是駕輕就熟。請你幫 幫小張一起來想想究竟有什麼創新服務的機會來讓捷遊能夠順利轉型,開拓出一片藍海呢?

動 作1: 請在大張的紙上以mind mapping的方式來建構設計情境,並設法找出創新機會

(請 使 用 黑 筆 或 鉛 筆 繪 製)

動 作2: 請寫下你找出的insight:

格式: ___________需要_________________________,因為_____________________

範例:孩子們需要一部教育環保的電影,因為地球正面臨暖化的危機。

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Part B. Refine設計問題1. (約10-15分鐘)

請使用Discover+系統(http://discoverplus.no-ip.biz/index) 以及 Google 兩種工具幫助你的

mind-mapping 發想,請使用藍筆,直接在剛才的 mindmap 上修改,如果有需要移除的點,請畫

「X」即可。

Discover+是一個基於常識運算(Commonsense Reasoning)所開發出的系統,旨在輔助服務設計師 進行洞見挖掘(insight discovery)。系統介面共有五大區塊:

1. 主題推薦區域:

由觀察或訪談的文字稿中,萃取出相關的主題(themes),可直接點選瀏覽。

2. 瀏覽區域(Outbound)

主要瀏覽主題的區域,此區域為往外之方向,由中心的主題往外發散,例如:

「旅行 造成 消除疲憊」、「旅行 會做的事有 照相」。

3. 瀏覽區域(Inbound)

主要瀏覽主題的區域,此區域為往內之方向,由外圍的主題往內收合,例如:

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

「假日 會做的事有 旅行」、「地圖 為了 旅行」。

4. 進階推薦:

根據主題推薦可能的

a. 使用者(User Perspectives) b. 具象化(Embodiments) c. 環境(Environments) 5. 搜尋:

可以直接鍵入想要瀏覽的主題進行瀏覽

動 作1: 請寫下你找出的insight:

格式: ___________需要_________________________,因為_____________________

範例:孩子們需要一部教育環保的電影,因為地球正面臨暖化的危機

動 作2: 在這個階段中,我使用工具的比例:

(合起來總共100%)

Discover+: _______%,Google: ______%

動 作3: 在整個mind-mapping過程中,我靈感來源的比例:

Discover+: _______%,Google: ______%,自身經驗:______%

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Part C.標示操作認知意象類型

在使用mind-map做framing的過程中,會有許多對認知意象(mental image)的操作,

其中包含:

1. Context Association

前後關係的關連 ex. 起床->洗臉

2. Analogy Association

類比的關聯 ex. 人生-> 旅行

3. Contiguity Association

連續性的關聯

ex. 紅綠燈的三色 紅黃綠、星期一、二、三、四、五、六、日

4. Contrast Association

相反的關聯 ex. 熱->冷、開心->難過

5. Similarity Association

相似性的關聯 ex. 碗->杯子、貓->老虎

動 作1: 請用數字在剛才的mind-map上標出各個元素之間的關聯(也就是mind-map中連

結 各 點 的 線)屬於以上何種關連,請盡量標出,認為有一定的比率即可標示,若不屬於上 述 關 連 , 請 簡 單 描 述 屬 於 何 種 關 連 。

動 作2: 在mind-mapping時,使用各種關連的比率為:

1. Context association(脈絡):________%

2. Analogy association(類比):________%

3. Contiguity association(連續):________%

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

4. Contrast association(相反):________%

5. Similarity association(相似):________%

Part D. 問卷回饋

1. 使用系統讓我的思維迅速擴張速度:

☐比較好 ☐差不多 ☐比較差

2. 我認為使用系統後產生的insight比起使用系統前的insight:

創新性: ☐比較好 ☐差不多 ☐比較差 完整性: ☐比較好 ☐差不多 ☐比較差 我的滿意度: ☐比較好 ☐差不多 ☐比較差 3. 您認為該系統幫助您最多的地方是?

4. 您認為該系統最令您驚豔的特色是?

5. 您認為該系統最需改進的地方是?

6. 若本系統未來有更好的發展, 你會願意使用嗎?

在過 去 的 經 驗 中:

做需求訪查時,我認為實際到現場觀察是很重要的:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 我擅於觀察環境中的所有事物:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 經過觀察及訪談後,我能夠把所有與設計情境相關的細節建構起來:

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意

若無法到現場進行觀察及訪談,我依然能夠把所有與設計情境相關的細節建構起來:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 若無法到現場進行觀察及訪查,我如何建構設計情境?

請簡短回答:

__________________________________________________________________________________

觀察到熟悉的事物或現象時,我能聯想到關於這個事物或現象的過去經驗:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 觀察到不熟悉的事物或現象時,我能聯想到一些相似的事物或現象:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 過去的經驗或是過去對一件事物的理解,對於我建構設計情境的能力很有幫助:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 使用Google能夠有效的幫助我連結過去經驗:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 使用Google對於我建構設計情境的能力很有幫助:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 使用Discover+能夠有效的幫助我連結過去經驗:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意 使用Discover+對於我建構設計情境的能力很有幫助:

☐非常同意 ☐同意 ☐普通 ☐不同意 ☐非常不同意

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Appendix C. Subjects’ perceived satisfaction scores

Subject Innovativeness Integrity Agreement

Non-designers Subject 1 2 2 2

Subject 2 3 2 2

Subject 3 3 2 3

Subject 4 3 3 3

Subject 5 2 3 2

Subject 6 3 3 3

Subject 7 3 3 3

Subject 8 3 3 3

Subject 9 2 3 3

Subject 10 3 3 3

Subject 11 3 2 2

Subject 12 3 3 3

Subject 13 2 3 3

Subject 14 3 3 3

Subject 15 2 3 2

Designers Subject 16 2 3 3

Subject 17 2 3 3

Subject 18 3 3 3

Subject 19 2 3 2

Subject 20 2 2 3

Subject 21 2 3 3

Subject 22 3 3 3

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Subject 23 2 3 3

Subject 24 2 3 3

Subject 25 3 3 2

Subject 26 3 3 3

Subject 27 2 2 2

Subject 28 2 3 3

Subject 29 3 3 3

Subject 30 2 3 3

Percentages of subjects scoring

greater than 2

100% 100% 100%

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Appendix D. Examples of concept maps by designer subjects

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Appendix E. Examples of concept maps by non-designer subjects

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Appendix F. Concept map after labeling the association types