CHAPTER 2 COMPARISON BETWEEN EEWH AND LEED
2.4 Quantitative Comparison of Indicators
2.4.5 Innovation and Design Indicator
In Innovation and Design Indicator, it has 4 points in LEED. This indicator encourages designer and owner to find another design method, which LEED does not mention. EEWH also has this indicator and can obtain 10 to 15% extra points.
According to LEED, if the total points are higher than 38%, it is a certified building, 48% is Silver level certification, 57% is Gold level certification, and 75% is Platinum level certification. In EEWH, if the point is higher than 12 points, it is a certified building, 31 points is Copper level certification, 37 points is Silver level certification, 43 points is Gold level certification, 53 points is Diamond level certification. In EEWH, it is not strict with score requirement because the certification level is a preliminary practice.
CHAPTER 3
ENERGY SIMULATION TOOL
3.1 The Introduction of Simulation Tool
In this study, it uses dynamic energy simulation tool (eQUEST) to evaluate building energy consumption performance. eQUEST consists of DOE-2, Wizards and Graphics. DOE-2 is the most widely recognized and respected building energy analysis program. It was first released in the late 1970's, used as beginning of earlier simulation tools. It was developed and funded by ASHRAE, NASA, the U.S. Postal Service, and the electric and gas utility industries. During the first half of the 1980's, it continued under DOE support, but decreasing national concern about energy created the need for industry support, which became its principal source of support through much of the 1990's. Through this long time of history, DOE-2 has been widely reviewed and validated in the public domain.
The simulation engine within eQUEST is derived from the latest official version of DOE-2. However, its engine extends DOE-2's capabilities in several important ways, including: interactive operation, intelligent defaults, and improvements to many defects in DOE-2.
It is designed to perform detailed analysis of advanced building technologies using most sophisticated building energy simulation technique, without requiring extensive experience of building performance modeling. This is because its simulation engine is combined
with a building creation wizard, an energy efficiency measure (EEM) wizard, industry standard input defaults, and a graphical results display module. It will be able to provide professional-level results in an affordable level of effort.
3.2 Simulation Engine Structure
The flowchart of the simulation engine is illustration in Fig. 3.1.
Basically, the program has one subprogram for translation of designer input (BDL Processor), and three simulation subprograms (LOADS, HVAC, and ECON). The LOADS subprogram executes first for the entire simulation period, and its hourly data stored in a disk file for the HVAC simulation. Next the HVAC subprogram executes for the entire simulation period, with its hourly results stored in a disk file for the ECONOMICS calculations. Finally, the ECON (economics) subprogram executes. Each of the simulation subprograms also produces printed reports of the results of its own calculations. The main components are illustration as follows:
(1) BDL Processor
The Building Description Language (BDL) processor reads the flexibly formatted input data that user supply and translates it into computer recognizable form. It also calculates response factors for the transient heat flow in walls and weighting factors for the thermal response of building spaces.
(2) LOADS
The LOADS simulation subprogram calculates the sensible and latent
components of the hourly heating or cooling load for each space in the building, assuming that each space is kept at a constant designer-specified temperature. LOADS is responsive to weather and solar conditions, to schedules of people, lighting and equipment, to infiltration, to heat transfer through walls, roofs, and windows and to the effect of building shades on solar radiation.
(3) HVAC
The HVAC simulation subprogram is divided into a secondary systems simulation (SYSTEMS) and a primary systems simulation (PLANT). The secondary HVAC systems simulation calculates the performance of air-side equipment (fans, coils, and ducts). It corrects the constant-temperature loads calculated by the LOADS subprogram by taking into account outside air requirements, hours of equipment operation, equipment control strategies, and thermostat set points. The output of the secondary HVAC system simulation is air flow and coil loads. The primary HVAC system simulation calculates the behavior of boilers, chillers, cooling towers, storage tanks, etc., in satisfying the secondary systems heating and cooling coil loads. It takes into account the part-load characteristics of the primary equipment in order to calculate the fuel and electrical demands of the building.
(4) ECON
The economic analysis subprogram calculates the cost of energy. It can also be used to compare the cost-benefits of different building designs or to calculate savings for retrofits to an existing building.
(5) Weather Data
The weather data for a location consists of hourly values of outside dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind
speed and direction, cloud cover, and solar radiation. Weather data suitable for use in the program is produced by running the weather processor on raw weather files provided by the U.S. National Weather Service and other organizations. In this study, it uses typical meteorological year (TMY) which consists of 8760 hourly weather data and is sieved out from the last ten years hourly weather data (1997-2006) which were recorded by Central Weather Bureau and can be directly utilized for DOE-2 to carry out building energy simulation.
(6) Standard Library
The program comes with a library of input components. The elements in this library are wall materials, layered wall constructions, and windows.
Other elements include HVAC performance curves, glass layers, between-glass gas fills, window blinds, pull-down shades, and lamps.
(7) User Library
The User Library contains building elements such as walls, windows, schedules, and HVAC systems which designer create.
3.3 The Custom Weighting-Factor Method
The DOE-2 computer program is a public-domain program for energy analysis of commercial or residential buildings. DOE-2 calculates hour-by-hour energy use of a building from information about building location, construction, and operation. It employs weighting-factor for calculation of thermal loads and room air temperature.
The weighting-factor method of calculating instantaneous space sensible load is a compromise between simpler methods (e.g.,
steady-state calculation) which ignore the ability of building mass to store energy, and more complex methods (e.g., complete energy balance calculations). Space heat gains at constant space temperature are determined from a physical description of the building, ambient weather conditions, and internal load profiles. Along with the characteristics and availability of heating and cooling systems for the building, space heat gains are used to calculate air temperatures and heat extraction rates.
The weighting factors represent Z-transfer functions. The Z-transform is a method for solving differential equations with discrete data. Two groups of weighting factors are used: heat gain and air temperature. The weighting factors method is illustrated in appendix.
3.4 Applications of Simulation Tool
Because of the scope and flexibility of its input, eQuest can be used in many applications, especially those involving design of the building envelope and HVAC systems, and selection of energy conserving or peak demand reduction alternatives. For example:
(1) Energy Conservation Studies
1. Effect of the thickness, order, type of materials, and orientation of exterior walls and roofs.
2. Effect of thermal storage in walls and floors, and in energy storage tanks coupled to HVAC systems.
3. Effect of occupant, lighting, and equipment schedules.
4. Effect of intermittent operation, such as the shutdown of HVAC systems during the night, on weekends, holidays, or for any hour.
5. Effect of reduction in minimum outside air requirements and the scheduled use of outside air for cooling.
6. Effect of internal and external shading, tinted and reflective glass, and use of daylighting.
(2) Building Design Studies
1. Initial design selection of the basic elements of the building, primary and secondary HVAC systems, and energy source.
2. During the design stage, evaluating specific design concepts such as system zoning, control strategies, and systems selection.
3. During construction, evaluating contractor proposals for deviations from the construction plans and specifications.
4. A base of comparison for monitoring the operation and maintenance of the finished building and systems.
5. Analysis of existing buildings for cost-effective retrofits.
3.5 The Preparation to Apply eQUEST Model
eQUEST calculates hour-by-hour building energy consumption over an entire year (8,760 hours) using hourly weather data for the location under consideration. The input parameters consist of detailed description of the building, hourly scheduling of occupants, lighting, equipments and thermostat settings. It provides accurate simulation of building features, such as shading, fenestration, interior building mass, envelope building mass and dynamic response of different heating and air conditioning systems and controls.
The simulation process begins with developing a virtual model of the
building based on architecture plans. In this study, it collects all architecture plans, architecture lateral view drawing, air-duct plans, and pipe-duct plans of Taipei Wan-Hua sports center. Alternative analyses are made by changing the efficiency measures of model that could be implemented in the building. These results of alternative analyses can be used to determine the payback, life-cycle cost (LCC), etc., and the best combination of alternatives. The preparations of modeling the building include:
(1) Analysis Objective
Clearly understand the design questions that wish to answer by using simulation model. In this study, the designer discusses with air-conditioner engineer to fully understand analysis objective in advance.
(2) Building Site and Weather Data
Important building site characteristics include latitude, longitude and elevation. In this study, the TMY weather data are adopted from Professor Lin [21].
(3) Building Shell, Structure, Materials and Shades
eQUEST analyzes walls, roof, and floors of the building in heat transfer and storage effects. Designer needs to provide the information for the heat transfer surfaces of the geometry and construction materials of the building to eQUEST.
(4) Building Operations and Scheduling
A clear understanding of the schedule of operation of the existing building is important to the overall accuracy of simulation model. This includes information about when building occupancy begins and ends, indoor thermostat setting points for the rooms under use, and HVAC and
internal equipment operations schedules.
(5) Internal Loads
Heat gain from internal loads (occupants, lights, and equipments) can constitute a significant portion of the utility requirements in buildings.
When defining internal load for each thermal zone, designer needs to specify geometric information about the thermal zones, energy consumptions for equipments and lighting systems, infiltration methods and day lighting.
(6) HVAC Equipments and Performance
HVAC systems include air-side and water-side equipments, designer needs to specify a lot of parameters in chiller, cooling tower, boiler, air handle units (AHU), fan coils (FC), and pumps, etc. These data for simulating the operation of HVAC equipments are obtained from equipment specifications and design documents.
Data required in eQuest is summarized as shown in Table 3.1, which illustrates the data should be collected prior to developing simulation or confirmed in the course of modeling.
Table 3.1 Data Requirements
3.6 Simulation Reports
After all of the simulations have completed, designer can review the results and reports from the analysis tool bar. The contents of report include:
1. Monthly energy consumption.
2. Annual energy consumption.
3. Monthly utility bills, all rates.
4. Monthly peak demand.
5. Annual peak demand.
6. Monthly peak day electric load profiles.
7. Monthly total energy consumption.
8. Annual utility bills.
9. Monthly utility bills.
10. Annual energy.
11. Annual electric use.
12. Annual building energy and demand summary.
CHAPTER 4
BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS
4.1 Background of Taipei Wan-Hua Sports Center
The simulation objective in this study is Taipei Wan-Hua Sports Center. The building geometry information is summarized in Table 4-1.
This sports center is located in Taipei (N 24.15, E 120.68), and is adjacent to Ximen metro station. It inaugurates to public in May, 2007. Taipei Wan-Hua Sports Center has seven floors and two basements. The total floor area is 12,336 square meters (132,783 square foot), and air conditioning floor area is 7,847 square meters (84,464 square foot) (B2 parking area is not included). The opening time is from 7:00 to 22:00. In this sports center, the B2 basement is used as parking lot and air-conditioner utility room, and B1 has a 25M warming-water pool, children & practice pool, SPA area, sauna & steam bath room, and aid &
life guard room. 1F has administration office, play room, canteen and chess & reading room, 2F is physical fitness center and dance studio and 3F is golf practicing room, gymnasium and table tennis room. The floors from 4F to 6F are multi-function basketball & badminton court and rock climbing wall, and 7F is 30-meter outdoor archery range.
Table 4-1 Building Geometry Information
Category Design Parameters Wan-Hua Sports Center Building Direction Face to east
Air Conditioner Floor Area 7847 square meter
Length and Wide 50m × 25m
Number of Floors 7 floors and 2 basements Longitude and Latitude Taipei, N 24.15, E 120.68 Window Insulation Condition
Window U-Value Window Properties
Glass Percentage of Wall Area Roof Insulation Condition
See Table 4-11
Floor Insulation Condition No insulation Building
Geometry and Envelope
Envelope Constructions Reinforced Concrete Temperature Setpoint Summing pool : 26C
Other spaces : 25C Equipment Efficiency ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Capacity Design Method Safety factor : 1.1 Minimum Ventilation ASHRAE Standard 62 Outdoor Air Intake ASHRAE Standard 62 Occupied Heat Gain ASHRAE Fundamental Occupied Density See Table 4-2 to 4-10 Building Schedule See Table 4-11 to 4-15 Air Condition
Air Change Rate 0.4
Lighting Density See Table 4-2 to 4-10 Lighting
Automatic Lighting Control Yes
Others Equipment Density See Table 4-2 to 4-10
Simulation Engine DOE 2.2
4.2 Energy Consumption Analysis by EEWH System
Energy Saving Indicator in EEWH system is divided into three parts:
Building Envelope, HVAC System and Lighting System. This study focuses on HVAC Energy-Saving. ECM is divided into four parts: Heat Source System, Fans system, Pumps System and Renewable Energy system. This sports center is classified as Large Space Building category in EEWH. According to different ECMs, EEWH will provide designer efficiency baseline values to calculate different coefficients, such as Energy-Saving Efficiency ( ,Rs Rf ,Rp) and utility rate (γ ), which is equal to the ratio of ECM adoption air-conditioned area to total air-conditioned area, and then the EAC formula can be calculated. The EAC formula and the related coefficients are calculated by following equations:
( )
where EAC is HVAC system energy-saving efficiency, are design power ratio, is chiller capacity (USRT), is coefficient of performance standard, are energy-saving efficiency, and is other systems energy-saving efficiency.
PRs
ci
PRf PRp
HCi COP
Rs Rf Rp Rm
α and β are air-conditioner energy saving design efficiency standard, which are according to Evaluation Manual for Green Buildings in Taiwan 2007, pp. 81 [20].
4.3 Energy Use Index (EUI) Calculation
Comparing with office building, Wan-Hua sports center is a special type of building and is rarely seen in Taiwan. This sports center is designed to apply EEWH, and there are several ECMs in this building. In order to understand the features of energy saving efficiency, this study analyzes Energy Use Index (EUI) first. The definition of EUI is an annual energy use over total floor area. High EUI value indicates more energy consumption in building. This study compares Wan-Hua sports center with Zhong-Shan sports center, which has same type of use. The EUI information of Zhong-Shan sports center is obtained from K.P. Lee, who is an assistant professor in National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT). The EUI formula is given by the following:
A
EUI = EC
(4.9) where EC is annual energy use (kWh/year) and A is total floor area (m2).
In order to calculate EUI difference between Wan-Hua and Zhong-Shan sports centers, the EUI saving percentage formula is introduced:
×100 Wan-Hua and Zhong-Shan sports center, respectively.
4.4 Energy Consumption Analysis by LEED System
LEED adopts energy simulation tool to analyze the energy use fully.
The first work before modeling is to collect related data, described in section 3.3. The data substantially cover fundamental building characteristics, such as geometrical configuration, internal loads and building shell, and energy systems, which include the water-side and the air-side of the HVAC systems and operations. After collecting all related information, designer can start to build a model. The simulation procedure in this study is illustrated as following:
4.4.1 Geometric Modeling
In order to create a building model for the eQUEST simulation, a geometric model of the building is installed. The layout of the geometric model and thermal zones is based on the architectural and the HVAC drawings. The first work is to build building footprints. According to architecture plans, designers can import DWG files into eQUEST and then they can be traced around the drawing by selecting correct units and coordinates (to ensure the right building size). Following some rules which indicated below, the building footprints can be completed.
1. The maximum number of vertices for any one polygon is 120.
2. The orders to create vertices are enumerated in counter clockwise.
3. A building footprint polygon cannot have any cutouts, and no line
segments can cross another segment in the same polygon.
4.4.2 HVAC Zoning
HVAC zoning recognizes that load profiles seen by different spaces in a building are different. Identifying those areas with similar load profiles and grouping them under the same thermostat control improve comfort level and reduce energy use. For the purpose of control, HVAC thermal zoning seeks to group together those rooms that share similar load and usage characteristics. There are some rules for HVAC zoning:
1. When modeling existing buildings, refer to the actual zoning indicated by the HVAC plans.
2. One exterior zone per major orientation (12 to 18 feet deep).
3. One internal zone per use schedule.
4. One plenum zone (if plenum returns) for each air handler to be modeled separately.
5. One zone each for special uses (e.g., conference rooms, cafeterias, etc).
6. Separate ground and top floor zones.
This study creates each zone according to actual HVAC plans. For HVAC system, designer creates air-side system based on the using type of zone. The building space conditions are summarized in Table 4-2 to 4-10. The space schedules are summarized in Table 4-11 to 4-15.
Table 4-2 B2 Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
B2 Machine(B201) 2.15 1 0 168.67 760.99
B2 Machine(B202) 2.15 1 0 151.52 683.61
B2 Elevator(B203) 0.00 0 0 27.41 123.68
B2 Elevator Wait
(B204) 5.38 1.9 0 17.98 81.10
B2 Stair(B205) 6.46 3.1 0 28.90 130.39
B2 Machine(B206) 2.15 1 0 51.67 233.11
B2 Machine(B207) 2.15 1 0 53.58 241.72
B2 Electric (B208) 2.15 1 0 13.09 59.07
B2 Elevator(B209) 0.00 0 0 11.59 52.31
B2 Stair (B210) 6.46 4.7 0 43.31 195.38
B2 Store (B211) 3.23 1.4 0 12.61 56.89
B2 Parking (B212) 2.15 10 4.31 1608.65 7257.72
Table 4-3 B1 Space Conditions
Table 4-4 1F Space Conditions
Table 4-5 2F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
2F Store (201) 3.23 7.8 2.15 72.33 346.20
2F Electric (202) 2.15 1.1 0.00 10.66 51.01 2F Elevator (203) 0.00 0 0.00 41.92 200.59
2F Stair (204) 6.46 3.8 0.00 35.42 169.52
2F Dancing (205) 15.07 13.5 2.15 125.49 600.60 2F Dancing (206) 15.07 14.6 2.15 135.68 649.38 2F Shower (207) 9.69 6.3 2.15 58.53 280.12
2F Toilet (208) 9.69 6 2.15 55.86 267.36
2F Electric (209) 2.15 1.2 0.00 10.80 51.70 2F Elevator Wait
(210) 5.38 4.8 2.15 44.52 213.08
2F Elevator (211) 0.00 0 0.00 19.92 95.31
2F Stair (212) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 151.45
2F Bicycle (213) 15.07 9.2 2.15 85.08 407.19 2F Fitness Center
(214) 15.07 59.4 16.15 551.69 2640.41
2F Dancing (215) 15.07 15.9 2.15 147.76 707.16
Table 4-6 3F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3) 3F Machain (301) 2.15 7.9 0.00 73.65 442.31 3F Electric (302) 2.15 1.1 0.00 10.66 64.01
3F Elevator (303) 0.00 0 0.00 16.74 100.52
3F Elevator Wait
(304) 5.38 1.8 2.15 16.64 99.89
3F Stair (305) 6.46 3.2 0.00 29.95 179.85
3F Stair (306) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 190.04
3F Elevator (307) 0.00 0 0.00 19.92 119.59
3F Electric (308) 2.15 1.2 0.00 10.80 64.87
3F Bunk (309) 5.38 1 2.15 39.05 234.51
3F Simulation (310) 15.07 2.6 16.15 24.28 145.83
3F Shower (311) 9.69 4.5 2.15 41.92 251.74
3F Toilet (312) 9.69 4.4 2.15 40.65 244.13
3F Elevator Wait
(313) 5.38 4.8 2.15 44.52 267.37
3F Golf (314) 15.07 41.4 2.15 385.01 2312.17 3F Martial Art (315) 15.07 26.3 2.15 244.09 1465.81 3F Table Tennis
(316) 15.07 42.8 2.15 397.78 2388.86
Table 4-7 4F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3) 4F Toilet (401) 9.69 7.8 2.15 72.14 224.30 4F Electric (402) 2.15 1.1 2.15 10.66 33.14
4F Elevator (403) 0.00 0 0.00 16.74 52.05
4F Elevator Wait
(404) 5.38 1.8 2.15 16.64 51.72
4F Stair (405) 6.46 3.2 0.00 29.95 93.12
4F Store (406) 3.23 3.4 2.15 31.56 98.14
4F Electric (407) 2.15 1.2 0.00 10.80 33.59
4F Elevator (408) 0.00 0 0.00 19.92 61.92
4F Elevator Wait
(409) 5.38 3.6 2.15 33.51 104.20
4F Stair (410) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 98.40
4F Gym (411) 15.07 1.2 2.15 1153.74 7174.92
Table 4-8 5F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3) 5F Classroom (501) 15.07 3.4 2.15 31.70 98.57 5F Electric (502) 2.15 1.1 0.00 10.66 33.14
5F Elevator (503) 0.00 0 0.00 16.74 52.05
5F Rest Room (504) 9.69 3.2 2.15 29.65 92.22
5F Corridor (505) 5.38 1.1 2.15 9.93 30.87
5F Elevator Wait
(506) 5.38 2.3 2.15 21.66 67.35
5F Stair (507) 6.46 3.1 0.00 28.79 89.53
5F Elevator (508) 0.00 0 0.00 19.92 61.92
5F Stair (509) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 98.40
5F Non (510) 0.00 0 0.00 29.11 90.53
5F Non (511) 0.00 0 0.00 10.80 33.59
5F Non (512) 0.00 0 0.00 33.51 104.20
Table 4-9 6F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3)
6F Machain (601) 2.15 1 2.15 71.29 328.15
6F Electric (602) 2.15 1.1 0.00 10.66 49.06
6F Elevator (603) 0.00 0 0.00 16.74 77.05
6F Stair (604) 6.46 3.1 0.00 28.79 132.54
6F Elevator Wait
(605) 5.38 2.3 2.15 21.62 99.50
6F Electric (606) 2.15 1.2 0.00 10.80 49.72
6F Machine (607) 2.15 1 0.00 33.51 154.26
6F Elevator (608) 0.00 0 0.00 19.92 91.67
6F Stair (609) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 145.67
6F Gym (610) 0.00 126.5 2.15 1174.79 5407.74
6F Non (611) 0.00 0 0.00 3.46 15.90
Table 4-10 7F Space Conditions Space Lighting
(W/m2) People Equipment (W/m2)
Area (m2)
Volume (m3) 7F Machain (701) 2.15 1 0.00 118.53 567.31 7F Electric (702) 2.15 1.1 0.00 10.66 51.01
7F Elevator (703) 0.00 0 0.00 17.46 83.54
7F Elevator Wait
(704) 5.38 2.5 2.15 22.82 109.21
7F Stair (705) 6.46 3 0.00 27.86 133.35
7F CT (706) 2.15 1 0.00 161.75 774.15
7F Electric (707) 2.15 1.2 0.00 11.04 52.83
7F Elevator (708) 0.00 0 0.00 19.81 94.79
7F Stair (709) 6.46 3.4 0.00 31.64 151.45
7F Stair (710) 6.46 1.2 0.00 10.99 52.61
7F Elevator Wait
(711) 5.38 3.7 2.15 34.28 164.06
7F Rest Room (712) 9.69 7.8 2.15 72.28 345.93
7F Toilet (713) 9.69 3.9 2.15 36.01 172.32
Table 4-11 Building Operating Schedule (Swimming Pool)
Swimming pool occupant schedule For days: SUN. SAT. HOL.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.3 0 0
For days: MON. to FRI.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 1 1 1 0.5 0 0
Table 4-12 Building Operating Schedule (Other Space) Other space occupant schedule
For days: SUN. SAT. HOL.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 1 1 1 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 0
For days: MON. to FRI.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 0
Table 4-13 Building Operating Schedule (Lighting)
Lighting schedule For days: SUN. SAT. HOL.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fraction 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 For days: MON. to FRI.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fraction 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05
Table 4-14 Building Operating Schedule (Fans) Fans schedule
For days: SUN. SAT. HOL.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ON/OFF 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
For days: MON. to FRI.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ON/OFF 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Table 4-15 Building Operating Schedule (Equipment) Equipment schedule
For days: SUN. SAT. HOL.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fraction 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 For days: MON. to FRI.
Fraction 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 For days: MON. to FRI.