CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.3 Limitations and Future Research
There still is much room of improvement for this study. Hopefully more promising research and creative ideas can be spurred through the author's reflection on the limitations and future prospects.
First, due to the system feature/ restriction of the online SKE platform, Verb-Noun and Prep-Noun collocations are classified in discrete categories. That is, the SKE system, when searching for and classifying data in a corpus, treats Verb-Noun and Prep-Noun as different groups. As a result, learners' use of Verb-Prep-Noun collocations, an aspect often incorporated for collocation research, could not have been tackled directly in this study. We can see that many prepositional V-N miscollocations were still provided in this study. This is because during the process of data collection, the author discovered many erroneous uses of prepositions when examining the Verb-Noun collocation data. Since they were part of the data extracted by the online SKE system and grouped under the same category (Verb-Noun), the author still counted them as valid sources of V-N miscollocations by ESL learners.
Second, in this study, the native corpus adopted for comparison is the BNC.
There are many advantages about BNC, but the author also encountered some
problems. The most obvious one is the discrepancy between American English and British English. Since the BNC is mostly composed of British English, usually ESL learners' V-N collocations could have no matching entries in the BNC. However, when the author double-checked these V-N collocations by learners on the COCA, the American-English-based online concordancer, there were quite a few corresponding examples. The author, consequently, could only check the learners' suspicious V-N collocation with the BNC on the SKE platform first, and then on the COCA website or other resources. If an encompassing online concordancer could incorporate both enough BE and AE data, it would be great news for all language users.
Finally, confined by limited time available for this study, the author could only touch upon the nouns with the frequency count of at least 300, which accounted for 690 nouns in total, for further examination of Verb-Noun miscollocations. More frequently-used nouns in the Chinese ESL learner corpus are expected to be discussed in future studies. In addition, many interesting parts about ESL learners' use of noun phrases in their erroneous V-N collocations were not analyzed thoroughly. As prevalent mistakes about prepositions in learners' V-N miscollocations were discovered in this study, nouns indeed also function as a decisive factor in learners' accurate V-N expressions. Unfortunately, not enough discussion could have been elaborated on for this aspect in the study. In the future research, maybe more foci
could be put on the various ways learners manipulate nouns to suit their intended meanings. Noun phrases are surely an intriguing topic still waiting to be addressed.
REFERENCES
Aitchison, J. (1987). Words in the Mind, 3rd Edition, Malden, US: Blackwell Publishing.
Alexander, R. J. (1984). Fixed Expressions in English: Reference books and the teacher. ELT Journal, 38(2), 127-134.
Altenberg, B. (1993). “Recurrent verb-complement construction in the London-Lund Corpus.” In Jan Aarts, Pieter de Haan, & Nelleke Oostdijk (Eds.), English Language Corpora: Design, Analysis, and Exploration. Papers from the Thirteenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, Nijmegen 1992 (pp. 227-245). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Anthony, L. (2004). AntConc: A Learner and Classroom Friendly, Multi-Platform Corpus Analysis Toolkit. IWLeL 2004: An Interactive Workshop on Language e-Learning. Center for English Language Education in Science and Engineering School of Science and Engineering. Waseda University.
Bahns, J., & Eldaw, M. (1993). “Should we teach EFL students collocations?” System, 21, 101-114.
Barfield, A. (2007). An exploration of second language collocation knowledge and development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Swansea.
Benson, M., Benson, E., & Ilson, R. (1986a). Lexicographical description of English.Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s.
Benson, M, Benson, E., & Ilson, R. (1986b). The BBI combinatory dictionary of English: A guide to word combination. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Biber, D. (2006). University Language. John Benjamins.
Biber, D. and F. Barbieri. (2006). ‘Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers,’ English for Specific Purposes 26: 263–86.
Biber, D., S. Conrad, and V. Cortes. (2004). ‘If you look at . . .’’: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks,’ Applied Linguistics 25: 371–405. Biber, D., S.
Conrad, and R. Reppen. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan, (1999). Longman
Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson Education.
Biskup, D. (1992). L1 influence on learners’ rendering of English collocations: A Polish/German empirical study. In P. J. L. Arnaud & H. B´ejoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and applied linguistics (pp. 85–93). London: Macmillan.
Boers, F. and S. Lindstromberg, (2006). "Cognitive linguistic applications in second or foreign language instruction: rationale, proposals and evaluation." In Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives, Gitte Kristiansen, Michel Achard, René Dirven & Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáňez, eds. pp. 305-55. Mouton de Gruyter.
Brown, D. F. (1947). Advanced vocabulary teaching: the problem of collocation.
RELC Journal, 5, 1011.
Chan, T. P. (2004). Effects of CALL Approaches on EFL College Students’ Learning of Verb-Noun Collocations. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Channell, J. (198l). “Applying semantic theory into vocabulary teaching”. ELT Journal, 35 (1), 115-122.
Chen, H. H. (2001). “Taiwanese EFL Learner Corpus and Interlanguage Analysis.” In Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on English Teaching in the Republic of China, pp. 288-299. Taipei: Crane.
Chen, Hao-Jan Howard. (2011). Developing and evaluating a web-based collocation retrieval tool for EFL students and teachers, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24:1, 59-76.
Chen, M. H. (2008). A Study of the English Collocation Competence of College Students in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chen, P.C. (2002). A corpus-based study of the collocational errors in the writings of the EFL learners in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Church, K., and Hanks, P. (1989). “Word Association Norms, Mutual Information and Lexicography,” Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver , Canada . Cowie, Anthony P. (1991). “Multiword lexical units in newspaper language.” In
Sylviane Granger (Ed.), Perspectives on the English Lexicon. A Tribute to Jacques van Roey (pp. 101-116). Louvain-la-Neuve: Cahiers de l’Institut de
Linguistique de Louvain.
Cowie, Anthony P. (1992). “Multiword lexical units and communicative language teaching.” In Pierre J. L. Arnaud & Henri Bejoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and Applied Linguistics (pp.1-12). Houndsmills: Macmillan.
Cowie, Anthony P. (1994) “Phraseology.” In Ronald E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (pp. 3168-3171). Oxford: Pergamon.
Crystal, David (1991). A Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Davies, M. (2008) The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990-present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.
Ellis, N. C. (1996). Sequencing in SLA: Phonological memory, chunking, and points of order. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 91-126.
Farghal, M. & Obiedat, H. (1995). Collocations: A neglected variables in EFL.
International Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 313-331.
Firth, J. R. (1957). Idioms and idiomaticity. In Papers in linguistics, 1934-1951.
London: Oxford University.
Flowerdew, L. (2001). The exploitation of small learner corpora in EAP materials design. In M. Ghadessy, A. Henry & R. L. Roseberry (Eds.), Small corpus studies and ELT: Theory and practice (pp. 363-379). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2003). An Introduction to Language.
United States: Heinle.
Gitsaki, C. (1997). Second lexical language acquisition: A study of development of collocational knowledge. Maryland: International Scholars Publications.
Givon, T. (1993). English Grammar: a function-based introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Gledhill, C. (2000). Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen.
Granger, S. (1998a) “Prefabricated Patterns in Advanced EFL Writing: Collocations and Formulae,” In A. Cowie (Ed.) Phraseology: theory, analysis and applications.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Granger, S. (Ed.) (1998b) Learner English on Computer. London: Longman.
Granger, S. (2000). Learner corpora and English language teaching, Paper presented
at 4th International Conference on Teaching and Language Corpora, University of Graz, Austria.
Granger, S. and Tribble, C. (1998). Learner Corpus data in the foreign language classroom: form-focused instruction and data-driving learning. In Granger, S.
(Eds.), Learner English on Computer (pp. 199-209). London and New York:
Addison Wesley Longman.
Halliday, M.A.K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). “Lexis as a Linguistic Level,” In C. E. Bazell, J.C. Catford, M.A.K.
Halliday, & R.H. Robins (Eds.), In memory of J.R. Firth, pp. 148-162. London:
Longman.
Hill, D. and D. Wilkins, (1995). When GO means COME: Questioning the Basicness of Basic Motion Verbs. Cognitive Linguistics 6.2/3,209-259.
Hornby, A. S. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (8th Edition). Oxford University Press.
Horney, J. E. (1979). An Error Analysis of English Composition Written by Chinese Students in Taiwan. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Howarth, Peter (1996). Phraseology in English Academic Writing. Some Implications for Language Learning and Dictionary Making. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
Huang, Yu-Chen. (2010). A Study on Prepositional Errors in Taiwanese and Chinese Learners' English Corpora. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Hunston, S. and Francis, G. (2000). Pattern Grammar. A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
James, C (1998). Errors in language learning and use: exploring error analysis.
London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
Johns, T. (1991a). “Should you be persuaded: Two examples of data driven learning Materials, ELR Journal,” 4, 1-16.
Johns, T. (1991b). From printout to handout: Grammar and vocabulary teaching in the context of data-driven learning. ELT Journal, 4, 27-45.
Kaur, J. & Hegelheimer, V. (2005). ESL students use of concordance in the transfer of
academic word knowledge: An exploratory study. Computer Assisted Language Learning 18(4), 287-310.
Kilgarriff, A., P. Rychly, P. Smrz, D. Tugwell. (2004). The Sketch Engine. Proc EURALEX, Lorient, France; Pp 105-116.
Krishnamurthy, R. (2001). “Language Corpora: How Can Teachers and Students Use These Valuable New Resources?” In Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on English Teaching in the Republic of China, pp.
59-65. Taipei: Crane.
Laufer, B. and T. Waldman, (2011). 'Verb-Noun Collocations in Second Language Writing: A Corpus Analysis of Learners’ English,' Language Learning, v.61(2), 674-672.
Leacock, C., Chodorow M., Gamon M., and Tetreault J. (2011). Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners. Morgan and Claypool.
Leech, G. (1997). Corpus linguistics and language teaching. In Wichmann, Fligelstone, McEnery and Knowles (Eds.), Teaching and language corpora: a convergence (pp. 1-24). London and New York: Longman Press.
Lewis, M. (1994). The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward. Hove:
Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the lexical approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. (2000). Teaching collocation: Further development in lexical approach.
London: Language Teaching Publications.
Li, C. C. (2005) A Study of Collocational Error Types in ESL/EFL College Learners’
Writing. Unpublished master’s thesis, Ming Chuan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Li, C. and S. A. Thompson (2005) Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Lien, H. Y. (2003). The Effects of Collocations Instruction on the Reading Comprehension of Taiwanese College Students. Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Lin, M. J. (2010). A Study of Verb-Noun Miscollocations Based on Taiwanese and Chinese Learners’ English Corpora. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Lin, W. Y., & Yuan, H. C., & Feng, H. P. (2003). English vocabulary knowledge of first-year university students: vocabulary size and collocational knowledge. The Proceedings of 2003 International Conference and Workshop on TEFL &
Applied Linguistics (pp. 269-77). Taipei: Crane.
Liu, C. P. (1999a). A study of Chinese Culture University freshmen’s collocational competence: “Knowledge” as an example. Hwa Kang Journal of English Language & Literature, 5, 81-99.
Liu, C. P. (1999b). An analysis of collocational errors in EFL writings. The proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on English Teaching (pp.483-494). Taipei: Crane.
Liu, C. P. (2000b). A study of strategy use in producing lexical collocations. Selected Papers from the Ninth International Symposium on English Teaching (pp.481-492). Taipei: Crane.
Liu, L. E. (2002). A corpus-based lexical semantic investigation of verb-noun miscollocations in Taiwan learners’ English. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tamkang University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Manning, C. and H. Schutze. (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Mark, K. L. (1998). A parallel learner corpus approach to English curriculum development at a Japanese university. In S. Granger & J. Hung (Eds.), Proceeding of the first international symposium on computer learner corpora, second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 89-90). The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Martinez, R. and N. Schmitt. (2012). A PHRASAL Expressions List. Applied Lingustics. 33(3), 299-320.
McIntosh, A. (1961). “Patterns and Ranges,” Language 37: 325-37. Meunier, F.
(2000). A computer corpus linguistics approach to interlanguage grammar: noun phrase complexity in advanced learner writing. Unpublished PhD thesis. Centre for English Corpus Linguistics. Universite catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve.
Milton, J. (1998). WORDPILOT: enabling learners to navigate lexical universes. In S.
Granger & J. Hung (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international symposium on computer learner corpus, second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 97-98). The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Mitchell, T.F. (1971). “Linguistic ‘Goings on’: Collocations and the Other Lexical Matters Arising on the Syntagmatic Record.” Archivum Linguisticum 2, 35-61.
Murphy, J. (1983). “Words: What Goes with What?” Paper Presented at the 17th Annual Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Toronto, Ontario.
Nation, I.S.P. (2003). Vocabulary. In D. Nunan. (ed.) Practical English Language.
Nattinger, J. R. (1988). Some current trends in vocabulary teaching, In R. Carter and M. McCarthy (Ed.), Vocabulary and language teaching (pp. 62- 82). New York:
Longman.
Nattinger, J. R., & DeCarrico, J. D. (1992). Lexical phrase and language teaching.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nesi, H., Sharpling, G. & Ganobcsik-Williams, L. (2004) "Student papers across the curriculum: Designing and developing a corpus of British student writing".
Computers and Composition Volume 21, Issue 4, pp 401-503.
Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied Linguistics, 24, 223-242.
Nesselhauf, N. (2004a). “What are collocations?” In David Allerton, Nadja Nesselhauf, & Paul Skandera (Eds.), Phraseological Units: Basic Concepts and Their Application (pp. 1-21). Basel: Schwabe.
Nesselhauf, N. (2005). Collocations in a Learner Corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Newman, A. (1988). “The Contrastive Analysis of Hebrew and English Dress and Cooling Collocations: Some Linguistic and Pedagogic Parameters,” Applied Linguistics 9 (3): 293-305.
Palmer, F. R. (1976). Semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Peirce, Charles S. (1931-58), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Hartshorne and Weiss (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pawley, A. and F. H. Syder. (1983). Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Native-like selection and native-like fluency. In J. C. Richards and R. W. Schmidt (eds.).
Language and communication , 191–225. London: Longman.
Peters, A. M. (1983). The units of language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (1973). A noncontrastive approach to error analysis. In J.W. Oller, &
J.C.
Richards (Eds.), Focus on the learner: pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher.
Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers, Inc.
Robert J. Connors and Andrea A. Lunsford (1988). Frequency of formal errors in current college writing, or Ma and Pa Kettle do research. College Composition and Communication, 39(4):395–409,
Schmitt, N., NG, J.W.C. and Garras, J., (2010). The Word Associates Format:
validation evidence Language Testing. 28(1), 105-126.
Schmitt, N. and R. Carter. (2004). ‘Formulaic sequences in action: An introduction’ in N. Schmitt (ed.): Formulaic Sequences. John Benjamins, pp. 1–22.
Shih, H. H. (2000). The influence of synonymy over collocation learning. Selected Papers from the Ninth International Symposium on English Teaching (pp.516-520). Taipei: Crane.
Shei, C. C., & Pain, H. (2000). “An ESL writer’s collocational aid,” Computer Assisted Language Learning, 13, 167-182.
Siepmann, D. (2005). Discourse Markers Across Languages. Routledge.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Svartvik, J. (1996). “Corpora Are Becoming Mainstream,” In J. Thomasand & M.
Shorrt (Eds). Using Corpus for Language Research. New York: Longman.
Tanaka, H., Alzawa, T. Kim, Y.B., & Hatada, N. (1992) A method of translating English delexical structures into Japanese. Science and Technical Research Labs.
The British National Corpus, version 3 (BNC XML Edition). (2007). Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium. URL:
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/
Tseng, F. P. (2002). A study of the effects of collocation instruction on the collocational competence of senior high school students in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Varley, S. (2009). ‘I’ll just look that up in the concordancer’: integrating corpus consultation into the language learning environment. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22, (2), 133 – 152.
Wang, C. J. (2001). A study of the English collocational competence of English majors in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei.
Wible D. and Kuo C. H. (2000). “SLA Research, Learner Corpora, and Web-based Learning Environments,” SLRF 2000 (Second Language Research Forum) University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996) Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilkins, D.
(1972). Linguistics and language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
Willis, D. (1990). The Lexical Syllabus. London: Collins.
Wood, M. (1981). A Definition of Idiom. Manchester, England: Center for Computational Linguistics, University of Manchester, Reprinted by the Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Woolard, G. (2000). Collocation: encouraging learner independence. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Teaching collocation: further developments in the lexical approach (pp.28-46). London: Language Teaching Publication.
Wray, A. (1999). Formulaic language in learners and native speakers. Language Teaching, 32(4), 213-231.
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wray, A. (2008). Formulaic Language: Pushing the Boundaries. Oxford University Press. p. 322.
Wu. W. S. (1996). Lexical collocations: One way to make passive vocabulary active.
Paper from the eleventh conference on English Teaching and learning in the Republic of China (pp. 461-480). Taipei: Crane.
張文忠、楊士超 (2009)，中國學習者英語語料庫中動名搭配錯誤研究。解放軍 外國語學院學報，第 32 卷，第 2 期。
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Top 690 Nouns in the Chinese ESL Learner Corpus
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency No. Noun Frequency
Appendix B.
Verb-Noun Miscollocations in the Chinese ESL Learner Corpus (Alphabetical Order)
No. Incorrect Verb Suggested Verb(s) V-N Miscollocations Frequency
1 accept receive/ enter/ have accept higher education 130
2 appreciate enjoy appreciate the comfortable wind 3
3 attach place/ put attach emphasis to the theory 7
4 attend take/ have/ sit (for) attend an important exam 26
5 bring send/ extend bring his wishes to them 5
6 bring induce/ cause may bring cancer 3
7 catch grab/ seize catch that chance immediately 25
8 catch touch it really caught my heart 3
9 change exchange exchange presents with each other 7
10 choose identify a way to choose the talents 8
11 close turn/ switch off close your mobile telephone 3
12 content fulfill/ satisfy content my desire 3
13 cost take cost a few seconds 3
14 decide arrange decide their own marriage 6
15 devote donate devote two million dollars 5
16 disappear lose (be lost) my pen was disappeared 3
17 eat take eat medicine 11
18 enlarge broaden/ expand/ widen enlarge our horizons 11
19 enter take/ have/ sit (for) enter the exam 21
20 fasten increase fasten your speed 5
21 fill permeate false certificates fill the society 14
22 finish fulfill/ satisfy/ meet/ achieve finish their wish 6
23 forget ignore forget the stress 5
24 gain demonstrate gain greater achievement 14
25 gain earn/ win gained five thousand dollars 3
26 increase enhance/ cultivate/ foster increase our friendship 7
27 invent make/ develop/ work on invent an invention 6
33 look watch/ see looked this advertisement 7
34 mature cultivate mature our thought 5
35 open turn/ switch on open their computers 35
36 open turn/ switch on opened the television 4
37 participate take/ have/ sit (for) participate the PE exam 5
38 pay place/ put/ lay…on pay emphasis on modernization 3
39 promise grant parents promised their wish 3
40 propel better/ improve propel the society forward 6
41 punish prosecute punish those factories 4
42 realize understand/ comprehend how much they realize the lessons 3
43 realize understand realize the custom of many
countries 3
44 reduce disrupt/ restrict/ limit reduce their communication 7
45 relax relieve/ reduce relax our stress 10
46 release relieve/ lessen/ alleviate release the endless pain 22 47 release relieve/ lighten/ ease/ alleviate release the heavy burden 13
48 remove solve/ bridge remove the generation gap 3
49 renew rebuild/ reconstruct renew the civilization 3
50 say speak/ talk in say good English 4
51 select recognize/ identify means to select human talents 7
52 solve correct/ rectify/ remedy solve this mistake 4
53 study acquire/ obtain/ accumulate study new knowledge 94
54 study attend/ go to/ be admitted to study college 7
60 taste experience taste true happiness 3
61 train enhance/ increase/ develop train our ability through practice 24 62 transfer move/ relocate transfer the factories and companies 3
63 wave hail waved a taxi by the road 3
Total 832
No. Incorrect V-Prep. Suggested V-Prep.(s) V-N Miscollocations Frequency
1 adapt adapt to adapt the society 24
2 adjust adjust oneself to we should adjust the society
through college life 11
3 agree agree with/ to agree this view 135
13 complain complain to/ about complain their parents 10
14 consist consist of/ comprise consist professional soldiers 3
15 get get to/ reach get the other side of a river 12
16 go back go back to go back school 34
17 hike hike up hike a small mountain 4
18 hunt hunt for hunt a new job 34
19 interfere interfere with interfere others’ lives 7
20 learn learn from learn the experience of failure 35
21 listen listen to listen the music in my free time 115
21 listen listen to listen the music in my free time 115