G REEN ICT

In this section, we review the current state-of-the-art in the field of Green Information Technology (IT), reports several issues and future research directions. The materials used to conduct this research include journal and conference papers, research projects and websites etc. This work can help the readers to have better understanding of Green IT, and to show how other related technologies can address the challenges of Green IT. Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) have gained attention in recently.

Service-oriented approaches are used for developing green applications and energy-saving that can be sourced as resource. What new conceptual frameworks and theoretical perspective are appropriate for studying Green ICT (GICT) and service-oriented technology? It is concluded that a more predictive and feasible design/implementation, which can be applied within a service-oriented GICT application.

“Green of ICT” is interested in developing technologies and methods to increase efficiency in ICT energy usage without compromising its performance and Quality of Services. Green of ICT is also known as green computing. It involves different stages of ICT life cycle from hardware system design, manufacturing process, and component maintenance to disposal of computers and their recycling methods. ICT products could be computers, servers, and associates subsystems-such as monitors, printers, storage, network devices, and communications system. Some research projects focus on software design to make use of computers as energy-efficient as possible by developing efficient algorithms, removing unnecessary processes in software flexible resource allocation and effective power management.

The development trends of Green of IT in industry include:

1. Substitution CRT with LCD: the substitution of old CRT (cathode-ray tube) with LCD (liquid crystal display) can gain significant efficiency in energy usage and the introduction of long-lift OLED (organic light emitting diode) will enable further improvements.

2. Virtual IT and Organization: the virtualization technologies can reduce the number of physical devices to be deployed and increase the level of their utilization.

Virtualization such as data-centre will enable significant reduction in the number of deployment for both servers and storages while end-user devices can be consolidated.

3. Green Computer Room/Data centre: energy efficiency solutions and approaches for design of a data centre can improve organization’s capabilities such as virtualization, automation and orchestration. The approaches could include reconfiguration of aisles to a hot/cold aisle layout, the introduction of pod style enclosed units, having localized cooling solutions for hotspots, adopting thigh performance workloads and making use of free cooling through outside air.

4. Label of energy-saving mark on IT facility: label of energy-saving are the widespread instrument in many country of the world, such as United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. In the United States and EU, ENERGY STAR label indicates the energy efficiency of ICT equipment to enable users be aware of their efficiency.

5. Recycle and process on IT facility: parts of IT facility may contain some polluting substances. It is important to have appropriate procedures to deal with them during the processes to protect the environment from contamination. So, it does not only consider the main production phases in life cycle namely R&D, manufacturing, use, and disposal, but it also needs to focus on the recycle of computers.

“Green by ICT” stands for using ICT to reduce environment burden, which are applying ICT into various fields and application is to reduce the energy and resource

consumption, and minimize CO2 emissions by using sensor networks or other technologies to offer a sustainable environment. The applications of “Green by ICT”

include: Smart City Planning, Smart Grid, Smart Logistics, Food miles, Smart Building, Renewable energy power, Virtual IT, Smart Working, Optimization on power saving, Smart Transportation, Smart Car, Smart Monitor, and Smart logistics etc. Green by ICT has very diverse and broad applications.

Green ICT is a research and application area involving multidisciplinary technologies and concepts such as including automation control, communication and networking, computing, and distributed and embedded system etc. With the rapid development of Green ICT, numerous applications related with these issues have been envisioned. Later, we will give further discussion of the research directions with these applications.

Energy efficiency is increasingly important for information and communication technologies (ICT), because of the increased usage of ICT, together with increasing energy costs and the need to reduce green house gas emissions that decrease the overall energy consumption. Green ICT could affect our lives on various degrees and aspects depending on to the scope of applications such as green city, green building, green office, and green home which could change the way we work and live. EU has great interests on the concept of Green ICT by initiating several research programs to explore new research agendas. We give more descriptions and discussions on smart city, smart building, smart office, and smart home respectively in the following sections.

Most modern cities face the issues related to traffic jam and huge car flow. Traffic management system uses ICT such as sensor, camera, and traffic light control to smooth car flow or reduce traffic volume by adopting Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies which could change the public’s behaviors of using

transports. The public would prefer taking public transport to private car. For examples, the introduction of a real-time road pricing system can make the private car drivers aware of the true cost of usage which is usually much higher than the public ones. ITS road systems can operate the traffic more efficient by funneling traffic via dynamic speed limits and traffic signals to route around congestion. Furthermore, people can search location-based services such as restaurants and shops, real-time traffic reports, smart electrical grids on smart phone through 3G network from Internet in order to reduce unnecessary journeys.

The needs for transportation are growing, as globalization logistics becomes a phenomenon. The logistics activities comprise package, transportation, storage (inventory management), buying, and recycle. As the concerns for the environmental issues rise, firms need to take more into account of the cost associated with reduction of energy consumption and environment pollution in order to reduce its impact on climate change. The green logistics has also received strong research interests from the communities such as Green supply chain, Green purchasing and food miles. By using ICT in logistics, firms can minimize the package materials, the volumes of stock, energy consumption, and mileage to achieve more sustainable balance economic and environment.

From previous discussion, there have been numerous studies in the literature dealing with the diverse of applications. There is considerable disagreement among systems about the design and implementation of the Green by ICT applications. Some practical project have been reported that are based on the concept of wireless sensor network (WSN) and web services. In the following section, we will describe the problems in Green ICT system ,and rethinking how to solve these problems.