Conclusions and future work

We have improved the LHPG system with a LabVIEW automatic program. The power feedback control and camera monitor functions were integrated with the stage control program. Efficient and user-friendly growth control increased the repeatability and reliability of the Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber grown by the LHPG technique. The core-reduction process of Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber was realized with CDLHPG method to obtain a DCF structure. This novel cladding technique was developed by our group [1.13]. But the core uniformity of Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF was not good enough and still impaired the optical performance. An innovating method for suppressing the fluctuation of heating power, sapphire tube assisted CDLHPG technique, was developed and combined with power feedback control program. By this technique, a 10-μm-core Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF which meets the adiabatic criterion was fabricated. A factor of 3 improvement in core uniformity with the use sapphire tube assisted CDLHPG method was achieved. Compared with those fibers grown without the use of sapphire tube, the propagation loss was improved from 0.6 dB/cm to 0.02 dB/cm for the 10-μm-core fiber.

We had established the numerical model to analyze the ASE and gain performances. The cross sections of pump absorption, emission, and ESAs of pump and signal were determined with many curves fittings of ASE and gain experimental data. For our fibers, these parameters derived from curve fitting are 22×10^-19 cm², 1.6×10^-19 cm², 4.18×10^-19 cm², and 0.32×10^-19 cm², respectively. The experimental and simulation results all indicate that the pump ESA loss is the fundamental problem for ASE and gain performances. Cladding pump scheme must be applied instead of the core pump scheme to alleviate the influence of pump ESA loss. Another solution for the problem is the pump wavelength shifting. The ratio of ESA to GSA is around 9%

at 925 nm that is smaller than the 19 % at 1064 nm.

An ultra-low threshold Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF laser was achieved at room temperature.

The laser output power vs. absorbed pump power curve had two slopes in the low and high absorbed pump power regions. The threshold pump powers were 2.5 mW and 96 mW in the low and high absorbed pump powers with the same output coupler

transmittance of 3.8%, respectively. The threshold is the lowest compared with any published literatures. The slope efficiencies of the fiber laser were 0.4% and 6.9%, respectively. The simulation indicated that 56% slope efficiency can be achieved with a length of 7 cm and an output reflectance of 80%. The application of ASE light source, for being the probe light source of OCT system, have demonstrated an axial resolution of 3.5 μm, which is in good agreement with the theoretical estimation.

In the future, we will confront some challenges in the fabrication processes of Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF. First of all, we have obtained emission and absorption cross sections, the ratio of

σ

_e

σ

_a is around 0.073. With such small ratio of

σ

_e

σ

_a , it is needed to lengthen the fiber length to enhance the optical gain. But the longest pumped fiber length is limited by large loss of pump ESA. Cladding pump scheme must be adopted to improve the optical performance. Considering DCFs with 40- to 50-μm in inner-clad diameter, simulation show that the necessary fiber length could be shortened by several folds and still maintain good performance. By estimation, around 35-μm single crystal fiber should be grown to inserted into a 40-μm inner diameter of silica capillary, then around 50-μm inner-clad diameter DCF could be obtained. The 35-μm single crystal fiber needs a very stable heating power and growth environment.

Secondly, the fiber length needs to be lengthened to meter order. Our LHPG system can grow around 40 cm fiber length that is limited by the motion stage length. The fiber splicing technique can be used to increase the fiber length. Thirdly, the few-mode or single-mode DCF should be developed to solve the multimode interference (MMI), and pump and signal overlapping ratio [6.1]. It is also necessary to combine with SMF in optical communication system in the future. We had doped some high refractive index material (TiO2) into the inner cladding layer of DCF to raise the refractive index. Figure 6.1 shows the comparison of refractive index profiles of DCFs with and without TiO2 in the inner cladding layer. The refractive index of inner cladding near the interface between core and inner cladding was increased from 1.64 to 1.72. The difference of refractive index between core and inner cladding was reduced from around 10% to 5%. Finally, a series important breakthroughs in the growth process of Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fibers were already realized, but there are still some crucial challenges in the future. When we fully understand Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF and

overcome the problems, Cr⁴⁺:YAG will have the great impacts in the future optical communications.

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

Ref ractive index

Percent diameter (%) w/ TiO₂ deposition w/o deposition

Fig. 6.1. Refractive index profiles of Cr⁴⁺:YAG DCF with and without high refractive index material (TiO2) deposition in the inner cladding layer.

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Chapter 6

[6.1] S. Ming, D. J. Feng, Y. C. Huang, T. S. Lay, S. L. Huang, P. Yeh, and W. H.

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Biography

姓名

:

黃光瑤

(Kuang-Yao Huang)

性別

:

男

出生日期

:

民國

67

年

7

月

4

日 出生地

:

高雄縣

學歷

:

國立中山大學電機工程學系 學士

國立中山大學光電工程研究所 碩士

國立中山大學光電工程研究所 博士

得獎記錄：

2003

國科會碩士論文獎

2006

虛擬儀控應用徵文比賽學術組第一名

博士論文題目

:

中文：摻鉻釔鋁石榴石晶體光纖之生長系統改良與特性研究 英文：

Growth system improvement and characterization of

Chromium-doped YAG crystal fiber

指導教授：國立台灣大學光電所 黃升龍 博士 共同指導教授：國立中山大學光電所 鄭木海 博士

Publication List

SCI listed paper:

1.

K. Y. Huang, K. Y. Hsu, D. Y. Jheng, W. J. Zhuo, P. Y. Chen, P. Yeh, and S. L.

Huang, “Adiabatic wave propagation in Cr⁴⁺:YAG double-clad crystal fiber fabricated by sapphire tube assisted CDLHPG technique,” to appear in Opt. Exp.

(2008).

2.

K. Y. Huang, K. Y. Hsu, and S. L. Huang, “Analysis of ultra-broadband

amplified spontaneous emissions generated by Cr⁴⁺:YAG single and glass-clad crystal fibers,” IEEE J. of Lightwave Technol. 26, 1632 (2008)

3. C. N. Tsai, Y. S. Lin, K. Y. Huang, Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, and S. L. Huang,

“Enhancement of Cr⁴⁺ concentration in Y3Al5O12 crystal fiber with pre-growth perimeter deposition,” to appear in Jap. J. of Appl. Phys. (2008).

4. C. N. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, H. J. Tsai , J. C. Chen , Y. S. Lin, S. L. Huang, and Y. S.

Lin, “Distribution of oxidation states of Cr ions in Ca or Ca/Mg co-doped Cr:Y3Al5O12 single crystal fibers with nitrogen or oxygen annealing environments,” J. of Cryst. Growth 310, 2774 (2008).

5. J. C Chen, Y. S. Lin, C. N. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, C. C. Lai, W. Z. Su, R. C. Shr, F. J.

Kao, T. Y. Chang, and S. L. Huang, “400-nm-bandwidth emission from a Cr-doped glass fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 595 (2007).

6. J. C. Chen, K. Y. Huang, C. Nan Tsai, Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, G. Y. Liu, F. J. Kao, S.

L. Huang, C. Y. Lo, Y. S. Lin, and P. Shen, “Composition dependence of the micro-spectroscopy of Cr ions in double-clad Cr:YAG crystal fiber,” J. of Appl.

Phys. 99, 093113 (2006).

7. Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, S. L. Huang, T. Y. Chang, J. Y. Ji, P. Shen, “Nanostructure formation of double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber grown by co-drawing laser-heated pedestal,” J. of Cryst. Growth 289, 515 (2006).

8. J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, F. J. Kao, S. Y. Tu, and S. L. Huang,

“Fluorescence mapping of oxidation states of Cr ions in YAG crystal fibers,” J. of Cryst. Growth 274, 522 (2005).

9. C. Y. Lo,

K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Chuang, C. C. Lai, S. L. Huang, Y. S.

Lin, and P. S. Yeh, “Double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Lett. 30, 129 (2005).

10. C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J, C. Chen, S. Y. Tu, and S. L. Huang, “Glass-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber for the generation of superwideband amplified spontaeous emission,” Opt. Lett. 29, 439 (2004).

Conference & proceeding paper:

1. C. C. Lai,

K. Y. Huang, Y. S. Lin, and S. L. Huang, “Strain analysis on the

interface of double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fibers,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, paper JTuA88, San Jose, California, USA (2008).

2. C. N. Tsai, Y. S. Lin, K. Y. Huang, Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, and S. L. Huang, “Study of the side deposition enhanced Cr⁴⁺ concentration in Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber as an ultra broadband amplified spontaneous emission,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, paper CTuMM6, San Jose, California, USA (2008).

3. C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, H. J. Tsai, Z. W. Lin K. D. Ji, and S. L. Huang,

“Ultralow-threshold room-temperature continuous-wave double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber laser,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, paper CThL3, San Jose, California, USA (2008).

4.

K. Y. Huang, K. Y. Hsu, R. C. Shr, Y. D. Huang, S. L. Huang, and Y. S. Lin,

“Uniform growth of 10-μm-core double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber,”

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, paper JTuA102, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (2007).

5. J. Y. Yi, K. Y. Huang, C. C. Lai, H. Peng, L. H. Chen, J. C. Chen, and S. L.

Huang, “Compact multi-pass ring laser using LHPG-grown Yb:YAG crystal fiber,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, paper CFJ2, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (2007).

6. Z. W. Lin, C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, K. Y. Hsu, K. D. Ji, C. Y. Lo, and S. L.

Huang, “Low-threshold room-temperature continuous-wave double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber laser,” Optics and Photonics Taiwan, paper CO-010, Taichung, Taiwan (2007).

7. C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, Y. S. Lin, and S. L. Huang, “Study on the core/cladding interface in double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fibers,” Optics and Photonics Taiwan, paper AO-027, Taichung, Taiwan (2007).

8. J. C. Chen, Y. S. Lin, C. N. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, W. Z. Su, R. C. Shr, F. J. Kao, Y.

S. Lin, and S. L. Huang, ”400-nm-bandwidth emission from Cr-doped alumino-silicate fiber,” OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper

S. Lin, and S. L. Huang, ”400-nm-bandwidth emission from Cr-doped alumino-silicate fiber,” OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper

在文檔中 摻鉻釔鋁石榴石晶體光纖之生長系統改良與特性研究 (頁 100-117)