Future studies should include also compare different head-types, and face milling configurations can also be considered and compare. The different skill level and gender of participants can also be considered to be included in future studies.
Future studies should also run the test on natural turf, variance in different green speed, slope (left-to-right, right-to-left, downhill and uphill), and longer distances. Apart from capturing putter-ball kinematic data, future studies should include individual putter data and biomechanical parameters (3D biomechanical data and ground forces).
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Measuring Clubface Markings and Determining Conformance March 2009
1. IMPACT AREA
The impact area on irons will be taken to be the entire extent of the face where a face treatment has been applied (for instance, grooves, sandblasting, etc.) or the central strip down the middle of the clubface having a width of 1.68” (42.67mm), whichever is greater.
Grooves and/or punch marks indicating a traditional impact area or any groove which encroaches into the impact area by less than 6.35mm will not be considered to be within the impact area and hence does not need to meet the specifications detailed in the following sections unless they are designed to unduly influence the movement of the ball.
2. CALCULATION OF GROOVE PARAMETERS
The 30° method of measurement identifies the contact points on the groove and the adjacent grooves. Determine the groove width (W) by measuring the distance between the marked 30° contact points.
3. DETERMINING THE CONFORMANCE OF IMPACT AREA MARKINGS 3.1. Groove Width
If 50% or more of the measured groove widths exceed 0.035” (0.889mm), then the club is non-conforming. If any single measured groove width exceeds 0.037” (0.940mm), then the club is non-conforming.
3.2. Groove Depth
50% or more of the measured groove depths exceed 0.020” (0.508mm) then the club is non-conforming. If any single measured groove depth exceeds 0.022” (0.559mm), then the club is non-conforming.
MEASURING GROOVE WIDTH
30° METHOD FOR MEASURING GROOVE WIDTH 1. SUMMARY
The method for measuring groove width using the 30° method is presented. It is generally understood that the groove in a clubface starts where there is a significant departure from the plane of the face (land area). This method specifies where the measurement of the groove width should be taken when the edges of the grooves are rounded.
2. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD
The sidewall of a groove generally meets the face of the club (land area) with a filleted transition. The groove width measurement (W) is made between two points where a line, inclined at 30° to the land area of the clubface, is tangent to the edge of the groove. This is shown in Figure A.1.
Figure A.1: Groove edge radius
SHARPNESS FO GROOVE
METHOD FOR LIMITING THE SHARPNESS FO GROOVE AND PUNCH MARK EDGES 1. SUMMARY
The method for limiting the edge radius of grooves and punch marks is presented. This method provides three essential features:
• The edge radius limit is implicitly a function of the draught angle of the groove sidewall.
• Allowances for manufacturing variability are incorporated.
• The method is insensitive to small local variations in edge fillet radius
Club Face-Putter Face
With regard to roughness, material and markings in the impact area, do not apply to putters.
However, any grooves or markings on a putter face must not have sharp edges or raised lips.
In addition, if a groove or the grooves on the face of a putter exceed 0.9mm in width 0.508mm in-depth, the following guidelines apply:
• The width may not exceed 1.524mm.
• The width to spacing ratio must be no less than 1:1
• The depth must be less than the width, and may not exceed 1.016mm.
Impact Area Roughness and Material
Except for markings specified in the following paragraphs, the surface roughness within the area where the impact is must not exceed that of decorative sandblasting, or of fine milling.
The whole of the impact area must be of the same material.
Impact Area Roughness
When dealing with the surface roughness of a clubface (not including putters, see Section 9 - Putter Face),. In the absence of such claims, the ruling would be made purely on the amount of roughness. Sandblasting or other treatments of roughness higher than 180 micro inches (4.5 μmetre) are not permitted. In addition to this requirement for roughness, milling is not permitted if the crest to trough depth exceeds 0.001 inches (0.025mm).
APPENDIX B
R&A Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
rpm Revolutions per minutes
vball Golf ball velocity at impact vclub Club-head velocity at impact
APPENDIX C
Mean of velocity Impact (m/sec) between face geometries from two meters.
Participants F1 F2 F3 F4
Descriptive statistics of putter velocity at impact (m/sec) between face geometries from two meters.
One-way ANOVA between the velocity at impact (m/sec) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups .86 3 .28 21.72* .000
Within Groups 23.01 876 .01
Total 23.86 879
*p .05
Mean of backswing duration (s) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of backswing duration (s) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between downswing time (s) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups .17 3 .55 35.77* .000
Within Groups 2.75 876 .02
Total 2.91 879
*p .05
Mean of downswing time (s) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of downswing time (s) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between downswing time (s) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups .17 3 .56 35.77* .000
Within Groups 2.75 876 .02
Total 2.91 879
*p .05
Mean of backswing ratio between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of backswing ratio between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type One-way ANOVA between backswing ratio between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 1.01 3 .34 17.60* .000
Within Groups 33.82 876 .02
Total 34.83 879
*p .05
Mean of impact duration (s) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of impact duration (sec) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between impact duration (sec) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups .11 3 .37 33.02* .000
Within Groups 1.99 876 .01
Total 2.11 879
*p .05
Mean of backswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of backswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between backswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups .22 3 .07 128.77* .000
Within Groups .51 876 .00
Total .73 879
*p .05
Mean of downswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of downswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between downswing displacement (m) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 1.08 3 .36 94.71* .000
Within Groups 3.33 876 .00
Total 4.41 879
*p .05
Mean of vertical impact spot (mm) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of vertical impact spot (mm) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between vertical impact spot (mm) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 356.48 3 118.83 8.56* .000 Within Groups 24583.75 876 13.87
Total 24940.23 879
*p .05
Mean of the face at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of the face at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between the face at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 160.10 3 53.37 38.14* .000
Within Groups 2479.58 876 1.40
Total 2639.68 879
*p .05
Mean of putter path at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of putter path at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between putter path at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 4341.88 3 1447.29 308.69* .000
Within Groups 8308.00 876 4.69
Total 12649.88 879
*p .05
Mean of rotation angle to impact (°) b between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of rotation angle to impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between rotation angle to impact (°) between face geometries from two meters
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 25.65 3 8.55 3.33* .019
Within Groups 4545.25 876 2.56
Total 4570.90 879
*p .05
Mean of shaft angle at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of shaft angle at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Golfers Face Type
One-way ANOVA between shaft angle at impact (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Source SS df MS F Sig.
Between Groups 581.43 3 193.81 47.63* .000
Within Groups 7210.64 876 4.07
Total 7792.07 879
*p .05
Mean of rise angle (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of rise angle (°) between face geometries from two meters.
Descriptive statistics of rise angle (°) between face geometries from two meters.