In this thesis, the fundamental concepts of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been described. The characteristics of extraordinary transmission through a silver film perforated with periodic hole array in far infrared region have been investigated in detail. The characteristics of plasmonic thermal emitter with grating on top silver film are also discussed.
In chapter 3, the extraordinary transmission characteristics of silicon substrates and plasmonic thermal emitters with a silver film on top perforated with hole array arranged in a rhombus lattice are investigated in theory and experiment. For the transmission experiments of silicon substrates perforated with hole array arranged in a rhombus lattice, it is found that the transmissions of Ag/Si modes are approximately linearly dependent on the numbers of degenerated modes in the longer wavelength range where the couplings between Ag/Si and Ag/air modes are weak. In the shorter wavelength range where Ag/Si and Ag/air are coupled together, the transmission intensities are approximately constant without apparent peaks in the wavelength range longer than the Ag/air modes and decay rapidly in the wavelength smaller than the Ag/air modes due to asymmetric slope of the Ag/air mode in the spectra. For plasmonic thermal emitters with rhombus latice, the same characteristic are observed either. Only hexagonal lattice produce the strongest emission peak due to largest
degenerated modes. The peak intensities follow the blackbody radiation curve multiplying transmission efficiency of the top metal film which is dependent on the numbers of degenerated modes.
In chapter 4, the SiO2 thickness of PTEs is increased to the order of μm, it is found that not only SPPs modes but also cavity modes (CMs) exist in the reflection and emission spectra. The CMs would be scattered by the periodic hole array and result in many Bragg scattered CMs in the spectra. CMs exhibited better performance than SPPs in the emission spectra of a PTE. Cavity thermal emitters (CTEs) with randomly distributed hole array (RDHA) are proposed to eliminate Bragg scattered CMs and SPPs modes to realize narrower-band mid-infrared thermal emitters with purer spectra. The influence of hole size to the CMs is also investigated, it is found that larger scattering of light through larger surface hole array would form the LCMs and FP-hole modes. When the hole diameter is small, only the incident light coupled to the CMs and LCMs can have extraordinary transmission through top metal film into the cavity, this leads to a weak reflection and dark lines. When the hole diameter becomes large, the transmission of incident light with different wavelengths becomes significant, only those light coupled to CMs and LCMs can propagate or resonate in the cavity and re-emit from the holes to the far-field so that changes the reflection spectra from dark lines into white lines. When the hole diameter is larger than or equal
to 2.5 μm , the Fabry-Perot hole shape resonance (FP-hole) modes appear and the wavelengths of FP-hole modes are linear dependent on the hole size. Finally, the emission spectra of CTEs with RDHA are pure and narrow-band if the hole size is small. However, their output intensities are very weak due to low density of total hole area. Novel CTEs with short period of hole array (SPHA) are proposed to overcome the intensity problem. The surface holes are arranged in the highest-density hexagonal lattice with short period and small hole diameter. The SPPs modes and Bragg scattering CMs are shifted to the short wavelengths by short period where blackbody radiations are too weak to be observed. Small hole size eliminates non-ideal effects such as LCMs and FP-hole modes and offer narrower bandwidth emission peaks with small FWHM. The thickness of top silver film is thick enough to offer good thermal stability in high temperature operation. High density surface hole array offers strong emission intensities where CTEs with RDHA could not achieve. The FWHM, (Δ λ) / λ and Q factors are demonstrated to be all better than what traditional PTEs could achieve. Besides, the emission peaks of CTEs would not split into four branches in the direction other than normal direction as the SPPs modes of PTEs but exhibit little blue shift only. Finally, the wavelengths of emission peaks are tunable just by changing the thickness of the cavity.
Appendix [64~65]
Proof of momentum conservation law of grating coupling
Consider parallel polarization waves (TM mode) impinge on a one dimensional arbitrary shape interface whose period is Λ as shown in Fig. 2.4. The coordination (x, z) of interface in space is (x, h(x)) whre h(x) is in the period of Λ. The blue lines indicate the incident waves with common propagation directions (common kix and kiz);
the green lines and red lines represent the reflections waves and the transmission waves. Since that the propagation directions of reflection waves and transmission waves may be different at each point of the interface, the final electromagnetic waves in any point of space (x, z) should be the superposition of waves coming from all directions: respectively. The incident waves are described as:
ix iz
i(k x - k z)
H =H e
i 0y
JJG G
(A.4) Consider an arbitrary interface point (x, h(x)), the boundary condition requires
that Eq. (A.1) + Eq. (A.4) = Eq. (A.2):
Substitute Eq. (A.6) into Eq. (A.5) yields:
tz ix
Compared the integral term and summation term in Eq. (A.8), it is clear that if
x ix
k k +m2π
≠ Λ , the integral term should be zero because there is no corresponding summation term to cancel this integral term. This can be achieved if one let
x x
Substitute Eqs. (A.9) and (A.10) back into Eqs. (A.1) and (A.2) yields:
ix 2π rz
ix 2π tz
It should be note that not only TM waves but also TE waves (perpendicular polarization) will obey the momentum conservation laws of grating coupling. The proof is the same as above except replacing the H field of TM mode with the electric field of TE mode. However, one should keep in mind that for TE waves and non-magnetic materials. The absolute value of “m” is not allowed to be too large since there are no evanescent wave (SPPs) for such structure as shown in Sec. 2.1.1.1. The TE waves after scattering can only by spanned in the basis of finite waves where evanescent waves are not allowed.
Finally, it should be note that the proof above did not ask what materials of medium1 and medium 2 should be; momentum conservation is a general law which can be use in dielectric/dielectric once the interface is periodic structure.
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