Concluding remarks

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consonants at other place of articulation. However, the finding of the affricates suggests that there shows no bias for the marked aspirated affricates to be substituted for the unmarked unaspirated affricates or vice versa, and it is in support of the claim proposed by Shattuck-Hufnagel and Klatt’s (1979) study.

With respect to the directionality of speech errors, as it is shown in Figure 4.14, the tokens of perseveration errors outnumbered anticipation errors and exchange errors. Fromkin (1971, 1973), Jaeger (2004) and other researchers from their corpora claimed that the directionality for naturalistic speech errors is that anticipations are more than perseverations. However, the directionality for elicited speech errors seems to be different. The directionality of elicited speech errors found in Acheson and MacDonald (2009) is that perseveration errors exceed anticipation errors. Likewise, the directionality of speech errors for the present study shows that perseveration errors are significantly more than anticipation errors, and the findings of which cross-linguistically confirm the findings of the corpus study of Wan (1999, 2007), Gandour (1977), and the empirical study of Acheson and MacDonald (2009).

5.3 Concluding remarks

The purpose of this study aims to probe the issues of aspirated and unaspirated stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. The issues are discussed from two aspects in empirical way: voice onset time and speech errors. The stimuli of the experiments of

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both VOT and speech errors are designed as non-word quadruple, and the experiments are conducted in participants’ immediate recall—both are different from previous empirical studies in Taiwan Mandarin. The present findings should provide further evidence allowing us to study the status of aspirated and unaspirated consonants in Taiwan Mandarin. Concerning the VOT of stops and that of affricates, the findings prove that the VOT values own the universal qualities, but simultaneously own the qualities that belong specifically to its language as well. Concerning the speech errors of stops and those of affricates, the findings suggest that the substitution pattern of marked and unmarked might to some degree differ according to the place of articulation (for stops) or might not differ (for affricates). Furthermore, the findings concerning the directionality of speech errors are in line with those of the studies of tone languages and experimental studies.

Despite the advantages of immediate recall of non-word quadruple method, there are some limitations. First, not everyone is good at memorizing. This leads to the exclusion of some trials and thus would decrease the quantity of collectable trials. The other one is the limitation brought by the quadruple design. Apart from the lexical gap and phonological ill-form, there are some words that are rarely seen and therefore cannot be considered. Furthermore, Chinese is famous for its disyllabic words. Some characters, if used individually, are not easy to recognize. This leads to the existence

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of the pre-learning section. With all these limitations, future research might be carried out in another way to avoid the effect of the limitations and further provide evidence to strengthen and solidify the prevailing research results.

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Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing, 303-317.

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19, 624-634.

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Wolk, L. (1986). Markedness analysis of consonant error productions in apraxia of speech. Journal of communication disorders, 19(2), 133-160.

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The stimuli of Experiment 1 are presented below.

子音實驗

Onset Rhyme Tone

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套貸稻鈦 t^h t - t t^h aw aj - aw aj 4

哭擱估苛 k^h k - k k^h u ʌ - u ʌ 1

庫各僱課 k^h k - k k^h u ʌ - u ʌ 4

靠蓋告愾 k^h k - k k^h aw aj - aw aj 4

銬構告扣 k^h k - k k^h aw ow - aw ow 4

淒駒機屈 tɕ^h tɕ - tɕ tɕ^h i y- i y 1

氣鉅紀去 tɕ^h tɕ - tɕ tɕ^h i y- i y 4

掐街嘉切 tɕ^h tɕ - tɕ tɕ^h ja jɛ- ja jɛ 1 洽芥嫁竊 tɕ^h tɕ - tɕ tɕ^h ja jɛ- ja jɛ 4

觸詐駐岔 tʂ^h tʂ - tʂ tʂ^h u a - u a 4

出遮銖車 tʂ^h tʂ - tʂ tʂ^h u ʌ - u ʌ 1

鈔州招抽 tʂ^h tʂ - tʂ tʂ^h aw ow - aw ow 1

抄摘招拆 tʂ^h tʂ - tʂ tʂ^h aw aj - aw aj 1

粗紮租擦 ts^h ts - ts ts^h u a - u a 1

粗滋租疵 ts^h ts - ts ts^h u ɨ - u ɨ 1

操栽糟猜 ts^h ts - ts ts^h aw aj - aw aj 1

湊再驟蔡 ts^h ts - ts ts^h ow aj - ow aj 4

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The stimuli of Experiment 2 are presented below.

子音實驗

Onset Rhyme Tone

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滔胎掏胎 t^h t^h -t^h t^h aw aj - aw aj 1

酷克庫課 k^h k^h -k^h k^h u ʌ - u ʌ 4

哭苛枯科 k^h k^h -k^h k^h u ʌ - u ʌ 1

靠愾靠愾 k^h k^h -k^h k^h aw aj - aw aj 4

靠扣銬釦 k^h k^h -k^h k^h aw ow - aw ow 4

氣去器趣 tɕ^h tɕ^h - tɕ^h tɕ^h i y- i y 4 淒屈欺區 tɕ^h tɕ^h - tɕ^h tɕ^h i y- i y 1 恰竊洽妾 tɕ^h tɕ^h - tɕ^h tɕ^h ja jɛ- ja jɛ 4 掐切掐切 tɕ^h tɕ^h - tɕ^h tɕ^h ja jɛ- ja jɛ 1 觸岔絀詫 tʂ^h tʂ^h - tʂ^h tʂ^h u a - u a 4 齣車齣車 tʂ^h tʂ^h - tʂ^h tʂ^h u ʌ - u ʌ 1 超釵抄拆 tʂ^h tʂ^h - tʂ^h tʂ^h aw aj - aw aj 1 鈔抽抄抽 tʂ^h tʂ^h - tʂ^h tʂ^h aw ow - aw ow 1

粗擦粗擦 ts^h ts^h - ts^h ts^h u a - u a 1

粗疵粗疵 ts^h ts^h - ts^h ts^h u ɨ - u ɨ 1 操猜操猜 ts^h ts^h - ts^h ts^h aw aj - aw aj 1 湊菜湊蔡 ts^h ts^h - ts^h ts^h ow aj - ow aj 4

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Appendix D

Pre-learning Section

以下的字將無預期地隨機出現在實驗當中，由於它們較不常見，因此請您先看過 一遍確認讀音。若有任何問題，歡迎隨時提出。

菟 ㄊㄨˋ 紮 ㄗㄚ 詫 ㄔㄚˋ 乍 ㄓㄚˋ 車 ㄔㄜ 摘 ㄓㄞ 掏 ㄊㄠ 愾 ㄎㄞˋ 齣 ㄔㄨ 區 ㄑㄩ 銖 ㄓㄨ 絀 ㄔㄨˋ 皆 ㄐㄧㄝ 滔 ㄊㄠ 切 ㄑㄧㄝ 癖 ㄆㄧˋ 傢 ㄐㄧㄚ

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rhyme 66.0796 28.69374

[k] single 26.9209 8.53764 7.114 239.783 single >

rhyme 61.4094 17.54610

[ts^h] single 125.8684 29.98225 5.047 201.874 single >

rhyme*

rhyme 107.7529 23.39235

[tʂ] single 66.2834 17.01742 3.335 286 single >

rhyme*

rhyme 59.8051 15.80395

[tʂ^h] single 129.1439 30.65334 5.187 209.318 single >

rhyme*

rhyme 110.4492 23.88512

[tɕ] single 77.4944 18.45342 5.486 266 single >

rhyme*

rhyme 65.7309 16.32509

[tɕ^h] single 149.4327 24.53419 10.083 270 single >

rhyme*

rhyme 120.9663 21.47155

Note: M=mean, S. D. = standard deviation, *p<0.05

在文檔中 台灣華語送氣與非送氣子音之對比：以語音實驗為例證 - 政大學術集成 (頁 87-100)