In the first chapter, I discovered that there are in fact only three pollinator species associated with the widespread Ficus pumila. Wiebesia pumilae, W. sp1, and W. sp3 are all co-pollinators of F. p. var. pumila. However, the natural host of W. sp3 is F. p. var.
awkeotsang, and W. sp3 populations in mainland were recently introduced by human activities. The south eastern shore of China are potential habitants for these invaders.
Phenological separation of native and introduced wasp communities can be explained by phenotypic plasticity of host flowering time. Such plasticity may further explain the different co-pollinator pattern seen among monoecious and dioecious figs.
In the second chapter, I present the high quality nuclear and mitogenome of W. sp3 and W. pumilae. Mitogenomes of the two species reveal rapid evolution of synteny in fig wasp family. There are signatures of positive selection on serine type protease and OXPHOS complex IV genes. The former may reflect evolutionary arm races with fig hosts and pathogens. The latter may be explained by mito-nuclear coevolution, which is a likely mechanism for the rapid speciation rate of fig wasps.
In the third chapter, I explore the evolution of fig wasp chemosensory systems. I found that regulatory changes are responsible for fine-scale coevolution, while adaptive tandem gene duplication in olfactory receptors is associated with broad-scale coevolution. Preliminary study on fig wasp chemosensory system and host sexual system showed rapid gene expansions that may be associated with frequent host-switching in monecious fig wasps.
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