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Tables
Table 1. The 19 bioclimate variables in WorldClim, and their current-day and last glacial maximum ranges for the study area.
Variable Present-day
range
LGMa range Bio1: Annual mean temperature -7.4~26.7 (°C) -11.1~25.1 (°C) Bio 2: Mean diurnal range 4.2~16.4 (°C) 4.9~39.2 (°C) Bio 3: Isothermalityb 17~58 (°C *100) 18~77 (°C *100) Bio 4: Temperature seasonalityc 2.17~11.77 (°C) 2.16~11.75 (°C) Bio 5: Maximum temperature of warmest
month
3.9~37.4 (°C) 0.2~43.1 (°C) Bio 6: Minimum temperature of coldest month -26.2~18.8 (°C) -42.7~13.8 (°C) Bio 7: Temperature annual range 13.1~48.2 (°C) 17.1~63.8 (°C) Bio 8: Mean temperature of wettest quarter -0.7~29.5 (°C) -6.6~27.4 (°C) Bio 9: Mean temperature of driest quarter -16.2~27.9 (°C) -21.6~24.0 (°C) Bio 10: Mean temperature of warmest quarter -0.7~30.2 (°C) -4.3~28.8 (°C) Bio 11: Mean temperature of coldest quarter -16.2~23.3 (°C) -21.6~21.3 (°C) Bio 12: Annual precipitation 167~4589 (mm) 142~5531 (mm) Bio 13: Precipitation of wettest month 49~1108 (mm) 43~1353 (mm) Bio 14: Precipitation of driest month 0~216 (mm) 0~267 (mm) Bio 15: Precipitation seasonalityd 11~150 11~152
Bio 16: Precipitation of wettest quarter 104~2774 (mm) 91~3386 (mm) Bio 17: Precipitation of driest quarter 2~773 (mm) 0~975 (mm) Bio 18: Precipitation of warmest quarter 97~2774 (mm) 85~3386 (mm) Bio 19: Precipitation of coldest quarter 3~995 (mm) 1~1243 (mm)
aLGM = last glacial maximum
bIsothermality = (Bio2/Bio7)*100
cTemperature seasonality is the standard deviation of the monthly temperatures among the 12 months
dPrecipitation seasonality is the coefficient of variation (CV) of the monthly precipitations among the 12 months.
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Table 2. The structure matrix of the first canonical discriminant function and the discriminant loadings of original bioclimatic variables.
Variable name Function1 loading
Isothermality .548
Temperature seasonality -.536
Mean diurnal range .460
Temperature annual rangea -.396
Precipitation seasonality .323
Precipitation of warmest quarter -.258
Precipitation of coldest quartera -.224
Precipitation of driest quarter -.215
Maximum temperature of warmest month -.190
Mean temperature of warmest quartera -.175
Mean temperature of coldest quartera .167
Precipitation of warmest quarter .151
Mean temperature of driest quarter .151
Annual precipitation -.146
Precipitation of wettest quarter .095
Precipitation of wettest month .078
Minimum temperature of coldest month .078
Annual mean temperature .040
Mean temperature of wettest quarter -.024
aThese variables failed minimum tolerance criteria (0.001) and were excluded in the final model.
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Figures
Figure 1. The outcomes of competitive exclusion between two species.
The circles denoted the fundamental niches of the two species, with the green and red dots representing their respective realized niches. The area of potential sympatry is where the fundamental niches overlap. The first outcome is that the two species are randomly distributed within the sympatric zone (a), indicating a lack of competitive exclusion. The
second and third outcomes are that, one species is completely absent from the sympatric zone (b), or the two species are segregated within the
sympatric zone (c), both indicating competitive exclusion (modified from Costa et al. 2008).
37