This study aimed to quantify and analyze the floral shape variations in 3D by using μCT, GM, and image processing. In chapter 3, the high-resolution 3D images using μCT makes it possible to quantify the flower shapes precisely. Landmarks were identified from the 3D images and then were subjected to GM analysis. GM showed that PC1 represented the corolla curvature and flower opening. PC2 represented the degree of corolla dorsoventral symmetry. PC3 corresponded to the size of the tube chamber. The 3D image analysis revealed shape variations that could not be identified using typical 2D approaches. Therefore, the 3D images accurately quantified the flower traits that presented a challenge in 2D images. In chapter 4, the analysis of integration of flower petals for S.speciosa were examined. The landmarks of a corolla were divided into 3 compartments: dorsal, lateral, and ventral petals. The results of permutation test indicated that the level of integration between dorsal and ventral petals were minimal. Hence, the dorsal and ventral petals can be regarded as biological modules.
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