With urbanization growing around the world, human activities would have impacts on biodiversity and biogeochemical cycle. Urban parks are important multifunctional landscapes to promote the well-being of humans and wildlife by the ecosystem services sustained by soil and plant. To integrate the ecosystem services in urban planning or management, understanding the above-belowground interactions on soil ecosystem functioning under human influence becomes important. Compared to the previous experimental or sub-system approach, this study examined the more comprehensive above-belowground interactions and properties in subtropical urban parks.
Based on the results of this study, the effect of plant configuration on soil food web composition and ecosystem processes is stronger than park-scale local factors. Under comparable human activities (plant configuration planning, management types and intensities, and recreational activities intensities), the similar ground arthropod compositions, soil microbial EEAs, and soil physicochemical properties among three parks were observed. These observations suggest the habitat structure is the effective and important unit for park planning or other GI planning.
In this study, the effects of two plant types on forming soil food web compositions and ecosystem processes were reduced by litter management. The effects of clipping intensities and recreational activities intensities were similar in both habitat types.
Comparable small-body-size ground arthropod compositions and soil microbial C: N resources acquisition activities between TG and G represent the effects of litter removal (woody litter and grass clipping) on homogenizing ground habitats for ground arthropod, and organic resources input for soil microbial community. Therefore, the grass cover resulted in the discrepancy of surface soil physical environment and belowground organic resources properties between two habitat types. Then, the soil water content, as the
outcomes of weather conditions and soil water retention, influenced the rates of decomposition and N-mineralization. Thus, G formed a richer organic matter input, a higher rate of labile matter decomposition and humic precursor formation, and higher levels of SOM content and N-nutrients in surface soil than TG did by grass cover effect.
These results suggest human activities should be considered as a part of habitat structure for integrating ecosystem services into GI planning.
The above-belowground interactions including human activities on soil food web composition and ecosystem processes between two plant types in this study provide a more comprehensive thinking of habitat structures for promoting ecosystem services.
Ground arthropod, the higher trophic levels in soil food web at plant-soil interface, plays important role in top-down effect on soil microbial activities, and as prey to the predators we love (i.e., bird). The ground arthropods in this study are composed of small-body-size and common taxa. The missing role of mega-fauna in soil food web composition represents the loss of species, functional and trophic diversity in urban parks. In addition, SDOM with spectroscopic method helps observe the three pathways between organic resources properties and ecosystem processes of decomposition and mineralization under the effect of plant types and management.
In conclusion, if we only consider surface SOM content or aboveground plant biomass as carbon stock or habitat to promoting ecosystem services in urban parks, the effect of human activities on the active carbon pool of SDOM and the soil fauna diversity would be ignored. This study suggests the negative effects of similar plant compositions and plant management on soil fauna diversity, which is important to GIs planning and management. Therefore, further research to understand how plant composition and plant management intensity affect above-belowground interactions on soil ecosystem functioning in urban parks should be continuously investigated.
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