We have proposed mechanisms to solve network addressing issues in a hierarchical mobile network. To solve address auto-configuration problem, a DHCP relay method and a DHCP proxy method are proposed by configuring all hosts as DHCP relays or DHCP proxies. DHCP relay method can reduce signal overhead whereas DHCP proxy together with proposed PNAA can reduce both signal overhead and latency. DHCP proxy method extends the concept of the canonical factorization theorem to guarantee the uniqueness of addresses assigned by different nodes.
As for routing problems in hierarchical mobile network, we mainly adopted mobile IP to support seamless roaming. We made some modifications to support mobile hosts roam in private networks and support LFNs roam in hierarchical NEMOs. We also proposed two enhanced routing and scheduling mechanisms according to traffic load and type to further improve routing performance. The load-balanced routing protocol can balance traffic loads of all gateways and relieve the bottleneck problem. The load-based scheduling scheme schedules traffic according to service type and utilizes bandwidth of two-tier networks efficiently. In addition, a localization algorithm is also proposed, and location information of mobile nodes can help correctly route packets and reduce handoff latency.
In information access problem, we studied the successful experience of memory hierarchy in computer systems and proposed a Personal Information Hierarchy and corresponding ac-cessing policies to help users manage their personal information ubiquitously. The proposed PIH and policies can utilize memory space efficiently and provide users both portability and storage capacity.
We believe the future trend will be the integration of various wireless networks. Although we have solved basic network addressing and access problems in hierarchical mobile net-works, there should be other network management policies to be designed to provide reli-able services to users. The concept of prime numbers can be extended to provide promising network management mechanisms to solve fault tolerant, quality of service routing, or self-healing problems in a multi-hop wireless network.
Bibliography
[1] M. Audeh. Metropolitan-scale wi-fi mesh networks. IEEE Computer, December 2004.
[2] A. N. C. E. Perkins, R. Wakikawa and A. J. Tuominen. Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (WCMC), 2002.
[3] H.-W. L. C.-F. Huang and Y.-C. Tseng. A two-tier heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network architecture and its load-balance routing problem. In IEEE VTC, 2003.
[4] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer and S. Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. RFC 3561, July 2003.
[5] C. Perkins, et al. IP mobility support for IPv4. RFC 3220, January 2002.
[6] C. Perkins, et al. IP mobility support for IPv4. RFC 3344, August 2002.
[7] J. Cai and K.-L. Tan. Energy-efficient selective cache invalidation. ACM/Baltzer J.
Wireless Networks (WINET), 5(6):489–502, 1999.
[8] E. H. Callaway. Wireless sensor networks: architectures and protocols. Auerbach Pub-lications, 2004.
[9] C.E. Perkins, J.T. Malinen, R. Wakikawa, E.M. Belding-Royer and Y. Sun. IP Ad-dress Autoconfiguration for Ad Hoc Networks, draft-ietfmanet-autoconf-01.txt, IETF MANET Working Group, July 2000.
[10] R. G. Chalermek Intanagonwiwat and D. Estrin. Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In Proc. of the Sixth Annual Inter-national Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 56–67, 2000.
[11] D. Comer. Internetworking with TCP/IP Volume I: Principle, Protocols, and Architecture Third Edition. Prentice Hall Inernational, 1995.
[12] K. M. S. T. Z. C.S. Raghavendra. Wireless sensor networks. Kluwer Academic, 2004.
[13] G. P. M. S. D. Estrin, L. Girod. Instrumenting the world with wireless sensor networks. In International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2001), 2001.
[14] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko. Mobility Support in IPv6. RFC 3775, June 2004.
[15] K. E. D. Ed. Understanding GPS: principles and applications. Artech House, 1996.
[16] N. A. N. et al. Wireless convergence architecture: a case study using gsm and wireless lan. ACM Mobile Networks and Applications, August 2002.
[17] D. Gries and F. B. Schneider. A Logical Approach to Discrete Math. Springer-Verlag New York, New York, NY, USA, 1994.
[18] J. Gwizdka and TaskView. Design and evaluation of a task-based email interface. In Proceedings of the 2002 Conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research, page 4, 2002.
[19] H. Levkowetz, S. Vaarala. Mobile IP Traversal of Network Address Translation (NAT) Devices, RFC 3519, April 2003.
[20] H.-W. Cha, J.-S. Park and H.-J. Kim. Support of Internet Connectivity for AODV, draft-cha-manet-AODV-internet-00.txt, February 2004.
[21] L. N. H. Zhou and M. Mutka. Prophet address allocation for large scale manets. In Proc.
INFOCOM, 2003.
[22] S. J. He T. Huang, C. Blum B.M. and A. T. Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks. In Proc. of MOBICOM, 2003.
[23] Y.-Y. Hsu and Y.-C. T. et al. Design and implementation of two-tier mobile ad hoc networks with seamless roaming and load-balancing routing capability. In Proc. Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks (QShine’04), 2004.
[24] Y.-Y. Hsu and C.-C. Tseng. A hierarchical proxy architecture with load-based scheduling scheme to support network mobility. In Proc. of International Workshop on Applications of Ad Hoc Networks, 2003.
[25] Y. S. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su and E. Cayirci. Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Computer Networks, 38(4):393–422, March 2002.
[26] M. N. Inc. Mesh networks technology overview. http://www.meshnetworks.com.
[27] H. J. and B. G. Location systems for ubiquitous computing. IEEE Computer, 34:57–66, Sep. 2001.
[28] W. J. and L. C. Designing a positioning system for finding things and people indoors.
IEEE Spectrum, 35:71–78, 1998.
[29] D.-L. L. J. Xu, Q. Hu and W.-C. Lee. Saiu: An efficient cache replacement policy for wireless on-demand broadcasts. In Proc. ACM CIKM, page 46V53, 2000.
[30] G. V. Laura Dabbish and J. Cadiz. Marked for deletion: an analysis of email data. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computer Systems, 2003.
[31] J. P. Macker and M. S. Corson. Mobile ad hoc networking and the IETF. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Reviews, 4(4):12–13, Oct. 2000.
[32] M. Mohsin and R. Prakash. Ip address assignment in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc.
of IEEE MILCOM, 2002.
[33] C. S. R. Murthy and B. S. Manoj. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architecture and Protocols.
Prentice hall, 2004.
[34] S. Nesargi and R. Prakash. Manetconf: Configuration of hosts in a mobile ad hoc net-work. In Proc. INFOCOM, 2002.
[35] N. Networks. Nokia rooftop wireless routing - white paper. http://www.americas net-work.com/americasnetwork/data/articlebrief/americasnetwork/412002/34898/article.pdf.
[36] R. Networks. Reach for everyone: Meshworks.
http://www.radiantnetworks.com/meshworks/mwlesummary.asp.
[37] V. NH. Weak duplicate address detection in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc. ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc’02), 2002.
[38] B. P. and P. V.N. Radar: An in-building rf-based user location and tracking system. In Proc. of INFOCOM, 2000.
[39] R. K. P. Ratanchandani. A hybrid approach to internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc net-works. In Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2003.
[40] P. Thubert, M. Molteni. IPv6 reverse routing header and its application to mobile net-works, draft-thubert-nemo-reverse-routing-header-00.txt, IETF NEMO Working Group, June 2002.
[41] D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy. Computer Organization and Design Second Edition:
The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann, 1997.
[42] C. E. Perkins. Ad Hoc Networking. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA, USA, 2001.
[43] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly dynamic destination sequenced distance vector (dsdv) routing for mobile computers. In Proc. of the SIGCOMM 94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, 1994.
[44] G. Pottie and W. Kaiser. Wireless sensor networks. Communications of the ACM, 43(5):51–58, May 2000.
[45] R. Droms. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. RFC 2131, March 1997.
[46] R. Ogier, F. Templin and M. Lewis. Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF). RFC 3684, February 2004.
[47] T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, Second Edition.
Prentice Hall, 2002.
[48] Q. Ren and M. H. Dunham. Using clustering for effective management of a semantic cache in mobile computing. In Proc. of the International Workshop on Data Engineering for Wireless and Mobile Access (MobiDE’99), pages 94–101, 1999.
[49] E. M. Royer and C.-K. Toh. A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. IEEE Personal Communications, pages 46–55, Apr. 1999.
[50] S. Corson and J. Macker. Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations. RFC 2501, January 1999.
[51] Y.-S. C. S.-Y. Ni, Y.-C. Tseng and J.-P. Sheu. The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network. In Proc. ACM/IEEE International conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 1999.
[52] Q. J. Steve Whittaker and L. Terveen. Managing communications: Contact management:
identifying contacts to support long-term communication. In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, 2002.
[53] Y. Sun and E. M. Belding-Royer. A study of dynamic addressing techniques in mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Apr. 2004.
[54] T. Clausen, Ed. and P. Jacquet, Ed. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR).
RFC 3626, October 2003.
[55] Thierry Ernst et al. Mobile networks support in mobile Ipv6 (Prefix Scope Binding Updates), draft-ernst-mobileip-v6-network-03.txt, IETF NEMO Working Group, March 2002.
[56] Thierry Ernst, Hong-Yon Lach. Network mobility support requirements, draft-ernst-monet-requirements-00.txt, IETF NEMO Working Group, February 2002.
[57] Thierry Ernst, Hong-Yon Lach. Network mobility support terminology, draft-ernst-monet-terminology-01.txt, IETF NEMO Working Group, July 2002.
[58] C. E. L. Thomas H. Cormen and R. L. Rivest. Introduction to Algorithms. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1999.
[59] Timothy J. Kniveton et al. Mobile router support with mobile IP, draft-kniveton-mobrtr-02.txt, IETF NEMO Working Group, July 2002.
[60] Timothy J. Kniveton, et al. Problem scope and requirements for mobile networks work-ing group, draft-kniveton-monet-requirements-00.txt, IETF NEMO Workwork-ing Group, February 2002.
[61] Y.-C. Tseng and T.-Y. Hsieh. Fully power-aware and location-aware protocols for wire-less multi-hop ad hoc networks. In Proc. of the Int’l Conf. on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2002.
[62] A. N. L. X. and P. K. Performance of toa estimation algorithms in different indoor multi-path conditions. In Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2004.
[63] C.-C. S. Y.-C. Tseng and W.-T. Chen. Mobile ip and ad hoc networks: An integration and implementation experience. IEEE Computer, 36(5), May 2003.
[64] M.-L. T. Yuan-Ying Hsu and C.-C. Tseng. An adaptation from memory hierarchy to personal information management on multiple devices. In Proc. of Mobile Computing Workshop, 2004.
[65] P. C. Z.-G. Zhou, R. Chen and A. Seneviratne. A software based indoor relative location management system. In Proc. of Wireless nad Optical Communications, 2002.
[66] F. Zhao and L. Guibas. Wireless sensor networks: an Information Processing Approach.
Elsevier, 2004.