F0 Range

In this section, we will examine the F0 range of the target syllables under narrow focus and neutral focus, and the F0 range of target syllables in different positions. We begin by analyzing the variance of the data, and the statistical results will be reported accordingly. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was performed to investigated if the interaction effect of the two parameters, focus and position, upon F0 range of target syllables was significantly. If the interaction effect was not significant, the main effect of each parameter was examined by one-way repeated measure ANOVA. The first one-way repeated measure ANOVA was to investigate if the F0 range of target syllables under narrow focus was significantly larger than the F0 range of target syllables under neutral

focus. The second one-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to examine if the F0 range of target syllables in different positions of utterances were significantly longer or shorter than one another.

First, two-way repeated measure ANOVA to examine the F0 range of target syllable under different focus conditions and positions was performed. Results showed that for all subjects, the interaction effect of these two independent factors was not significant

(Subject CBY: F(2,190)=0.93, p>0.05), (Subject CKC: F(2,190)=2.17, p>0.05), (Subject RLY:

F(2,190)=1.12, p>0.05). Therefore, the main effect of the two parameters, focus and position, upon F0 range of target syllables was examined by one-way repeated measure individually.

First, the one-way repeated measure ANOVA was performed to analyze F0 range under narrow focus and neutral focus. Results showed that for subject CBY, the F0 range values of target syllables under narrow focus were significantly higher than the F0 range values under neutral focus (F(1,287)=8.08, p<0.05). For subject CKC, F0 ranges were not significantly different under narrow focus and neutral focus (F(1,287)=2.75, p=0.10). For subject RLY, F0 ranges of target syllables under narrow focus were significantly larger than F0 range values under neutral focus (F(1,287)=22.96, p<0.05).

One-way repeated measure ANOVA was performed to analyze F0 range values in different positions. Results showed that for subject CBY, the F0 ranges of target syllables in different positions were significantly different (F(2,382)=243.50, p<0.05). For subject CKC, F0 ranges were significantly different when target syllables were in different positions (F(2,382)=49.98, p<0.05). For subject RLY, the F0 ranges of target syllables in different positions were significantly different (F(2,382)=44.55, p<0.05). The significant

differences of mean F0 ranges for all subjects were further examined through multiple post-hoc comparisons.

Results of post-hoc comparison showed that, for subject CBY, F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in initial position. (p<0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position (p<0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in middle positions were larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in initial position (p<0.05). For subject CKC, F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in initial position (p<0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position (p<0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in initial position (p<0.05).

For subject RLY, F0 ranges of target syllables in initial and middle position were not significantly different (p>0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position (p<0.05). F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significant larger than F0 ranges of target syllable in initial position (p<0.05). It was found that F0 ranges of target syllables in final positions were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in middle position; F0 ranges of target syllables in final position were significantly larger than F0 ranges of target syllables in initial position, while the differences of F0 ranges of target syllables between initial and middle positions were not significant for subject RLY.

Thus, our initial conclusion for the F0 range parameter was that F0 range was related to the focus condition and position in spontaneous speech in Taiwanese Mandarin, except

for subject CKC, whose data showed that F0 ranges of target syllables under narrow focus and neutral focus were not significantly different. Besides, bar-chart figures of F0 ranges in first and second syllables of four tones under narrow focus and neutral focus are reported below in Figure 3.8- Figure 3.43. A trend could be observed that the means of F0 ranges of target syllables under narrow focus tended to be larger than those

counterparts under neutral focus, though not all of the differences reached statistical significance. Some exceptions are shown in the bar-chart figures: first syllable in Figure3.8, second syllable in Figure 3.9, first syllable in Figure 3.10, first syllable in Figure 3.13, first syllable in Figure 3.14, second syllable in Figure 3.17, first syllable in Figure 3.18, first syllable in Figure 3.24, second syllable in Figure 3.25, first syllable in Figure 3.23, second syllable in Figure 3.27, first and second syllable in Figure 3.28, first and second syllable in Figure 3.32, first syllable in Figure 3.36, first and second syllable in Figure 3.39, first syllable in Figure 3.40, first syllable in Figure 3.41 and second syllable in Figure 3.42.

F0 range-initial position (CBY)

0 30 60 90 120 150

1st syllable 2nd syllable Tone1

F0 range (Hz)

Given New

Figure 3.8 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in initial position for subject CBY.

F0 range-initial position (CKC)

Figure 3.9 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in initial position for subject CBY.

F0 range-initial position (RLY)

Figure 3.10 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in initial position for subject RLY.

F0 range-initial position (CBY)

Figure 3.11 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in initial position for subject CBY.

F0 range-initial position (CKC)

Figure 3.12 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in initial position for subject CKC.

F0 range-initial position (RLY)

Figure 3.13 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in initial position for subject RLY.

F0 range-initial position (CBY)

Figure 3.14 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in initial position for subject CBY.

F0 range-initial position (CKC)

Figure 3.15 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in initial position for subject CKC.

Figure 3.16 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in initial position for subject RLY.

Figure 3.17 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in initial position for subject CBY.

F0 range-initial position (CKC)

Figure 3.18 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in initial position for subject CKC.

F0 range-final position (RLY)

Figure 3.19 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in initial position for subject RLY.

F0 range-middle position (CBY)

Figure 3.20 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in middle position for subject CBY.

F0 range-middle position (CKC)

Figure 3.21 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in middle position for subject CKC.

F0 range-middle position (RLY)

Figure 3.22 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in middle position for subject RLY.

F0 range-middle position (CBY)

Figure 3.23 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in middle position for subject CBY.

F0 range-middle positon (CKC)

Figure 3.24 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in middle position for subject CKC.

F0 range-middle position (RLY)

Figure 3.25 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in middle position for subject RLY.

F0 range-middle position (CBY)

Figure 3.26 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in middle position for subject CBY.

F0 range-middle position (CKC)

Figure 3.27 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in middle position for subject CKC.

Figure 3.28 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in middle position for subject RLY.

Figure 3.29 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in middle position for subject CBY.

F0 range-middle position (CKC)

Figure 3.30 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in middle position for subject CKC.

Figure 3.31 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in middle position for subject RLY.

Figure 3.32 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in final position for subject CBY.

F0 range-final position (CKC)

Figure 3.33 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in final position for subject CKC.

F0 range-final position (RLY)

Figure 3.34 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone1 (high-level tone) in final position for subject RLY.

F0 range-final position (CBY)

Figure 3.35 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in final position for subject CBY.

F0 range-final position (CKC)

Figure 3.36 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in final position for subject CKC.

F0 range-final position (RLY)

Figure 3.37 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone2 (high-rising tone) in final position for subject RLY.

F0 range-final position (CBY)

Figure 3.38 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in final position for subject CBY.

F0 range-final position (CKC)

Figure 3.39 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in final position for subject CKC.

Figure 3.40 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone3 (low tone) in final position for subject RLY.

Figure 3.41 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in final position for subject CBY.

F0 range-final position (CKC)

Figure 3.42 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in final position for subject CKC.

Figure 3.43 F0 ranges in first and second syllables of tone4 (falling tone) in final position for subject RLY.