Souble conjugated donor-acceptor low-band-gap copolymers derived from 9,9-dihexylfluorene (FO) and phenothiazine-arylcyanovinyl units were synthesized by palladium (0)-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions and characterized by NMR, FTIR, and elemental analyses. The more heterocyclic units and cyano-groups incorporated into phenothiazine derivatives, the stronger strength of intramolecular charge-transfer interaction. Thus, the optical and electrochemical properties of the copolymers were induced to visible and even further to near infrared absorption with narrow band gaps, which the lowest result were 1.55 eV. Bulk heterojunction PVC devices fabricated from a thin film composed of a blend of FO1-PT polymer derivatives and PCBM, with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(FO1-PT:PCBM = 1:4)/LiF/Al, showed the preliminary results of the PVC devices, and their optoelectronic performance can also be much improved in the future.
Using the concept of incorporating electron-withdrawing groups in the donor-acceptor conjugated polymers, we have successfully synthesized five cyclopentadithiophene-based copolymers employing arylcyanovinyl and keto groups in different molar ratios by palladium (0)-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions. In powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, these copolymers exhibited obvious diffraction features indicating a highly ordered π-π stacking in the solid state.
Preliminary PSC devices based on these five copolymers blended with PCBM acceptors (1:4 w/w) had the power conversion efficiency up to 0.77%, which gave the best performance with the values of Isc = 2.36 mA/cm2, FF = 38%, and Voc = 0.84 V.
Furthermore, this study provides novel conception that the HOMO energy levels can be reduced via the syntheses of merging with electron-withdrawing functional groups and thus the open-circuit voltage can be considerably enhanced, which will
significantly improve the low Voc values mainly possessed by most CPDT-based narrow band-gap polymers.
Using the concept of incorporating electron-withdrawing groups in the donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers, we have successfully synthesized six cyclopentadithiophene-bithiazole-based copolymers (P1-P6) employing oligo(bithiazole), bithiazole-oligo(thiophene), and diarylene-cyanovinylene-bithiazole groups by palladium (0)-catalyzed Stille coupling reactions. In powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, these copolymers exhibited obvious diffraction features indicating highly ordered π-π stacking in the solid state. These copolymers also showed excellent charge-transporting properties with hole mobilities of 3.3 - 5.6×10-4 cm2V-1s-1 and good processabilities for PSC applications. A preliminary PSC device based on the blended copolymer P4:PCBM=1:2 (w/w) had the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) value up to 3.04%, which gave the best photovoltaic performance with the values of Isc = 8.00 mA/cm2, FF = 53.7%, and Voc
= 0.70 V as well as a peak EQE value of 60% under simulated AM1.5 solar illumination. These copolymers demonstrate a novel family of conjugated copolymers along the path toward achieving low cost PSC applications. Currently, deeper investigation for better photovoltaic properties is underway to further optimize the PSC performance.
References
(1) Spanggaard, H.; Krebs, F. C. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2004, 83, 125.
(2) Becquerel, A.E. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1839, 9, 145.
(3) Smith, W. Nature 1873, 7, 303.
(4) Pochettino, A. Acad. Lincei Rend. 1906, 15, 355.
(5) Volmer, M. Ann. Physik 1913, 40, 775.
(6) Borsenberger, P.M.; Weiss, D.S. Organic Photoreceptors For Imaging Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993.
(7) Bube, R.H. Photoconductivity of Solids, Wiley, New York, 1960.
(8) Anthoe, S. Rom. Rep. Phys. 2002, 53, 427.
(9) Tang, C. W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986, 48, 183.
(10) Cozzens, R.F. in: D.A. Seanor, (Ed.), Electrical Properties of Polymer, Academic Press, New York, 1982, p. 93 (Chapter 3).
(11) Heeger, A.J. J. Phys. Chem. 2001, 105, 8475.
(12) Weinberger, B.R.; Akhtar, M.; Gau, S.C. Synth. Met. 1982, 4, 187.
(13) Glenis, S.; Tourillon, G.; Garnier, F. Thin Solid Films 1986, 139, 221.
(14) Karg, S.; Riess, W.; Dyakonov, V.; Schwoerer, M. Synth. Met. 1993, 54, 427.
(15) Marks, R.N.; Halls, J.J.M.; Bradley, D.D.C.; Friend, R.H.; Holmes, A.B. J.
Phys.-Condens. Matter 1994, 6, 1379.
(16) Antoniadis, H.; Hsieh, B.R.; Abkowitz, M.A.; Jenekhe, S.A.; Stolka, M. Synth.
Met. 1994, 62, 265.
(17) Kietzke, T.; Egbe, D. A. M.; Hörhold, H. H.; Neher, D. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4018.
(18) Frankevich, E.L.; Zakhidov, A.; Yoshino, K. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 4498.
(19) Brabec, C. J.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Hummelen, J. C. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11, 15.
(b) Chen, C. P.; Chan, S. H.; Chao, T. C.; Ting, C.; Ko, B. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2008, 130, 12828-12833.
(20) Thompson, B. C.; Fréchet, J. M. J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 58.
(21) Hoppe, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. J. Mater. Res. 2004, 19, 1924.
(22) Günes, S.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1324.
(23) Rostalski, J.; Meissner, D. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000, 61, 87.
(24) Parker, I. J. Appl. Phys. 1994, 75, 1656.
(25) Brabec, C. J.; Cravino, A.; Meissner, D.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Fromherz,T.; Minse, M.; Sanchez, L.; Hummelen, J. C. Adv. Funct. Mater.2001, 11, 374.
(26) Scharber, M.; Mu¨hlbacher, D.; Koppe, M.; Denk, P.; Waldauf, C.;Heeger, A. J.;
Brabec, C. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789.
(27) Mallairas, G. G.; Salem, J. R.; Brock, P. J.; Scott, J. C. J. Appl.Phys. 1998, 84, 1583.
(28) Liu, L.; Shi, Y.; Yang, Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11, 420.
(29) Sugiyama, K.; Ishi, H.; Ouchi, Y.; Seki, K. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 295.
(30) Brown, J. M.; Kim, J. S.; Friend, R. H.; Caciolli, F.; Daik, R.; Feast,W. J. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 1999, 75, 1679.
(31) Brabec, C. J.; Shaheen, S. E.; Winder, C.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Denk, P.Appl. Phys.
Lett. 2002, 80, 1288.
(32) Van Duren, J.; Yang, X.; Loos, J.; Bulle-Lieuwma, C. W. T.; Sievel,A. B.;
Hummelen, J. C.; Janssen, R. A. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004,14, 425.
(33) Hoppe, H.; Niggemann, M.; Winder, C.; Kraut, J.; Hiesgh, R.; Hinsch, A.;
Meissner, D.; Sariciftci, N. S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 1005.
(34) Arias, A. C.; MacKenzie, J. D.; Stevenson, R.; Halls, J. M.;Inbasekaran, M.;
Woo, E. P.; Richards, D.; Friend, R. H. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 6005.
(35) Dimitrakopoulos, C.D.; Mascaro, D.J. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2001, 45, 11.
(36) Schilinsky, P.; Waldauf, C.; Hauch, J.; Brabec, C.J. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 95, 2816.
(37) Riedel, I.; Dyakonov, V. Phys. Status Solidi A 2004, 201, 1332.
(38) Maenning, B.; Drechssel, J.; Gebeyehu, D.; Simon, P.; Kozlowski,F.; Werner, A.;
Li, F.; Gundmann, S.; Sonntag, S.; Koch, M.; Leo,K.; Pfeiffer, M.; Hoppe, H.;
Meissner, D.; Sariciftci, S.; Riedel, I.;Dyakonov, V.; Parisi, J. J. Appl. Phys. A 2004, 79, 1.
(39) Hoppe, H.; Sariciftci, N.S. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 45.
(40) Bundgaard, E.; Krebs, F. C. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2007, 91, 954.
(41) Dhanabalan, A.; van Duren, J.K.J.; van Hal, P.A.; van Dogen, J.L.J.; Janssen, R.A.J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11, 255.
(42) Winder, C.; Sariciftci, N.S. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 1077.
(43) Kitamura, C.; Tanaka, S.; Yamashita, Y. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 570.
(44) Karikomi, M.; Kitamura, C.; Tanaka, S.; Yamashita, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6791.
(45) Jayakannan, M.; van Hal, P.A.; Janssen, R.A.J. J. Pol. Sci. A Pol.Chem. 2002, 40, 251.
(46) Yang, L.; Feng, J.K.; Ren, A.M. Polymer 2005, 46, 10970.
(47) Chen, M.; Perzon, E.; Andersson, M.R.; Marcinkevicius, S.;Jönsson, S.K.M.;
Fahlman, M.; Berggren, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 3570.
(48) Ajayaghosh, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2003, 32, 181.
(49) Glenis, S.; Tourillon, G.; Garnier, F. Thin Solid Films 1984, 122, 9.
(50) Sariciftici, N. S.; Smilowitz, L.; Heeger, A. J. Science 1992, 258, 1474.
(51) Li, G.; Shrotriya, V.; Huang, J.; Yao, Y.; Moriarty, T.; Emery, K.;Yang, Y. Nat.
Mater. 2005, 4, 864.
(52) (a) Ma, W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Adv. Funct.Mater. 2005, 15, 1617. (b) Koppe, M.; Scharber, M.; Brabec, C.; Duffy, W.; Heeney, M.;
McCulloch, I. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1371
(53) Reyes-Reyes, M.; Kim, K.; Dewald, J.; Lópex-Sandoval, M.;Avadhanula, A.;
Curran, S.; Carrol, D. S. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5749.
(54) Waltman, R. J.; Bargon, J.; Diaz, A. F. J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 1459.
(55) Thompson, B. C.; Kim, Y. G.; Reynolds, J. R. Macromolecules2005, 38, 5359.
(56) Colladet, K.; Fourier, S.; Clej, T. J.; Lutsen, L.; Gelan, J.; Vanderzande, D.;
Nguyen, L. H.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, S.;Aguirre, A.; Janssen, G.; Goovaerts, E. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 65.
(57) Roncali, J. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1761.
(58) Coppo, P.; Turner, M. L. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 1123.
(59) Cho, N. S.; Park, J. H.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, J.; Shim, H. K. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 177.
(60) Tang, W.; Kietzke, T.; Vemulamada, P.; Chen, Z. K. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym.
Chem. 2007, 45, 5266.
(61) Zou, Y.; Wu, W.; Sang, G.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 7231.
(62) Kraak, A.; Wieserma, A. K.; Jordens, P.; Wynberg, H. Tetrahedron 1968, 24, 3381.
(63) Berlin, A.; Brenna, E.; Pagani, G. A.; Sannicolo, F. Synth. Met. 1992, 51, 287.
(64) Coppo, P.; Cupertino, D. C.; Yeates, S. G.; Turner, M. L. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 2705.
(65) Cremer, L. D.; Vandeleene, S.; Maesen, M.; Verbiest, T.; Koeckelberghs, G.
Macromolecules 2008, 41, 591.
(66) Mühlbacher, D.; Scharber, M.; Morana, M.; Zhu, Z.; Waller, D.; Gaudiana, R.;
Brabec, C. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2884.
(67) Peet, J.; Kim, J. Y.; Coates, N. E.; Ma, W. L.; Moses, D.; Heeger,A. J.; Bazan, G.
Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 497.
(68) Mamada, M.; Nishida, J.; Kumaki, D.; Tokito, S. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5404.
(69) Osaka, I.; Sauvé, G.; Zhang, R.; Kowalewski, T.; McCullough, R. D. Adv. Mater.
2007, 19,.
(70) (a) Lee, J.; Jung, B. J.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, J. I.; Cho, H. J.; Shim, H. K. J. Polym.
Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2005, 43, 1845-1857. (b) Wong, W. Y.; Wang, X. Z.;
He, Z.; Chan, K. K.; Djurii, A. B.; Cheung, K. Y.; Yip, C. T.; Ng, A. M. C.; Xi, Y.
Y.; Mak, C. S. K.; Chan, W. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14372. (b) Wong, W.
Y.; Wang, X. Z.; He, Z.; Chan, K. K.; Djurisic, A. B.; Cheung, K. Y.; Yip, C. T.;
Ng, A. M. C.; Xi, Y. Y.; Mak, C. S. K.; Chan, W. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14372.
(71) Coakley, K. M.; McGehee, M. D. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4533.
(72) Yu, G.; Gao, J.; Hummelen, J.C.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A.J. Science 1995, 270, 1789.
(73) Zhang, F.; Svensson, M.; Andersson, M.R.; Maggini, M.; Bucella,S.; Menna, E.;
InganäsO. Adv.Mater. 2001, 13, 1871.
(74) van Mullekom, H. A. M.; Vekemans, J. A. J. M.; Havinga, E. E.; Meijer, E. W.
Mater. Sci. Eng. 2001, 32, 1.
(75) Lai, R. Y.; Kong, X.; Jenekhe, S. A.; Bard, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12631.
(76) Roncali, J. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173.
(77) Lee, J.; Cho, N. S.; Lee, J.; Lee, S. K.; Shim, H. K. Synthetic Metals 2005, 155, 73.
(78) Ranger, M.; Rondeau, D.; Leclerc, M. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 7686.
(79) Jin, S. H.; Kim, M. Y.; Koo, D. S.; Kim, Y. I. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 3299.
(80) Kong, X.; Kulkarni, A. P.; Jenekhe, S. A. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 8992.
(81) Xia, Y.; Luo, J.; Deng, X.; Li, X.; Li, D.; Zhu, X.; Yang, W.; Cao, Y. Macromol.
Chem. Phys. 2006, 207, 511.
(82) Kulkarni, A. P.; Jenekhe, S. A. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5285.
(83) Cao, D.; Liu, Q.; Zeng, W.; Han, S.; Peng, J.; Liu, S. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 8347.
(84) Huang, F.; Hou, L.; Wu, H.; Wang, X.; Shen, H.; Cao, W.; Yang, W.; Cao, Y. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9845.
(85) Wang, F.; Luo, J.; Yang, K.; Chen, J.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2253.
(86) Svensson, M.; Zhang, F.; Veenstra, S. C.; Verhees, W. J. H.; Hummelen, J. C.;
Kroon, J. M.; Inganas, O.; Andersson, M. R. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 988.
(87) Chen, Y. Y.; Tao, Y. T.; Lin, H. C. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 855.
(88) Janietz, S.; Bradley, D. D.C.; Grelly, M.; Giebeler, C.; Inbasekaran, M.; Woo, E.
P. Appl Phys Lett 1998, 73, 2453.
(89) Hou, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, W.; Yang, R.; Cao, Y. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 6299.
(90) Koster, L. J. A.; Mihailetchi, V. D.; Blom, P. W. M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 093511.
(91) Coffey, D. C.; Reid, O. G.; Rodovsky, D. B.; Bartholomew, G. P.; Ginger, D. S.
Nano. Lett. 2007, 7, 738.
(92) Kietzke, T.; Shin, R. Y. C.; Ayuk Mbi Egbe, D.; Chen, Z. K.; Sellinger, A.
Macromolecules 2007, 40, 4424.
(93) Uhrich, C.; Schueppel, R.; Petrich, A.; Pfeiffer, M.; Leo, K.; Brier, E.; Kilickiran, P.; Baeuerle, P. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2991.
(94) Bouclé, J.; Ravirajanac, P.; Nelson, J. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 3141.
(95) Beek, W. J. E.; Wienk, M. M.; Janssen, R. A. J. Adv. Funct. Mater.2006, 16, 1112.
(96) Chabinyc, M. L.; Street, R. A.; Northrup, J. E. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 123508.
(97) Tsami, A.; Yang, X. H.; Farrell, T.; Neher, D.; Holder, E. J. Polym. Sci. Part A:
Polym. Chem. 2008, 46, 7794.
(98) XIA, P. F.; Lu, J. P.; Kwok, C. H.; Fukutani, H.; Wong, M. S.; Tao, Y. J. Polym.
Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2009, 47, 137.
(99) Zhu, Z.; Waller, D.; Gaudiana, R.; Morana, M.; Mü1hlbacher, D.; Scharber, M.;
Brabec, C. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1981.
(100) Moulé, A. J.; Tsami, A.; Bünnagel, T. W.; Forster, M.; Kronenberg, N. M.;
Scharber, M.; Koppe, M.; Morana, M.; Brabec, C. J.; Meerholz, K.; Scherf, U.
Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 4045.
(101) Xiao, S.; Zhou, H.; You, W. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5688.
(102) Zhan, X.; Tan, Z.; Domercq, B.; An, Z.; Zhang, X.; Barlow, S.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Kippelen, B.; Marder, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7246.
(103) Zhang, M.; Tsao, H. N.; Pisula, W.; Yang, C.; Mishra, A. K.; Müllen, K. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3472.
(104) Lambert, T. L.; Ferraris, J. P. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1991, 752.
(105) Brzezinski, J. Z.; Reynolds, J. R. Synthesis 2002, 8, 1053.
(106) Chen, C. P.; Chan, S. H.; Chao, T. C.; Ting, C.; Ko, B. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2008, 130, 12828.
(107) Asawapirom, U.; Scherf, U. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 2001, 22, 746.
(108) Liao, L.; Dai, L.; Smith, A.; Durstock, M.; Lu, J.; Ding, J.; Tao, Y.
Macromolecules 2007, 40, 9406.
(109) Yang, J. S.; Liau, K. L.; Tu, C. W.; Hwang, C. Y. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 6450.
(110) Pal, B.; Yen, W. C.; Yang, J. S.; Chao, C. Y.; Hung, Y. C.; Lin, S. T.; Chuang, C. H.; Chen, C. W.; Su, W. F. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 6664.
(111) Leeuw, D. M.; Simenon, M. M. J.; Brown, A. R.; Einhard, R. E. F. Synth.
Met. 1997, 87, 53.
(112) Mihailetchi, V. D.; Duren, J. K. J. v.; Blom, P. W. M.; Hummelen, J. C.;
Janssen, R. A. J.; Kroon, J. M.; Rispens, M. T.; Verhees, W. J. H.; Wienk, M. M.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13, 43.
(113) Lu, G.; Usta, H.; Risko, C.; Wang, L.; Facchetti, A.; Ratner, M. A.; Marks, T.
J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7670.
(114) Yasuda, T.; Sakai, Y.; Aramaki, S.; Yamamoto, T. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 6060.
(115) Yamamoto, T.; Arai, M.; Kokubo, H.; Sasaki, S. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 7986.
(116) Yamamoto, Y.; and Lee, B. L. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 2993.
(117) Ong, B. S.; Wu, Y. L.; Liu, P.; Gardner, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3378.
(118) Morana, M.; Wegscheider, M.; Bonanni, A.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S.;
Scharber, M.; Zhu, Z.; Waller, D.; Gaudiana, R.; Brabec, C. Adv. Funct. Mater.
2008, 18, 1757.
(119) Huo, L.; Tan, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Y.; Han, M. F.; Li, Y. F. J. Polym. Sci.
Part A: Polym. Chem. 2008, 46, 4038.
(120) Morteani, A. C.; Sreearunothai, P.; Herz, L. M.; Friend, R. H.; Silva, C.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 247402.
(121) Blom, P. W. M.; deJong, M. J. M.; vanMunster, M. G. Phys. Rev. B 1997, 55, R656.
(122) Dunlap, D. H.; Parris, P. E.; Kenkre, V. M. Phys. Rev. Lett.1996, 77, 542.
(123) Moulé, A. J.; Bonekamp, J. B.; Meerholz, K. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100, 094503.
(124) Markov, D. E.; Hummelen, J. C.; Blom, P. W.; Sieval, A. B. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 045216.
(125) Kietzke, T.; Horhold, H.; Neher, D. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 6532.
(126) (a) Hou, J. H.; Tan, Z.; Yan, Y.; He, Y.; Yang, C.; Li, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2006, 128, 4911. (b) Chang, Y. T.; Hsu, S. L.; Chen, G. Y.; Su, M. H.; Singh, T. A.;
Diau, E. W. G.; Wei, K. H. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1. (c) Demadrille, R.;
Delbosc, N.; Kervella, Y.; Firon, M.; Bettignies, R. D.; Billon, M.; Rannou, P.
Pron, A. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 4661. (d) Qin, Y.; Kim, J. Y.; Frisbie, C. D.;
Hillmyer, M. A. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5563.
(127) (a) Hou, J. H.; Park, M.-H.; Zhang, S.; Yao, Y.; Chen, L.-M.; Li, J.-H.; Yang, Y. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 6012. (b) Chan, S. H.; Chen, C. P.; Chao, T. C.; Ting, C.; Lin, C. S.; Ko, B. T. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5519. (c) Liu, C. L.; Tsai, J.
H..; Lee, W. Y.; Chen, W. C.; Jenekhe, S. A. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 6952.
(128) (a) Naraso.; Wudl, F. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 3169. (b) Cao, J.; Kampf, J.
W.; Curtis, M. D. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 404. (c) Politis, J. K.; Curtis, M. D.;
Gonzalez, L.; Martin, D. C.; He, Y.; Kanicki, J. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 1713.
(129) (a) Yamamoto, T.; Suganuma, H.; Maruyama, T.; Inoue, T.; Muramatsu, Y.;
Arai, M.; Komarudin, D.; Ooba, N.; Tomaru, S.; Sasaki, S.; Kubota, K. Chem.
Mater. 1997, 9, 1217. (b) Yamamoto, T.; Otsuka, S.; Namekawa, K.; Fukumoto, H.;
Yamaguchi, I.; Fukuda, T.; Asakawa, N.; Yamanobe, T.; Shiono, T.; Cai, Z.
Polymer 2006, 47, 6038.
(130) (a) Street, RA. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 171-172. (b) Kokubo, H.; Sato, T.;
Yamamoto, T. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 3959-3963. (c) Yamamoto, T.;
Komarudin, D.; Arai, M.; Lee, B. L.; Suganuma, H.; Asakawa, N.; Inoue, Y.;
Kubota, K.; Sasaki, S.; Fukuda, T.; Matsuda, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2047-2058. (d) Chen, T. A.; Wu, X.; Rieke, R. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 233-244.
(131) (a) Savenije, T. J.; Kroeze, J. E.; Yang, X. N.; Loos, J. Adv. Funct. Mater.
2005, 15, 1260. (b) Baek, N. S.; Hau, S. K.; Yip, H. L.; Acton, O.; Chen, K. S.;
Jen, A. K. Y. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 5734.
(132) (a) Shrotriya, V.; Li, G.; Yao, Y.; Chu, C. W.; Yang, Y. Applied Physics Letters 2006, 88, 073508. (b) Malliaras, G. G.; Salem, J. R.; Brock, P. J.; Scott, C.
Phys. Rev. B 1998, 58, 13411. (c) Chirvase, D.; Chiguvare, Z.; Knipper, M.; Parisi, J.; Dyakonov, V.; Hummelen, J. C. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 235207.
(133) (a) Huang, J. H.; Ho, Z. Y.; Kekuda, D.; Chang, Y.; Chu, C. W.; Ho, K. C.
Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 025202. (b) Li, G.; Shrotriy, V.; Yao, Y.; Huang, J.;
Yang, Y. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 3126.
Publication
1. K. C. Li, Y. C. Hsu, J. T. Lin, C. C. Yang, K. H. Wei, H. C. Lin*, “Novel
Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Copolymers Containing Phenothiazine-Arylcyanovinyl Units for Organic Photovoltaic Cell Applications”, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2008, 46, 4285-4304.
2. K. C. Li, Y. C. Hsu, J. T. Lin, C. C. Yang, K. H. Wei, H. C. Lin*, “Soluble Narrow-Band-Gap Copolymers Containing Novel Cyclopentadithiophene Units for Organic Photovoltaic Cell Applications”, Journal of Polymer Science:
Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2009, 47, 2073-2092.
3. K. C. Li, J. H. Huang, Y. C. Hsu, P. J. Huang, C. W. Chu, J. T. Lin, K. H. Wei, H.
C. Lin*, “Tunable Novel Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Copolymers Containing Various Numbers of Bithiazole and Thienyl Units for Organic Photovoltaic Cell Applications”, Macromolecules 2009, (ASAP).
學經歷資料表
H. C. Lin*, “Novel Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Copolymers Containing Phenothiazine-Arylcyanovinyl Units for OrganicPhotovoltaic Cell Applications”, J. of Polymer Sci.
Part A: Polymer Chem. 2008, 46, 4285-4304.
2. K. C. Li, Y. C. Hsu, J. T. Lin, C. C. Yang, K. H. Wei, H. C. Lin*, “Soluble Narrow-Band-Gap
Copolymers Containing Novel Cyclopentadithiophene Units for Organic
Photovoltaic Cell Applications”, J. of Polymer Sci.
Part A: Polymer Chem. 2009, 47, 2073-2092.
3. K. C. Li, J. H. Huang, Y. C. Hsu, P. J. Huang, C. W.
Chu, J. T. Lin, K. C. Ho, K. H. Wei, H. C. Lin*,
“Tunable Novel Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Copolymers Containing Various Numbers of Bithiazole and Thienyl Units for Organic Photovoltaic Cell Applications”, Macromolecules 2009, (ASAP).