Future suggestions and limitations

Despite the above insights, several limitations are identified for future references.

First, conclusions were drawn from small sample size in each learning conditions. For researchers interested in replicating this study, a larger sample should be used to generalize the findings in this study. Second, although the number of trials in the RST in this study is adequate (Friedman & Miyake, 2004), it can be increased to maximize the reliability of the span scores. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the length of RST should be tailored to avoid causing attention fatigue from the participants. Third, because this study focused on listening comprehension, the findings may not shed light on other long-term aspects of learning, such as listening acquisition. Whether individual factors also modulate the effect of captions on different aspects of L2 listening acquisition still warrants more future investigations.

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