Recently, emergency management in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) has attracted considerable attention. Current security schemes over VANETs will thus become candidates for use in future ITSs. Most of these approaches focus on the security and privacy of mes-sage veri cation. In our dissertation, we rst have proposed an Attribute-Based Access Control System (ABACS) for emergency services over VANETs. The attributed-based se-cure multicast scheme adopted in ABACS can e ciently nd and select emergency vehicles over VANETs. Our analysis shows that both security and better e ciency can be realized using ABACS. In ABACS, we have de ned several messages for use in an emergency service.
With regard to an emergency service in the real world, it is noted that dierent de nitions of data elds in these messages may be required. Nevertheless, our theoretical approach can be regarded as the very rst attempt to de ne a secure framework for providing emergency services over VANETs. Second, we have also proposed a novel anonymous batch authen-ticated and key agreement scheme (ABAKA) for value-added services in VANETs. With ABAKA, a service provider can simultaneously authenticate multiple requests and establish dierent session keys with vehicles. To deal with the invalid request problem, a detection algorithm has also been proposed. Moreover, the e ciency and practicality to the real-world applications have been veri ed by the simulation analysis. Last, we have proposed a Portable privacy-preserving Authentication and Access Control Protocol (PAACP) for one kind of non-safety applications in VANETs. Considering the stringent time requirement in VANETs, we devised a portable access control protocol to get rid of the involvement of
service providers in the access service phase. Due to the portability of authorized service right lists, roadside units can verify the validity of access privileges without the aid of ser-vice providers. Moreover, we proposed an attachable blind signature to keep the privacy of the requested services and to withstand the privilege elevation attack. The performance evaluations also show that PAACP is e cient and suitable for large scale VANETs.
Our future work will be on the investigation of more emergency scenarios, e.g., rescues for mass disasters, optimal mission assignment for multiple emergency events, and emer-gency services for dierent VANET con gurations. In addition, the features of VANETs, such as the mobility model and predicable routing, could be taken into consideration to to gain more e ciency. In V2V communications, how to ensure the security issues without the help of RSUs should be addressed as well.
Bibliography
[1] O. A. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc32/dsrc/index.html, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC).
[2] L. Zhang, Q. Wu, A. Solanas, and J. Domingo-Ferrer, A scalable robust authentication protocol for secure vehicular communications, IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 16061617, 2010.
[3] X. s. H. Zhu, R. Lu and X. Lin, Security in service-oriented vehicular networks, IEEE Wireless Communications, pp. 1622, 2009.
[4] X. Lin, X. Sun, P. H. Ho, and X. Shen, Gsis: a secure and privacy-preserving protocol for vehicular communications, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 34423456, 2007.
[5] C. Zhang, R. Lu, X. Lin, P. H. Ho, and X. Shen, An e cient identity-based batch veri cation scheme for vehicular sensor networks, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2008, pp. 816824.
[6] C. Zhang, X. Lin, R. Lu, P. H. Ho, and X. Shen, An e cient message authentication scheme for vehicular communications, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 33573368, 2008.
[7] R. Lu, X. Lin, H. Zhu, P.-H. Ho, and X. Shen, Ecpp: E cient conditional privacy preservation protocol for secure vehicular communications, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2008, pp. 12291237.
[8] X. Lin, X. Sun, X. Wang, C. Zhang, P.-H. Ho, and X. Shen, Tsvc: timed e cient and secure vehicular communications with privacy preserving, IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 49874998, 2008.
[9] IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment-Security Ser-vices for Applications and Management Messges. IEEE std. 1609.2-2006, Jul. 2006.
[10] C.-T. Li, M.-S. Hwang, and Y.-P. Chu, A secure and e cient communication scheme with authenticated key establishment and privacy perserving for vehicular ad hoc net-works, Computer Communications, vol. 31, pp. 28032814, 2008.
[11] M. S. P.-H. H. H. Zhu, X. Lin and X. Shen, Ppab: A privacy-preserving authentica-tion and billing architecture for metropolitan area sharing networks, IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 25292543, 2009.
[12] M. Raya and J.-P. Hubaux, Securing vehicular ad hoc networks, Journal of Computer Security, vol. 15, pp. 3968, 2007.
[13] H. Zhu, X. Lin, R. Lu, P. H. Ho, and X. Shen, Aema: An aggregated emergency mes-sage authentication scheme for enhancing the security of vehicular ad hoc networks,
in Proc. ICC, 2008, pp. 14361440.
[14] Vehicle safety communications project, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Tra c Safety Administration, Tech. Rep., 2006.
[15] M. Dikaiakos, A. Florides, T. Nadeem, and L. Iftode, Location-aware services over vehicular ad-hoc networks using car-to-car communication, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 15901602, 2007.
[16] M. Raya, P. Papadimitratos, I. Aad, D. Jungels, and J.-P. Hubaux, Eviction of mis-behaving and faulty nodes in vehicular networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 25, No.8, pp. 15571568, 2007.
[17] Y. Bi, H. Zhao, and X. Shen, A directional broadcast protocol for emergency mes-sage exchange in inter-vehicle communications, in IEEE International Conference on
[18] J. Peng and L. Cheng, A distributed mac scheme for emergency message dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, No.
6, pp. 33003308, 2007.
[19] E. V. de Velde and C. Blondia;, Adaptive react protocol for emergency applications in vehicular networks, in IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), 2007, pp. 613619.
[20] A. Sahai and B. Waters, Fuzzy identity-based encryption, in Proceedings of Eurocrypt, LNCS, Ed., vol. 3494. Springer-Verlag, 2005, pp. 457473.
[21] A. Shamir, How to share a secret, Communication of ACM, vol. 22, No. 11, pp.
612613, 1979.
[22] P. Barreto, B. Libert, N. McCullagh, and J.-J. Quisquater, E cient and provably-secure identity-based signatures and signcryption from bilinear maps, in Proceedings of Asiacrypt, 2005, pp. 515532.
[23] J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and G. Cao, Data pouring and buering on the road: a new data dissemination paradigm for vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 32663277, 2007.
[24] M. Nekovee, Modeling the spred of worm epidemics in vehicular ad hoc networks, in Proceeding of Veh. Tech. Conf., 2006, pp. 115124.
[25] J. E. Khoury and A. Hobeika, Incorporating uncertainty into the estimation of the passing sight distance requirements, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engi-neering, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 347357, 2007.
[26] S. Yu, K. Ren, and W. Lou, Fdac: Toward ne-grained distributed data access control in wireless sensor networks, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2009, pp. 816824.
[27] A. Wasef, Y. Jiang, and X. Shen, Dcs: An e cient distributed certi cate services scheme for vehicular networks, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 533549, 2010.
[28] J. Yin, T. ElBatt, G. Yeung, B. Ryu, S. Habermas, H. Krishnan, and T. Talty, Perfor-mance evaluation of safety application over dsrc vehicular ad hoc networks, in ACM Int. Workshop Vehicular Ad hoc Network, 2004, pp. 19.
[29] O. A. http://nsnam.isi.edu/nsnam/index.php, The Network Simulator-ns-2.
[30] M. Piorkowski, M. Raya, A. L. Lugo, P. Papadimitratos, M. Grossglauser, and J.-P. Hubaux, Trans: Realistic joint tra c and network simulator for vanets, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 12, No. 1, 2008.
[31] S. Lee, G. Pan, J. Park, M. Gerla, and S. Lu, Secure incentives for commercial ad dissemination in vehicular networks, in Proc. ACM Int. Symp. MobiHoc, 2007, pp.
150159.
[32] M. Raya, P. Papadimitratos, and J. P. Hubaux, Securing vehicular communications,
IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, Special Issue on Inter-Vehicular Commu-nications, vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 815, 2006.
[33] B. C. Neuman and T. Ts'o, Kerberos: An authentication service for computer net-works, IEEE Communications, vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 3338, 1994.
[34] D. Hankerson, A. Menezes, and S. Vanstone, Guide to elliptic curve cryptography.
LNCS, Springer-Verlag, 2004.
[35] F. Li, X. Xin, and Y. Hu, Identity-based broadcast signcryption, Computer Standard and Interfaces, vol. 30, pp. 8994, 2008.
[36] J.-H. Yang and C.-C. Chang, An id-based remote mutual authentication with key agreement scheme for mobile devices on elliptic curve cryptosystem, Computer &
Security, vol. 28, pp. 138143, 2009.
[37] A. Miyaji, M. Nakabayashi, and S. Takano, New explicit conditions of elliptic curve traces for fr-reduction, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals, vol. E84-A, pp. 1234
1239, 2001.
[38] J. Camenisch, S. Hohenberger, and M. O. Pedersen, Batch veri cation of short signa-tures, in Proceedings of EUROCRYPT, 2007, pp. 246263.
[39] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms.
MIT Press, 2001.
[40] D. Boneh, C. Gentry, B. Lynn, and H. Shacham, Aggregate and veri ably encrypted signatures from bilinear maps, in Proceedings of Eurocrypt, vol. 2656, 2003, pp. 416
432.
[41] D. Boneh, B. Lynn, and H. Shacham, Short signatures from the weil pairing, in Proceedings of Asiacrypt, vol. 2248, 2001, pp. 514532.
[42] M. Scott, E cient implementation of cryptographic pairings, [on-line available]
http://ecrypt-ss07.rhul.ac.uk/slides/thursday/mscottsamos07.pdf.
[43] S. Youse , M. Mousavi, and M. Fathy, Vehicular ad hoc networks (vanets): challenge and persepectives, in International Conference on ITS telecommunications, 2006, pp.
761766.
[44] J. T. Isaac, J. S. Camara, S. Zeadally, and J. T. Marquez, A secure vehicle-to-roadside communication payment protocol in vehicular ad hoc networks, Computer Commu-nications, vol. 31, pp. 24782484, 2008.
[45] Kvh industries inc. [online]. available: http://www.kvh.com/, 2006.
[46] Msn tv. [online]. available: http://www.msntv.com/, 2006.
[47] Car-2-Car., [online]. available: http://www.car-2-car.org, 2007.
[48] M. Raya and J.-P. Hubaux, The security of vehicular ad hoc networks, in SASN, 2005, pp. 1121.
[49] N.-W. Wang, Y.-M. Huang, and W.-M. Chen, A novel secure communication scheme in vehicular ad hoc networks, Computer Communications, vol. 31, pp. 28272837, 2008.
[50] X. Lin, R. Lu, C. Zhang, H. Zhu, P.-H. Ho, and X. Shen, Secuity in vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 8895, 2008.
[51] Y. Toor, P. Muhlethaler, and A. Laouiti, Vehicle ad hoc networks: applications and related technical issues, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 10, pp. 74
87, 2008.
[52] K. Ren, W. Lout, K. Kim, and R. Deng, A novel privacy preserving authentication and access control scheme for pervasive computing environments, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 13731384, 2006.
[53] Y.-C. Chen and L.-Y. Yeh, An e cient authentication and access control scheme using smart cards, in Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), 2005, pp. 7882.