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Chapter 7. Conclusion
When stricken by a catastrophic natural disaster, many communication systems were crashed, including cellular networks. The loss of communication system may have a catastrophic consequence such that there is a need to design and develop a low-cost large scale emergency communication network to support the disaster response operation in the forthcoming unavoidable large scale natural disasters.
We first summarized a set of practical requirements including both user end and operator end for emergency communication networks and briefly reviewed the currently available solutions based on the proposed requirements as well as pointing out their advantages and limitations.
To take advantage of the fact that most base stations remain physically intact but lost their power or the connections to the core network, we proposed to use long range wireless links to connect such base stations to form a multi-hop cellular network to provide emergency communication services.
Some important planning and deployment issues such as topology design, deployment scheduling and bandwidth allocation were discussed. Topology design, deployment scheduling and bandwidth allocation problems are formulated into mathematic models and proved as NP-Hard problems. Since the network topology, bandwidth management, deployment scheduling are needed in urgent, we propose heuristic algorithms to solve these problems quickly. Effectiveness and efficiency of these heuristic algorithms are verified by simulated results.
Four different types of topology design problems, Simple FT, Cross FT, MPFN and Cross
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MPFN, are formulated by using a comprehensive mathematic model and solved by TDHA. In order to verify the TDHA’s solutions against the optimal solutions, we also propose the binary linear programming transformation methodology to transform the CNTD into BILP problem and use the BILP algorithm to obtain the optimal solutions. The experiment results show that the TDHA has good effectiveness and efficiency.
MPFN and Cross MPFN increase the network reliability by constructing multiple outgoing disjoint paths. The experiment results show that constructing multiple outgoing paths of pivot nodes is a well approach to network reliability. It greatly increases the reliability and only loses few profits.
In topology design, we proposed two types of depth control mechanisms in our models, Depth Bound and Depth Weight. The total profit of Depth Bound is less than Depth Weight’s in most cases, although the depth of Depth Weight solutions is likely deeper than Depth Bound solutions. If a CCN network is delay sensitive, the CCN operator can use Depth Bound with a tolerable depth bound to find the forwarding tree. Otherwise, the operator can use Depth Weight to find the forwarding tree that may have higher total profit and deeper depth.
Since the transportation capacity may be very limited in a disaster area, scheduling of CCN deployment order according to the demand of disaster response operation becomes an important issue. We proposed two optimization models aiming to maximize the disaster response efficiency. Both models take traveling time into account, but one does have antecessor precedence constraint and the other doesn’t.
Both problems are proven NP complete problems so that we proposed two heuristic
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algorithms, DS-ACG and DS-UCB, to solve the problems in limited time. Both algorithms were evaluated using simulation. From our experiments, we can see that both algorithms outperform our previous algorithm that was designed without taking traveling time into consideration by a very large margin. This proves that traveling time has a significant impact to the effectiveness of CCN deployment scheduling problem.
Since the network bandwidth may be very limited, bandwidth allocation according to the demand of disaster operation becomes an important issue. We model the CCN Bandwidth Allocation Problem into a Nested 0-1 Knapsack Problem (0-1 KP) aiming to maximize disaster operation efficiency. The problem is proven NP-Hard. We design an efficient heuristic algorithm, which is called BAG algorithm to solve the problem when it is needed in urgent.
Our experiments show that the performance of our heuristic algorithm BAG is good. It can fulfill the demand of disaster response operation.
The profit definition, the combinatorial optimization models and even the solution algorithms we have designed are all very primitive and far away from realistic. More researchers from different areas such as social science are needed and encouraged to make the models more adequate and more realistic. Finally, the implementation of a CCN production system requires the participation of cell phone vendors and operators.
We hope that this dissertation may provide a helpful guideline to those who are willing to devote themselves to the research of emergency communication network, and thus, may save more lives.
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