JQ/2 *QKT2iBiBQMb Q7

>B;?2`@>`KQMB+ AMi2`+iBQM

9XR JQ/2H M/ bbmKTiBQM

q2 /QTi i?2 +pBiv +QM};m`iBQM Q7 i?2 6mFmB lMBp2`bBiv 6l *q AAA ;v`Q@

KQMQi`QM (6B;X 9XR)- r?B+? Bb miBHBx2/ 7Q` bi2T@imM#H2 QT2`iBQM iQ ;2M2`i2 /Bp2`b2 KQ/2b Q7 `/BiBQMb 7`QK bm#@h>x iQ h>x `2;BK2(R9)X h?2 2H2+i`QM #2K 2Mi2`b 7`QK H27i 2M/ i?`Qm;? i?2 +pBiv iQr`/ `B;?i 2M/X Ai Bb rQ`i? MQiBM; i?i i?2 QmiTmi iT2` M;H2 kkXj^◦ Bb p2`v H`;2X >2M+2- bQK2 Qi?2` KQ/2b rBi? i?2 bK2 7`2[m2M+v

b QT2`iBM; +pBiv KQ/2 rBHH #2 2t+Bi2/ T`bBiB+HHv #v KQ/2 +QMp2`bBQMX "2+mb2 Q7 Q`i?Q;QMHBiv Q7 2tT(imθ)- QMHv KQ/2b rBi? i?2 bK2 xBKmi?H BM/2t m rBHH #2 BM+Hm/2/ BM i?Bb T`Q+2bbX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- 2`Hv bim/v(R8) Q7 +QH/ i2bib Q7 QT2M +pBiB2b ?b b?QrM i?i i?2 +QKKQMHv mb2/ 2[miBQM Q7 +QH/@+pBiv KQ/2HBM; ;Bp2b

M ++m`i2 T`2/B+iBQM Q7 i?2 `2bQMMi 7`2[m2M+v M/ /Bz`+iBQM [mHBiv 7+iQ` 7Q` }t2/ KQ/2 mT iQ M QmiTmi iT2` M;H2 9y^◦X 6Q` i?2 T`2b2Mi Tm`TQb2b- r2 7Q+mb QM

6B;m`2 9XR, *QM};m`iBQM Q7 i?2 QT2M +pBiv mb2/ BM i?Bb bim/vX h?2 KBM #Q/v Q7 i?2 +pBiv Bb R@+K Qp2`KQ/2/ +B`+mH` rp2;mB/2 mMB7Q`K BM +`Qbb@b2+iBQM rBi? rHH `/Bmb r_w = 0.202 +KX G27i@?M/ bB/2 Q7 +pBiv +QMM2+ib /QrM iT2` b2+iBQM rBi? iT2` M;H2 8XR^◦X ivTB+H QT2`iBM; 7`2[m2M+v Q7 ;v`Qi`QM Bb bHB;?iHv #Qp2 +miQz 7`2[m2M+v Q7 mMB7Q`K b2+iBQMX h?2`27Q`2- i?2 #+Fr`/ rp2 K22ib +miQz bQQM mTQM H2pBM; mMB7Q`K b2+iBQMX _B;?i@?M/ bB/2 Q7 +pBiv +QMM2+ib mT iT2` b2+iBQM rBi? iT2` M;H2 kkXj^◦ -r?B+? 7Q`Kb M 2M/ `2~2+iBp2 bi`m+im`2 rBi? mT bi`2K +miQz b2+iBQMX *QTT2` rHHb Q7

`2bBbiBpBiv ρ*m = 1.72× 10⁻⁸ Ω@K Bb bbmK2/ 7Q` 2MiB`2 bi`m+im`2X

BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M M 2H2+i`QM #2K M/ `7 }2H/ HQ+i2/ BM i?2 mMB7Q`K b2+iBQM Q7

+pBivX AM +QMi`+i- iT2` b2+iBQM Bb Dmbi b ;i2 Q7 2M2`;v biQ`;2X q2 B;MQ`2 bTm`BQmb KQ/2 ;2M2`iBQM BM iT2` b2+iBQM- r?B+? Bb KBMQ` BM~m2M+2 QM 2H2+i`QM #2K

M/ ?2M+2 i?2 BMi2`+iBQMX

bBM;H2@KQ/2- b2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi- biiBQM`v +Q/2 Bb 2KTHQv2/ iQ 2pHmi2 i?2 Qb@

+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/b UIstV Q7 BM/BpB/mH KQ/2bX(Re) KmHiB@KQ/2- iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi-b2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi- SA* +Q/2 Bb 2KTHQv2/ 7Q` KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMbX(Rd) h?2 +Q/2b `2 b2H7@

+QMbBbi2Mi BM i?2 b2Mb2 i?i i?2 Qb+BHHiBQM 7`2[m2M+v M/ tBH }2H/ T`Q}H2 `2 2pH@

mi2/ rBi? i?2 2H2+i`QM #2K T`2b2Mi BM i?2 +imH BMi2`+iBQM bT+2X

6B;m`29Xk,a2H7@+QMbBbi2Mibi`i@Qb+BHHiBQM+m``2MiIstpb"@}2H/`M;2Q7kyh7Q`MQz@tBb2H2+i`QM#2K-Q#iBM2/rBi?i?2bBM;H2KQ/2 biiBQM`v+Q/2XVb4jyFo-α4RXR-rC4yXyj8+K-M/∆vz/vz4RyWXAiBbrQ`i?MQiBM;i?iQMHvi?2HQr2bi@Θ#`M+?Q72+?h1(s) mnKQ/2Bb b?QrMX(Ry-R3) 99

6B;m`29Xj,a2H7@+QMbBbi2Mibi`i@Qb+BHHiBQM+m``2MiIstpb"@}2H/`M;2Q7kyh7Q`MtBb@2M+B`+HBM;2H2+i`QM#2K-Q#iBM2/rBi?i?2bBM;H2 KQ/2biiBQM`v+Q/2XPT2`iBQMT`K2i2`b`2i?2bK2bBM6B;X9XkXAiBbrQ`i?MQiBM;i?iQMHvi?2HQr2bi@Θ#`M+?Q72+?h1(s) mnKQ/2Bb b?QrMX(R3) 98

9Xk Pb+BHHiBQM h?`2b?QH/b 7Q` Pz@tBb M/ tBb@

2M+B`+HBM; 1H2+i`QM "2Kb

6B;X 9Xk(Ry) M/ 9XjX b?Qr Qb+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/b Q7 tBb 2M+B`+HBM; M/ Qz@tBb 2H2+i`QM #2Kb rBi? i?2 +pBiv b?QrM BM 6B;X 9XRX "Qi? };m`2b `2 Q#iBM2/ rBi?

bBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v +Q/2 7Q` #2K pQHi;2 Vb 4 jy Fo- 2H2+i`QM TBi+? `iBQ α 4 RXR- ;mB/BM; +2Mi2` `/Bmb rC 4 yXyj8 M/ y +K `2bT2+iBp2Hv- M/ tBH p2HQ+Biv bT`2/ ∆vz/v_z 4 Ry WX 1+? +QMiBMmQmb +m`p2 BM 6B;X 9Xk M/ 9XjX `2T`2b2Mib h1^(s)mn

KQ/2- r?B+? Bb +Hmbi2` Q7 tBH KQ/2b Ul 4 R- k- j- XXXV +2Mi2`2/ i Bib HQ+H KBMBKX hQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 #2?pBQ` M/ i`2M/ Q7 Qb+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/- i?2 i`MbBi M;H2-i?2 iQiH T?b2 Q7 rp2 2tT2`B2M+2/ #v M 2H2+i`QM- Bb

Θ = (ω− kzvz− sΩc)τ, U9XRV

r?2`2 kz Bb +QH/ +B`+mBi T`QT;iBQM +QMbiMi i 7`2[m2M+v Ω M/ τ Bb 2H2+i`QM i`MbBi iBK2 i 2H2+i`QM bT22/ vzX h?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M 2H2+i`QMb M/ `7 }2H/ Bb QTiBKH i

/Bb+`2i2 b2i Q7 QTiBKmK pHm2b Q7 ΘX 6Q` i?2 HQr2bi Θ U∼ πV #`M+?- i?2 2H2+i`QMb +QMiBMmQmbHv /2HBp2` 2M2`;v iQ i?2 rp2 7i2` BMBiBH #mM+?BM;- r?2`2b i?2`2 Bb QM2 Q` KQ`2 `2#bQ`TiBQM `2;BQMUbV 7Q` ?B;?2`@Θ #`M+?2bX h?2`27Q`2- ?B;?2`@Θ KQ/2 KBMHv TQbb2bb2b ?B;?2` IstX AM b2[m2M+2 7`QK bKHH iQ H`;2 "@}2H/ BM i?2 HQr2bi Θ #`M+?- tBH KQ/2b `2 l = R- k- j- XXX- BM b2+QM/@HQr2bi Θ #`M+?- tBH KQ/2b

`2 l = k- j- 9- XXX- M/ bQ QMX

6Q` irQ QTTQbBi2 T`QT;iBQM /B`2+iBQMb Ui.e. THmb M/ KBMmb bB;Mb Q7 kzV- `2b@

QMM+2 +QM/BiBQMb `2 [mB2i /Bz2`2MiX PTiBKmK BMi2`+iBQM Q7 /2HBp2`BM; 2M2`;v

#2ir22M i?2 2H2+i`QM #2K M/ #+Fr`/ rp2 rBi? tBH KQ/2 l = @R- @k- @j- XXX Q++m`b BM i?2 HQr2bi Θ #`M+?- r?2`2b QTiBKmK BMi2`+iBQM Q7 /2HBp2`BM; 2M2`;v

6B;m`2 9X9, a2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi bi`i@Qb+BHHiBQM +m``2Mi Ist pb "@}2H/ `M;2 7`QK RdX9y iQ RdX8e h 7Q` M tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2K- Q#iBM2/ rBi? i?2 bBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v +Q/2X PT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX Ai Bb rQ`i? MQiBM; i?i QMHv i?2 HQr2bi@Θ #`M+? Q7 2+? h1^(s)mn KQ/2 Bb b?QrM 2t+2Ti s = 3X h?2 HQr2bi M/ b2+QM/@HQr2bi

#`M+?2b Q7 h1⁽³⁾_3,18 `2 /2MQi2/ #v #Hm2 M/ ;`22M /Qi HBM2b `2bT2+iBp2HvX

#2ir22M i?2 2H2+i`QM #2K M/ 7Q`r`/ rp2 rBi? tBH KQ/2 l = YR- Yk- Yj- XXX Q++m`b BM i?2 bKHH2bi "@}2H/ `M;2 Q7 2+? #`M+?X(RN)

6Q` bBKTHB+Biv- QMHv i?2 HQr2bi Θ #`M+? Q7 2+? h1^(s)mnKQ/2 Bb THQii2/ BM 6B;X 9Xk

M/ 9XjX 6B;X 9X9 `2T`2b2Mib QM2 Q7 i?2 KQbi +QKKQM +QM/BiBQMb- r?B+? `2p2Hb i?i QMHv i?2 HQr2bi Θ #`M+? TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi Ist BM i?2B` `2bT2+i rBM/QrX >2M+2 r2 +M B;MQ`2 ?B;?2`@Θ KQ/2 b72HvX L2p2`i?2H2bb- BM bQK2 +b2b HBF2 6B;X 9X8- ?B;?2`@Θ KQ/2b 2ti2M/ iQ mM/2`bB/2 Q7 i?2 HQr2bi Θ KQ/2bX h?2 HQr2bi #`M+? Q7 h1⁽³⁾_3,13 KQ/2 Bb BKK2`b2/ BM Qi?2` KQ/2bX h?Bb +QM/BiBQM Q++m`b B7 i?2 "@}2H/ `M;2b Q7 7mM/K2MiH tBH KQ/2 l = 1 Q7 irQ /Bz2`2Mi h1^(s)mn KQ/2b `2 +HQb2X

h?2`2 `2 irQ +QKKQM 72im`2b BM 6B;X 9Xk M/ 9Xj, URV h?2 ?B;?2` i?2 +v@

6B;m`2 9X8, a2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi bi`i@Qb+BHHiBQM +m``2Mi Ist pb "@}2H/ `M;2 7`QK RkXd iQ RjXy h 7Q` M tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2K- Q#iBM2/ rBi? i?2 bBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v +Q/2X PT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX Ai Bb rQ`i? MQiBM; i?i QMHv i?2 HQr2bi@

Θ #`M+? Q7 h1⁽¹⁾_1,5 KQ/2 Bb b?QrMX h?2 HQr2bi- b2+QM/@HQr2bi M/ i?B`/@HQr2bi #`M+?2b Q7 h1⁽²⁾_2,9 KQ/2b `2 /2MQi2/ #v `2/- ;`22M M/ v2HHQr /b? HBM2b `2bT2+iBp2HvX AM //BiBQM-i?2 HQr2bi M/ b2+QM/@HQr2bi #`M+?2b Q7 h1⁽³⁾_3,13 KQ/2b `2 /2MQi2/ #v #Hm2 M/ ;`22M /Qi HBM2b `2bT2+iBp2HvX

+HQi`QM ?`KQMB+ MmK#2` s- i?2 ?B;?2` i?2 Qb+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/ Ist Bb- M/ 7m`i?2`@

KQ`2- i?2 M``Qr2` i?2 `M;2 Q7 `2bQMMi "@}2H/ BbX Ai Bb +H2` i?i #2K@rp2 +QmTHBM; bi`2M;i? Hsm Bb Km+? r2F2` rBi? i?2 ?B;?2` +v+HQi`QM ?`KQMB+ MmK#2`

sX >Qr2p2`- `2bQMMi BMi2`+iBQM ;Bp2b 2+? KQ/2 /Bz2`2Mi QT2`iBM; rBM/Qr-r?B+? HHQrb bQK2 ?`KQMB+ KQ/2b ?p2 i?2 HQr2bi Ist bQK2r?2`2X AM //BiBQM- Θ Bb `Qm;?Hv i?2 bK2 M``Qr `M;2 7Q` `2bQMMi BMi2`+iBQM Q7 2+? KQ/2X AM +QM@

i`bi rBi? 7mM/K2MiH ?`KQMB+- i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7 "@}2H/ BM ?`KQMB+ BMi2`+iBQM Bb

`2/m+2/ #v s- M/ bQ Bb i?2 `M;2 Q7 `2bQMMi "@}2H/X UkV Pb+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/ Ist Bb

?B;?2` i HQr2` "@}2H/X HQr2` QT2`iBM; 7`2[m2M+v- r?B+? Bb `2bQMMi rBi? HQr2`

"@}2H/- +mb2b b?Q`i2` 2z2+iBp2 BMi2`+iBQM H2M;i? U`iBQ Q7 +pBiv H2M;i? iQ 7`22 bT+2 rp2H2M;i?V iQ `2/m+2 i?2 /Bz`+iBQM [mHBiv 7+iQ`

Qd≃

**Γ**¹² 1−**Γ**

4π l (L

λ)². U9XkV

JQ`2Qp2`- 7Q` +2`iBM s M/ l- 7`2[m2M+v Bb BM+`2bBM; rBi? "@}2H/- r?2`2b kz = lπ/L Bb HKQbi i?2 bK2 pHm2 BM i?2 bK2 +pBivX >2M+2 +M+2HHiBQM Q7 xBKmi?H

M/ tBH #mM+?BM; Bb KQ`2 +QKTH2i2 rBi? bKHH2` "@}2H/X(R)

*QKT`BM; i?2 Ist +m`p2b 7Q` Qz@tBb M/ tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2Kb- r2 Q#@

b2`p2 irQ //BiBQMH 72im`2b, UjV h?2`2 `2 72r2` KQ/2b 7Q` tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM

#2K #2+mb2 QMHv bT`b2 KQ/2 biBb7vBM; s = m +M #2 2t+Bi2/X U9V h?2 Ist pHm2b 7Q` i?2 tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2K Bb HQr2` #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 bi`QM;2bi #2K@rp2 +QmTHBM; bi`2M;i? Hsm 4 RX 6Q` T2F +m``2Mi Ib 4 R - Bi Bb b?QrM BM 6B;X 9Xk M/

9Xj i?i QMHv s 4 R M/ k KQ/2b rBi? i?2 Qz@tBb 2H2+i`QM #2K +M #2 2t+Bi2/-r?2`2b }p2 s 4 j KQ/2b rBi? i?2 tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2K TQbb2bb HQr2bi IstX h?2 Hbi irQ 72im`2b T`QpB/2 /pMi;2b Q7 QT2`iBM; rBi? tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM

#2K- r?B+? ;Bp2 mb KQ`2 ?`KQMB+ rBM/QrbX

**9Xj JmHiB@?`KQMB+ JQ/2 *QKT2iBiBQM**

6`QK 2`Hv i?2Q`2iB+H BMp2biB;iBQMb- i?2`2 `2 i?`22 KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQM +`Bi2`B

Q7 ;v`Qi`QM Qb+BHHiQ`b +QHH2+i2/ M/ HBbi2/ b 7QHHQrb,

⋆*`Bi2`BQM R, M 2`Hv bi`iBM; KQ/2 Bb bmT2`BQ` Qp2` i?2 +QKT2iBM; KQ/2bX(ky) lTQM Ib `BbBM; Qp2` Ist Q7 2`Hv bi`iBM; KQ/2- i?2 bbQ+Bi2/ #2K T2`im`#iBQM

#2+QK2b b2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi Tii2`M iQ i?2 2`Hv bi`iBM; KQ/2 Bib2H7 #mi TT2`b b

/2i`BK2MiH p2HQ+Biv bT`2/ iQ i?2 +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b- r?B+? `2bmHib BM MQMHBM2`

BM+`2b2 Q7 Ist Q7 +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b 7`QK i?2B` HBM2` pHm2b Ui.e. pHm2b 7`QK bBM;H2 KQ/2 Qb+BHHiBM;VX h?2`27Q`2- r2 +M +?QQb2 M QT2`iBQM "@}2H/- r?2`2 /2bB`2/

KQ/2 ?b i?2 HQr2bi Ist M/ Bb 2t+Bi2/ }`bi /m`BM; `BbBM; IbX L2p2`i?2H2bb- i?2`2 Bb MQ ;m`Mi22 i?i bmT2`BQ`Biv Bb KBMiBM2/ r?2M Ib Bb #Qp2 Ist Q7 +QKT2iBM;

KQ/2bX

⋆*`Bi2`BQM k, HQr2`@s KQ/2 Bb bmT2`BQ` Qp2` ?B;?2`@s KQ/2X(RR) AM ;2M2`H- i?2 +Q``2HiBQM #2ir22M Hsm M/ s Bb M2;iBp2X AM MQMHBM2` bi;2- ?`KQMB+ BMi2`+iBQM

#2K@rp2 +QmTHBM; bi`2M;i? #2+QK2b r2F2` M/ r2F2` 7Q` 7pQ`#H2 2H2+i`QMb-r?B+? /2HBp2` i?2B` 2M2`;v BMiQ rp2- M/ bi`QM;2` M/ bi`QM;2` 7Q` mM7pQ`#H2 2H2+i`QMb- r?B+? #bQ`# 2M2`;v 7`QK rp2X h?2 ?B;?2` i?2 s- i?2 KQ`2 b2MbBiBp2 i?2

?`KQMB+ /2;`/iBQM BbX >2M+2- ?B;?2`@s KQ/2 rBHH #2 bmTT`2bb2/ #v HQr2`@s KQ/2 2p2MimHHv mTQM bm{+B2Mi IbX

⋆*`Bi2`BQM j, HQr2`@kzUi.e. HQr2`@lV KQ/2 Bb bmT2`BQ` Qp2` ?B;?2`@kz KQ/2X(kR)

?B;?2` kz KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b HQr2` /Bz`+iBQM 7+iQ`- M/ ?2M+2 KQ`2 /Bb/pM@

i;2/ +T#BHBiv Q7 F22TBM; rp2 2M2`;vX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 ?B;?2` i?2 kz- i?2 KQ`2 +QKTH2i2 i?2 +M+2HHiBQM Q7 xBKmi?H M/ tBH #mM+?BM; BbX(kk) 6m`i?2`KQ`2-7`QK i?2 i`MbBi M;H2

Θ = (ω− k^zvz− sΩ^c)τ, U9XjV

r2 FMQr i?i i?2 T?b2 bT`2/- r?B+? +QK2b 7`QK 2H2+i`QM p2HQ+Biv bT`2/ M/

/Bb``M;2b i?2 T?b2 #mM+?BM;- Bb K;MB}2/ rBi? ?B;?2`@kz KQ/2X hQ bmK mT-

?B;?2`@kz KQ/2 Bb mM7pQ`#H2 i?M HQr2`@kz KQ/2 BM #Qi? i?2 HBM2` M/ MQMHBM2`

bi;2X AM //BiBQM- i?Bb HbQ 2tTHBMb i?i Ist Bb `Bb2/ b BM+`2bBM; l BM i?2 +QMiBMmQmb

#`M+? Q7 h1^(s)mn KQ/2X

AM 7QHHQrBM; KmHiB@?`KQMB+ KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMb- HH i?`22 +`Bi2`B rQ`F #mi b?`2/

BM r2B;?i Q7 BKTQ`iM+2X h?2 HBM2` i?2Q`B2b T`QpB/2 mb bQK2 BM7Q`KiBQM- BM+Hm/BM;

/Bz`+iBQM M/ P?KB+ [mHBiv 7+iQ`- K;MBim/2 Q7 kz- BMBiBH pHm2 Q7 #2K@rp2 +QmTHBM; bi`2M;i?- i2KTQ`H ;`Qri? `i2 M/ b2T`iBQM Q7 Ist Q7 +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b BMpQHp2/X >Qr2p2`- i?2`2 `2 Qi?2` BM7Q`KiBQM- 2H2+i`QM #2K `Bb2@iBK2 2z2+i M/

i?2 MQMHBM2` 2H2+i`QM /vMKB+b- MQi `2p2H2/ BM HBM2` i?2Q`B2bX >2M+2- i?2 T`2/B+@

iBQM 7`QK HBM2` Ist Bb MQi M mM7BHBM; ;mB/M+2 iQ i?2 +?KTBQM Q7 MQMHBM2` KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMX KmHiB@KQ/2- iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi- SA* bBKmHiBQM Bb M2+2bb`v 7Q` b22BM;

i?2 r?QH2 TB+im`2- r?B+? Bb `2T`2b2Mi2/ i?`Qm;? i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Qm` +b2bX

⋆ *b2 R, 6B;X 9XeUV /BbTHvb +HQb2@mT pB2r Q7 6B;X 9Xj BM "@}2H/ `M;2 r?2`2 h1⁽³⁾_3,9,1 KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi IstX h?2 KQbi HBF2Hv +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b `2 h1⁽²⁾_2,6,5 -h1⁽¹⁾_1,3,7 M/ h1⁽¹⁾_1,3,8 KQ/2bX PmiTmi TQr2`b 7`QK i?2 /QrMbi`2K Pout BM 6B;X 9XeU+V b?Qr i?i- rBi? Ib `Bb2 Q7 T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi 8 M/ `Bb2 iBK2 R µb(6B;X 9XeU#V)- QMHv h1⁽³⁾_3,9,1KQ/2 Bb 2t+Bi2/ 7`QK Bib QMb2i iQ i?2 T2F IbrBi? 7`2[m2M+v yXdk h>x M/ QmiTmi 2{+B2M+v ηout ≃ jXe W- M/ i?2 Qi?2` KQ/2b `2 bmTT`2bb2/(6B;X 9XeU+V)X 6B;X 9XeU/V /BbTHvb iBK2@7`2[m2M+v MHvbBb Q7 6B;X 9XeU+VX LQi2 i?i Sout

Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HQ; b+H2 BM 6B;X 9Xe@9XNU+V M/ BM HBM2` b+H2 BM 6B;X 9Xe@9XNU/VX AM i?Bb +b2- +`Bi2`B R M/ j THv BKTQ`iMi `QH2b KQM; KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMbX h1⁽³⁾_3,9,1 TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi kz- r?B+? `2bmHib BM i?2 HQr2bi Ist M/ bmT2`BQ`Biv Qp2` i?2 HQr2`@s M/ i?2 ?B;?2`@l KQ/2b HH i?2 iBK2X

⋆ *b2 k, h?Bb M/ i?2 7QHHQrBM; irQ +b2b `2 BM i?2 bK2 QT2`iBQM TQBMi M/

BMi2MiBQM iQ 2t+Bi2 s = 3 KQ/2- Dmbi HBF2 BM +b2 R- #mi i ?B;?2` 7`2[m2M+vX 6B;X 9XdUV /BbTHvb +HQb2@mT pB2r Q7 6B;X 9Xj BM "@}2H/ `M;2 r?2`2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi IstX h?2 KQbi HBF2Hv +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b `2 h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5- h1⁽²⁾_2,12,6

-8R

6B;m`2 9Xe, UV +HQb2@mT pB2r Q7 6B;X 9Xj BM "@}2H/ `M;2 r?2`2 h1⁽³⁾_3,9,1 KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi IstX h?2 KQbi HBF2Hv +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b `2 h1⁽²⁾_2,6,5- h1⁽¹⁾_1,3,7 M/ h1⁽¹⁾_1,3,8 KQ/2bX U#V S`Q}H2 Q7 Ib `Bb2 rBi? T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi 8 M/ `Bb2 iBK2 R µbX U+V JmHiB@

KQ/2 iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi SA* bBKmHiBQM Q7 HH #Qp2@K2MiBQM2/ KQ/2b- r?B+? b?Qrb i?i QMHv h1⁽³⁾_3,9,1 KQ/2 Bb 2t+Bi2/ i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yXdk h>x M/ 2{+B2M+v ≃ jXe WX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HQ; b+H2X U/V hBK2@7`2[m2M+v MHvbBb Q7 U+VX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HBM2` b+H2X

"@}2H/ Bb NXyR8 h M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX(R3)

h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8M/ h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,9KQ/2bX Poutb?Qrb i?i rBi? Ib `Bb2 Q7 T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi R M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yX8 µb(6B;X 9XdU#V)- QMHv h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 ;`Qrb 7`QK Bib QMb2i iQ i?2 T2F Ib rBi? 7`2[m2M+v RXjN h>x M/ ηout ≃ yXe W- M/ i?2 Qi?2` KQ/2b `2 bmTT`2bb2/(6B;X 9XdU+VU/V)X *QKT`BM; rBi? +b2 R- T`Q+2bb2b Q7 2t+BiiBQMb `2 bBKBH` #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 bK2 `2bQM Q7 i?2 /QKBMM+2 Q7 s = 3 KQ/2X >Qr2p2`-i?2 7QHHQrBM; +b2 j M/ 9 `2 [mBi2 /Bz2`2Mi b+2M`BQb- Hi?Qm;? >Qr2p2`-i?2 QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 B/2MiB+H iQ i?Bb +b2 2tT2+i i?2 T`Q}H2 Q7 IbX

⋆ *b2 j, 6B;X 9X3UV `2T`Q/m+2b 9XdUV ;BM 7Q` pB2rBM; +QMp2MB2M+2X 6B;X

6B;m`2 9Xd, UV +HQb2@mT pB2r Q7 6B;X 9Xj BM "@}2H/ `M;2 r?2`2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b i?2 HQr2bi IstX h?2 KQbi HBF2Hv +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b `2 h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5- h1⁽²⁾_2,12,6- h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8M/ h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,9 KQ/2bX U#V S`Q}H2 Q7 Ib `Bb2 rBi? T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi R M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yX8 µbX U+V JmHiB@KQ/2 iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi SA* bBKmHiBQM Q7 HH #Qp2@K2MiBQM2/ KQ/2b- r?B+? b?Qrb i?i QMHv h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 Bb 2t+Bi2/ i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ RXjN h>x M/ ηout ≃ yXe WX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HQ; b+H2X U/V hBK2@7`2[m2M+v MHvbBb Q7 U+VX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HBM2` b+H2X

"@}2H/ Bb RdX9ed h M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX(R3)

9X3U+V M/ U/V b?Qr Pout rBi? Ib `Bb2 Q7 T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi R M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yXk µb(6B;X 9X3U#V)X *QKT`BM; rBi? +b2 k- i?2 QMHv /Bz2`2M+2 Bb `Bb2 iBK2 Q7 Ib b?Q`i2M2/ #v 7+iQ` Q7 kX8X 6B`bi- i?2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 ;`Qrb i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ RXjN h>x 7`QK Bib QMb2i +m``2MiX L2ti- i?2 h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 KQ/2 ;`Qrb i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yXNR h>x BKK2/Bi2Hv 7i2` h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 M/ bmTT`2bb2b BiX 6BMHHv- i?2 h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8 KQ/2 ;`Qrb-bmTT`2bb2b i?2 Qi?2` KQ/2b M/ bim`i2b i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yX99 h>x M/ η^out ≃ jXR WX h?Bb Bb i?2 }`bi iBK2 r2 ?p2 Q#b2`p2/ UBM bBKmHiBQMV b2[m2M+2 Q7 HQr2`@s KQ/2 Qp2`iFBM; ?B;?2`@s KQ/2X AM i?Bb +b2- +`Bi2`BQM k THvb KDQ` `QH2 BM

6B;m`2 9X3, UV h?2 bK2 b 6B;X 9XdUVX U#V S`Q}H2 Q7 Ib `Bb2 rBi? T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi R M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yXk µbX U+V JmHiB@KQ/2 iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi SA* bBKmHiBQM Q7 HH KQ/2b BMpQHp2/ Bb b?QrMX 6B`bi- i?2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 ;`Qrb i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ RXjN h>xX L2ti-i?2 h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 KQ/2 ;`Qrb i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yXNR h>x rBi? h1⁽³⁾3,18,1 KQ/2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv- M/

i?2M bmTT`2bb2b i?2 T E_3,18,1⁽³⁾ KQ/2X 6BMHHv- i?2 h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8KQ/2 ;`Qrb- bmTT`2bb2b i?2 Qi?2`b

M/ bim`i2b i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yX99 h>x M/ η^out ≃ jXR WX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HQ; b+H2X U/V hBK2@7`2[m2M+v MHvbBb Q7 U+VX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HBM2` b+H2X "@}2H/ Bb RdX9ed h

M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX(R3)

KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMb- r?B+? rBHH #2 /Bb+mbb2/ Hi2`X

⋆ *b2 9, 6B;X 9XNUV `2T`Q/m+2b 9XdUV ;BM 7Q` pB2rBM; +QMp2MB2M+2X 6B;X 9XNU+V M/ U/V b?Qr Pout rBi? Ib `Bb2 Q7 T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi 8 M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yX8 µb(6B;X 9XNU#V)X *QKT`BM; iQ +b2 k- i?2 QMHv /Bz2`2M+2 Bb T2F 2H2+i`QM

#2K +m``2Mi 2MH`;2/ #v 7+iQ` Q7 8X i }`bi- h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 ;`Qrb mT iQ Ib 4 RX3

i 7`2[m2M+v RXjN h>x M/ ηout ≃ yXRj W- M/ i?2M h1⁽¹⁾1,6,8 iF2b Qp2` Bi- Tbb2b i?`Qm;? b?Q`i /m`iBQM Q7 MQM@biiBQM`v Qb+BHHiBQM M/ bim`i2b i 7`2[m2M+v ≃

6B;m`2 9XN, UV h?2 bK2 b 6B;X 9XdUVX U#V S`Q}H2 Q7 Ib `Bb2 rBi? T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi 8 M/ `Bb2 iBK2 yX8 µbX U+V JmHiB@KQ/2 iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi SA* bBKmHiBQM Q7 HH KQ/2b BMpQHp2/ Bb b?QrMX 6B`bi- i?2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 ;`Qrb i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ RXjN h>x M/ Bb bi#H2 mT iQ Ib= 1.8 rBi? 2{+B2M+v ≃ yXRj WX L2ti- i?2 h1⁽¹⁾1,6,8 KQ/2 ;`Qrb- bmTT`2bb2b i?2 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 M/ bim`i2b i 7`2[m2M+v ≃ yX99 h>x M/ ηout≃ N WX PoutBb 2tT`2bb2/

BM HQ; b+H2X U/V hBK2@7`2[m2M+v MHvbBb Q7 U+VX Pout Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM HBM2` b+H2X "@}2H/

Bb RdX9ed h M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX(R3)

RXjN h>x M/ ηout ≃ N WX Ai Bb rQ`i? MQiBM; i?i ηout i Ib 4 RX3 Bb yXRj W BM i?Bb +b2- r?B+? Bb Km+? bKHH2` i?M bim`i2/ ηout ≃ yXe W i HQr2` Ib 4 R BM +b2 kX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 }2H/ H2p2H Q7 h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2 +M MQi F22T mT i?2 BMbiMiM2Qmb bim`i2/ H2p2H rBi? `TB/ `BbBM; IbX

q2 7Q+mb QM i?i ?Qr +`Bi2`BQM k rQ`Fb BM i?2 Hbi irQ +b2b 7`QK irQ +QM+2Tib

b 7QHHQrb- r?B+? `2 MQi `2p2H2/ BM HBM2` i?2Q`B2bX

6B;X 9XRy b?Qrb i?i b2MbBiBpBiB2b Q7 Hsm Q7 2+? KQ/2 /m`BM; i?2 BMi2`+iBQMX Hsm Q7 h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8 KQ/2 Bb HKQbi +QMbiMi pHm2- r?B+? `2p2Hb i?i 7mM/K2MiH@

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

6B;m`2 9XRy, aBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v bBKmHiBQM Bb T2`7Q`K2/ iQ 2pHmi2 MQ`KHBx2/ Hsm

pb TQbBiBQM z Q7 UV h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8- U#V h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 M/ U+V h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2bX "@}2H/ Bb RdX9ed h- Ib Bb R - ∆vz/v_z Bb y W U7Q` +QMp2MB2M+2 Q7 THQiiBM;V M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX 6Q` h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8- h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 M/ h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2b- #2K 2{+B2M+B2b ηb `2 jXk W- eX3W M/ 8XdW `2bT2+iBp2HvX

?`KQMB+ KQ/2 TQbb2bb2b i`2K2M/Qmb /pMi;2X 6Q` h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 KQ/2- KtBKmK BM+`2K2Mi Q7 Hsm Bb ∼ 25W 7Q` i?2 ;BMBM; 2M2`;v 2H2+i`QM- r?BH2 KtBKmK /2+`2@

K2Mi Q7 Hsm Bb ∼ 40W 7Q` i?2 HQbBM; 2M2`;v 2H2+i`QMX LQi2 i?i i?2 `BTTH2 Q7 H^sm Q7

?B;? Q`/2` tBH KQ/2 +QK2b 7`QK i?2 T?b2 im`MQp2` Q7 }2H/X 6BMHHv- 7Q` h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2- #Qi? KtBKmK BM+`2K2Mi M/ /2+`2K2Mi Q7 Hsm `2 ∼ 50WX *QKT`BM; iQ i?2 7mM/K2MiH@?`KQMB+ KQ/2- Hsm Q7 ?B;?@?`KQMB+ KQ/2b p`B2b rBi? TQbBiBQM z /`biB+HHv- r?B+? r2F2Mb i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7 ?`KQMB+ BMi2`+iBQMbX

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

6B;m`2 9XRR, UV a2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi bBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v bBKmHiBQM Q7 HBM2` i?2Q`v Bb

T2`7Q`K2/ iQ BMp2biB;i2 i2KTQ`H ;`Qri? `i2 ωi pb 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi Ib Q7 h1⁽¹⁾_1,6,8 -h1⁽²⁾_2,12,5 M/ h1⁽³⁾_3,18,1 KQ/2bX U#V +HQb2@mT pB2r Q7 UV i BMi2`b2+iBQM Q7 i?`22 KQ/2bX

"@}2H/ Bb RdX9ed h M/ Qi?2` QT2`iBQM T`K2i2`b `2 i?2 bK2 b BM 6B;X 9XkX

6B;X 9XRR b?Qrb i?i i2KTQ`H ;`Qri? `i2 ωi pb 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi Ib Q7 2+? KQ/2- r?B+? Bb Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bBM;H2 KQ/2 biiBQM`v +Q/2X qBi? `BbBM; Ib -bmT2`BQ`Biv Q7 ωi Q7 ?B;?2`@s KQ/2 Bb bmT2`b2/2/ #v HQr2`@s KQ/2 BM b2[m2M+2X

++Q`/BM; iQ +`Bi2`BQM R- M 2`Hv@bi`i KQ/2 +`2i2b bbQ+Bi2/ #2K T2`im`#@

iBQM rBi? b2H7@+QMbBbi2Mi Tii2`M iQ Bib2H7 ;BMbi +QKT2iBM; KQ/2bX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2

?B;?2` i?2 }2H/ H2p2H- i?2 KQ`2 TQr2`7mH i?2 BM~m2M+2 Bb- r?B+? `2bmHib BM /2i`BK2M@

iH +QM/BiBQM 7Q` 2`Hv@bi`i KQ/2 rBi? bKHH2` ωiX q2FM2bb Q7 ?B;?2`@s KQ/2 bm;;2bib TvBM; ii2MiBQM iQ i?2 2H2+i`QM #2K `Bb2@iBK2 2z2+iX G`;2 b2T`iBQMb Q7 Ist #2ir22M QT2`iBM; M/ +QKT2iBM; KQ/2b- T`QHQM;2/ 2H2+i`QM #2K `Bb2@iBK2

M/ M /2[mi2 T2F 2H2+i`QM #2K +m``2Mi `2 7pQ`#H2 7Q` ?B;?2`@s KQ/2X AM

//BiBQM- }MH ηout Q7 2+? +b2 Bb jXe W Ui yXdk h>xV- yXeW Ui RXjN h>xV- jXRW Ui yX99 h>xV M/ N W Ui yX99 h>xV- r?B+? `2 +QMbBbi2Mi rBi? 2`HB2` /Bb+mbbBQM Q7 TQr2` /2;`/iBQM 7`QK P?KB+ HQbbX

*?Ti2` 8

*QM+HmbBQM

q2 ?p2 BMp2biB;i2/ MmK2`Qmb Bbbm2b QM HQr@TQr2` bi2T@imM#H2 ;v`Qi`QM +QK@

T`2?2MbBp2HvX hQ K2M/ i?2 Ǵh>x ;TǴ BM i?2 2H2+i`QK;M2iB+ bT2+i`mK- ?`KQMB+@

BMi2`+iBQM M/ Qp2`@KQ/2/ QT2`iBQM `2 2bb2MiBH iQ #`2F i?`Qm;? i?2 +QMbi`BMi Q7 T?vbB+H BMbi`mK2MibX qBi? M tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2K- i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7

?`KQMB+ BMi2`+iBQM Bb 2M?M+2/ M/ i?2 +`BbBb Q7 KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMb Bb HH2pBi2/

+QKT`BM; iQ M Qz@tBb 2H2+i`QM #2KX 1p2M B7 i?2`2 `2 p`BQmb /pMi;2b Q7 tBb@

2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2Kb- iQ `2+? i?2 `2[mB`2K2Mi Q7 M /2[mi2Hv bKHH ;mB/BM;

+2Mi2` `/Bmb rC `2HiBp2 iQ rHH `/Bmb rw Bb KQ`2 /B{+mHi 7Q` ?B;?2` Q`/2` KQ/2X GBM2` `2bmHib b?Qrb i?i 7` KQ`2 ?B;?2`@?`KQMB+ KQ/2b +M #2 2t+Bi2/ rBi? M

tBb@2M+B`+HBM; 2H2+i`QM #2KX AM bTBi2 Q7 +QMbB/2`#H2 rBM/Qrb 7Q` ?B;?2`@?`KQMB+

QT2`iBQMb- HBM2` Qb+BHHiBQM i?`2b?QH/b /Q MQi T`QpB/2 `2HB#H2 T`2/B+iBQM Q7 i?2 Qmi+QK2 Q7 KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMbX >2M+2- KmHiB@KQ/2 iBK2@/2T2M/2Mi bBKmHiBQM Bb BM/BbT2Mb#H2 iQ #2 i?2 #2+QM iQ KQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQMbX JQ/2 +QKT2iBiBQM +`Bi2`B `2 +QM}`K2/ iQ #2 rQ`F#H2 7Q` +m``2Mi Qmi+QK2bX M 2H2+i`QM #2K `Bb2@iBK2 2z2+i Bb 7QmM/ iQ THv M BKTQ`iMi `QH2 BM r?2i?2` M 2`Hv 2t+Bi2/ KQ/2 +M #2 bmbiBM2/

/m`BM; `BbBM; IbX AM //BiBQM- i?2 BMi`BMbB+ i2M/2M+v 7Q` ?B;?2`@?`KQMB+ KQ/2 iQ brBi+? Qp2` iQ HQr2`@?`KQMB+ KQ/2 i ?B;? Ib Bb HbQ Q#b2`p2/X Ai Bb i?2 }`bi iBK2 r2 ?p2 Q#b2`p2/ UBM bBKmHiBQMV b2[m2M+2 Q7 HQr@s KQ/2 Qp2`iFBM;

?B;?@s KQ/2X Hi?Qm;? QMHv T`iB+mH` +QM};m`iBQM Bb BMp2biB;i2/- i?2 mMBp2`bH T`QT2`iB2b `2 Q#iBM2/ 7Q` ;2M2`H TTHB+iBQMbX 6BMHHv- K2Mb iQ ++2H2`i2 +QK@

TmiiBQM bT22/ `2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ b r2HHX Jv i?2 Hi2+QK2`b +QmH/ b22 7m`i?2` i?M Qi?2`b #v biM/BM; mTQM i?2 b?QmH/2`b Q7 i?2 QH/iBK2`bX

"B#HBQ;`T?v

(R) EX _X *?m- _2pX JQ/X S?vbX de- 93N Ukyy9VX

(k) :X aX LmbBMQpB+?- AMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 S?vbB+b Q7 :v`Qi`QMb UCQ?Mb >QTFBMb lMBp2`bBiv S`2bb- J`vHM/- kyy9VX

(j) X oX :TQMQp@:`2F?Qp M/ oX GX :`Mibi2BM- TTHB+iBQMb Q7 >B;? SQr2`

JB+`Qrp2b U`i2+? >Qmb2- LQ`rQQ/- J- RNN9VX

(9) LX EmK`- lX aBM;?- hX SX aBM;?- M/ X EX aBM?- CX 6mbBQM 1M2`;v jy- k8d UkyRRVX

(8) CX >X "QQbF2- S?vbX SHbKb R8- y888yk Ukyy3VX

(e) *?m- LQMHBM2` 6Q`KmHiBQM 7Q` ;v`Q@hqh M/ *_J KTHB}2`X

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在文檔中繞軸旋轉電子束產生兆赫波電子迴旋脈射機制研究 (頁 52-71)

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