Explanatory Notes
Scope
Environmental Statistics cover areas in relation to the environment including weather, air, water, waste, waste, noise, etc.
Sources of Information
Data were derived from statistical projects of the Statistics and Census Service, as well as information provided by other government departments and institutions.
Geography － Cartography and Cadastre Bureau, Statistics and Census Service
Natural Heritage － Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau
Weather － Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau, Security Forces Coordination Office
Air － Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau, Environmental Protection Bureau
Water － Maritime Administration, Laboratory of the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau, Public Health Laboratory of the Health Bureau, Environmental Protection Bureau
Waste － Maritime Administration, Macao Waste Systems Company Limited, Environmental Protection Bureau, Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau, Health Bureau, Hospitals
Noise － Environmental Protection Bureau, Public Security Police Force, Macau Government Tourist Office, Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau
Glossary
Acid rain － Acid rain is defined as rain with the pH below 5.6. It is mainly caused by burning of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, petroleum, etc.), which releases sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain lowers the pH of lake water and soil, posing threat to animals and plants; it is also corrosive to buildings and other substances, damaging ancient monuments and human civilizations.
The pH table of rain
distilled water │
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
acid rain │ “pure＂rain
(5.6)
acidic neutral alkaline
Air quality index － A reference indicator of air quality. The air quality index is based on the concentrations of air pollutants (including carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and respirable suspended particulates) measured every 24 hours by the monitoring stations; concentration is then converted to a value between 0 and 500 to indicate the pollution condition of the air.
Good Moderate Bad Very bad Severe Harmful 0-50 51-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500
Carbon monoxide (CO) － Carbon monoxide is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon. Vehicle exhausts are a main source of carbon dioxide in urban areas.
When carbon monoxide enters the body, it will prevent oxygen from binding to the haemoglobin, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, and affecting the health of human.
Environment － A set of physical, ecological, economic and socio-cultural conditions that may, directly or indirectly, affect living organisms, human health and their quality of life.
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Fine suspended － Particles of less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter suspended particulates in air, which occur in nature or are generated by human
activities. Inhaled particles penetrate deep into the lungs and cause symptoms like discomfort, short of breath, cough, etc. to the respiratory system. The maximum standard value is 75 μg/m3 per day.
Lead － Lead is a heavy metallic element. Lead in the air mainly comes from vehicle exhausts and industrial activities. Excessive absorption of lead and its compounds by human body causes lead poisoning.
Meteorological normals － According to the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization, averages of the meteorological variables of the latest 30-year are used as reference values, which will be updated every ten years. Current reference period is from 1981 to 2010.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) － Nitrogen dioxide is a gas with a pungent and irritating odour, which comes mainly from vehicle exhausts and burning of industrial fuel. Under sunlight, nitrogen dioxide forms ozone, which is major cause of photochemical smog and main source of acid rain.
Noise － Undesirable or unpleasant audible sound that exerts negative effects on health (hearing damage). Usually, noise is generated by traffic, construction, etc. Noise is measured in decibels.
Ozone － Ozone is a pungent gas formed by a chemical reaction of ultraviolet ray of the sun and compounds of nitrogen oxides. It is a major component of photochemical smog, which seriously affects human respiratory system.
Pollution － The processes or consequences of the release of environmental contaminants that are directly or indirectly harmful to life.
Common pollution includes atmospheric pollution, water, noise, light and air pollution, etc.
Recycling － The reuse of waste materials or the transformation of potentially polluted wastes to usable resources.
Respirable suspended － Particles of less than 10 micrometres in diameter suspended particulates in air, which occur in nature or are generated by human
activities. Inhaled particles penetrate deep into the lungs and cause symptoms like discomfort, short of breath, cough, etc. to the respiratory system. The maximum standard value is 150 μg/m3 per day.
Sedimentary particles － Particulate matter (with a diameter generally less than 100 micrometres) in the air that settles in the dust collector by natural process under gravity. The maximum standard value is 6,000 mg/m2 per 30 days in light industrial area.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) － Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas. It is mainly produced by combustion of mineral fuels and comes from vehicle exhausts.
SO2 reacts with water to form sulphurous acid, a main substance that causes acid rain.
Tropical cyclones － Massive hot and humid air formed in low latitude areas, which often moves in spiral directions and affects the weather of the surrounding area.
Internationally, severity of cyclones is classified by the maximum wind speed near its center, as follows.
Tropical cyclones Speed (km/hour) 1. Tropical depression 62
2. Tropical storm 63-88
3. Severe tropical storm 89-117
4. Typhoon ≧118
Ultraviolet index － The measurement of effects on human skin of solar ultraviolet radiation on the surface of the earth. The magnitude of ultraviolet index is closely related to the height of the sun, total amount of ozone, clouds and suspended particulates.
Waste － Residues derived from uses of raw materials, which cannot be used as products or by-products and that the owner intends or needs to dispose of.
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符號註釋
Sinais convencionais
Symbols and abbreviations
- 絕對數值為零 Valor absoluto igual a zero Absolute value equals zero
.. 不適用 Não aplicável Not applicable
~ 沒有數字 Não foram fornecidos dados No figure provided
r 修訂數字 Dado revisto Revised figures
% 百分率 Percentagem Percentage
0# 數字少於採用
單位半數
Resultado inferior a metade da unidade adoptada
Magnitude less than half of the unit employed
‘000 千人 Mil pessoas Thousand person
‘000 MOP 千澳門元 Mil Patacas de Macau Thousand Macao Pataca
ºC 攝氏度 Graus célsius Degree Celsius
d 直徑 Diâmetro Diametre
h 小時 Hora Hour
hPa 百帕斯卡 Hectopascal Hectopascal
kg 公斤 Quilograma Kilogram
km 公里 Quilómetro Kilometre
km2 平方公里 Quilómetro quadrado Square kilometre
mm 毫米 Milímetro Milimetre
m2 平方米 Metro quadrado Square metre
m3 立方米 Metro cúbico Cubic metre
mg/l 毫克/升 Miligrama/litro Milligram/litre
μg/l 微克/升 Micrograma/litro Microgram/litre
μS/cm 微西門子/厘米 Micro Siemen/centímetro Micro Siemen/centimetre
Nº/No. 數目 Número Number
NTU 濁度單位 Unidades Nefelométricas de Turbidez
Nephelometric turbidity unit
ton 公噸 Tonelada Tonne
E 東 Leste East
S 南 Sul South
W 西 Oeste West
N 北 Norte North
註：由於進位的關係，各分項之和與總數可能有差異。
Nota: Os totais podem não coincidir com a soma das parcelas, devido aos arredondamentos.
Note: Total may not correspond to the sum of partial figures due to rounding.
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1 資料摘要 Resumo de dados Summary data
39
2 植物及動物 Flora e fauna Flora and fauna
40
3 2012年氣象資料
Elementos climatológicos em 2012 Climatological observations, 2012
41
4 1981 - 2010年的氣候平均值及1901 - 2012年的氣候極值
Valores normais (1981 - 2010) e extremos (1901 - 2012) climatológicas Climatological normals (1981 - 2010) and extremes (1901 - 2012)
43
5 年度氣象資料及與1981 - 2010年氣候平均值的差距
Elementos climatológicos anuais e desvios em relação ao valor normal do período de 1981 - 2010 Annual climatological observation and deviation from the normals for 1981- 2010
45
6 紫外線指數 Índice ultra-violeta Ultraviolet index
46
7 2012年熱帶氣旋
Tempestades tropicais em 2012 Tropical cyclones, 2012
47
8 2012年空氣質量 Qualidade do ar em 2012 Air quality, 2012
48
9 2012年的空氣污染物濃度
Concentração de poluentes do ar em 2012 Concentration of air pollutants, 2012
50
10 沉澱粒子觀察值及空氣含鉛濃度
Valores de partículas sedimentáveis e concentrações de chumbo no ar Observation of sedimentary particulates and lead concentration in air
51
11 有關空氣的投訴
Reclamações sobre a poluição do ar Air pollution complaints
52
12 原水
Água não potável captada Raw water
53
13 食水處理及耗用量
Volume de água tratada e consumida Potable water treated and water consumption
54
Quadros
Tables
14 按用戶統計的收費用水量
Volume de água facturada por consumidor Volume of water charged by type of user
55
15 供水網及食水處理廠的水質
Qualidade da água das redes de distribuição e das estações de tratamento de água Quality of water from distribution networks and water treatment plants
56
16 2012年供水網食水的化學質量
Qualidade química da água das redes em 2012
Chemical quality of potable water distribution network, 2012
57
17 固體廢料收集及分類回收
Resíduos sólidos recolhidos e reciclados Garbage and recyclable waste collected
58
18 廢料處理
Tratamento dos resíduos Garbage treated
59
19 2012年污水處理
Resíduos líquidos tratados em 2012 Waste water treated, 2012
60
20 排水管的維修保養
Manutenção da rede de esgotos Maintenance of drainage systems
62
21 噪音投訴
Reclamações sobre poluição sonora Noise Complaint
63
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29.7 29.9 29.9
540.6 557.4 582.0
18.1 18.4 19.0
47.7 47.5 50.4
413.4 416.0 417.4
476 496 521
22.3 21.9 r 22.3
5 5 5
2 172.6 1 363.6 1 556.0
3.4 3.5 3.6
76 755 287 77 599 602 84 577 744
210 289 212 602 231 087
187 768 185 586 203 123
164 780 165 595 182 706
15 11 10
RESUMO DE DADOS SUMMARY DATA
平均氣溫 (攝氏度) Temperatura média do ar (ºC) Mean air temperature (ºC)
2010 2011 2012
陸地總面積 (平方公里) Superfície total (km2) Total land area (km2) 年終人口 (千人)
População estimada no fim de ano ('000) End-year population estimate ('000)
汽車密度 (架/公里)
Densidade de veículos (Nº/km) Motor vehicle density (No./km)
熱帶氣旋 (數目) Tempestades tropicais (Nº) Tropical cyclones (No.) 人口密度 (千人/平方公里) Densidade populacional ('000/km2) Population density ('000/km2) 海岸綫長度 (公里) Comprimento litoral (km) Length of coastline (km)
道路行車線總長度 (公里)
Total da extensão das rodovias (km) Lane length of public roads (km)
總降雨量 (毫米) Precipitação total (mm) Total rainfall (mm)
雨水最低酸鹼值 Valor de pH mais baixo Lowest pH value registered
日均耗水量 (立方米) Consumo médio diário (m3) Water consumption per day (m3)
生活垃圾 (公噸) Resíduo doméstico (ton) Domestic garbage (ton) 山火 (宗)
Incêndios em colinas montes (caso) 日均處理的污水 (立方米)
Resíduos líquidos tratados em média diariamente (m3) Waste water treated per day (m3)
處理食水總量 (立方米) Volume total de água tratada (m3) Volume of drinking water treated (m3)
植物 / Flora / Flora
澳門半島 / Península de Macau / Macao Peninsula 行人道樹木 (株)
Árvores ornamentais de arruamentos Trees planted on the roadside
9 305 9 638 9 925
新種植樹木 (株)
Árvores plantadas recentemente New planted trees
461 826 480
砍伐樹木 (株) Árvores deitadas abaixo Trees cut down
272 430 482
樹木品種 Espécies Species
280 391 395
喬木 / Árvores / Trees
105 216 220
灌木 / Arbustos / Bushes
175 175 175
離島 / Ilhas / Islands 行人道樹木 (株)
Árvores ornamentais de arruamentos Trees planted on the roadside
7 309 7 495 7 004
新種植樹木 (株)
Árvores plantadas recentemente New planted trees
121 400 20
砍伐樹木 (株) Árvores deitadas abaixo Trees cut down
115 431 418
再植林用的樹木數目 (株) Árvores utilizadas na reflorestação Trees for reforestation
474 692 480 000 485 243
再植林用的樹木品種 / Espécies / Species
124 124 125
動物 / Fauna / Fauna
飛禽 (候鳥及留鳥)
Aves (migratórias e residentes) Birds (migratory and resident)
101 96 122
兩棲動物 / Anfíbios / Amphibians
6 6 6
哺乳類 / Mamíferos / Mammals
13 14 13
魚類 / Peixes / Fishes
200 200 200
爬蟲類 / Répteis / Reptiles
13 13 8
昆蟲類 / Insectos / Insects
500 500 500
2012 2010
2 植物及動物 FLORA E FAUNA FLORA AND FAUNA
2011
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氣象資料 Elementos meteorológicos Meteorological observation
一月 Jan.Jan.
二月 Feb.Fev.
三月 Mar.Mar.
四月 Abr.Apr.
五月 Mai.May
六月 Jun.Jun.
七月 Jul.Jul.
八月 Ago.Aug.
九月 Sept.Set.
十月 Out.Oct.
十一月 Nov.Nov.
十二月 Dez.Dec.
全年 Anual Annual
氣溫 (攝氏度) Temperatura do ar (°C) Air temperature (°C)
絕對最高 Máxima absoluta Absolute maximum
22.5 23.0 28.8 29.2 32.8 34.4 36.1
(21) 35.8 33.2 32.3 28.6 27.6 36.1
平均最高 Média das máximas Mean maximum
16.0 17.3 21.0 25.3 29.5 30.2 30.7 32.4 30.9 29.4 23.9 19.5 25.5
平均 Média Mean
13.0 14.4 17.9 22.7 26.5 27.3 27.8 28.6 27.3 25.2 20.9 16.4 22.3
平均最低 Média das mínimas Mean minimum
11.1 12.3 15.7 20.9 24.8 25.3 25.7 26.0 24.7 22.9 19.0 14.0 20.2
絕對最低 Mínima absoluta Absolute minimum
(25)5.0 7.4 10.1 17.4 22.8 23.3 23.4 23.5 20.9 17.0 11.8 5.9 5.0
平均日較差 Variação média diurna Mean diurnal range
4.9 5.0 5.3 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.0 6.4 6.2 6.6 4.8 5.5 5.3
相對濕度 (百分比) Humidade relativa (%) Relative humidity (%)
平均 Média Mean
83.0 85.0 85.0 88.0 82.0 82.0 80.0 75.0 71.0 70.0 82.0 81.0 80.0
絕對最低 Mínima absoluta Absolute minimum
49.0 44.0 28.0 53.0 49.0 46.0 37.0 34.0 27.0 (17) 27.0
(11) 41.0 34.0 27.0
平均雲量 (0-10份) Média de nebulosidade (0-10 décimos)
Mean cloudiness (0-10 tenths)
8.5 9.2 8.1 8.5 7.8 8.0 7.1 7.1 6.5 5.1 7.7 7.8 7.6
ELEMENTOS CLIMATOLÓGICAS EM 2012 CLIMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 2012
氣象資料 Elementos meteorológicos Meteorological observation
一月 Jan.Jan.
二月 Feb.Fev.
三月 Mar.Mar.
四月 Abr.Apr.
五月 Mai.May
六月 Jun.Jun.
七月 Jul.Jul.
八月 Ago.Aug.
九月 Sept.Set.
十月 Out.Oct.
十一月 Nov.Nov.
十二月 Dez.Dec.
全年 Anual Annual
3 2012年氣象資料
ELEMENTOS CLIMATOLÓGICAS EM 2012 CLIMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 2012
日照量 / Insolação / Sunshine 日照時間 (小時)
Duração da insolação (h) Duration of sunshine (h)
68.2 27.5 76.3 63.4 149.4 138.1 235.8 185.3 210.2 209.3 97.7 84.1 1 545.3
百分率 Percentagem (%) Percentage (%)
20.0 8.0 20.0 17.0 36.0 34.0 57.0 46.0 57.0 58.0 29.0 25.0 35.0
雨水 (毫米) / Precipitação (mm) / Rainfall (mm)
總雨量
Total 42.8 27.4 18.8 370.0 126.4 182.8 394.4 163.6 53.0 62.6 70.2 44.0 1 556.0
降雨日數
Dias com precipitação Days with rain
13 16 12 16 14 19 22 11 13 5 15 9 165
最高日雨量 Máxima diária Daily maximum
23.2 11.0 6.8 63.6 44.2 29.2 143.2
(24) 74.8 10.4 53.2 15.2 18.6 143.2
最高時雨量 Máxima horária Hourly maximum
4.8 3.4 2.2 28.2 15.0 17.6 29.6
(10) 47.8 7.0 17.4 5.4 7.0 47.8
風 (公里/小時) / Vento (km/h) / Wind (km/h)
盛行風向
Direcção predominante Prevailing direction
N NNE NNE SE E E S SW E E N N E
平均風速 Velocidade média Mean speed
15.9 14.6 13.2 11.2 11.7 12.2 11.5 9.2 13.3 13.8 14.7 16.5 13.2
最高陣風 Rajada máxima Maximum gust
72.0 61.0 70.0 56.0 52.0 88.0 100.0
(23) 85.0 61.0 72.0 65.0 80.0 100.0
註：括弧內資料表示錄得全年極值的日期
Data dentro dos parênteses indicam a data em que registaram-se o valor extremo Figure within the parenthesis indicates the date when the extreme value is recorded
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氣象資料 Elementos meteorológicos Meteorological observation
一月 Jan.Jan.
二月 Fev.Feb.
三月 Mar.Mar.
四月 Abr.Apr.
五月 Mai.May
六月 Jun.Jun.
七月 Jul.Jul.
八月 Ago.Aug.
九月 Sept.Set.
十月 Out.Oct.
十一月 Nov.Nov.
十二月 Dez.Dec.
全年 Anual Annual
氣溫 (攝氏度) Temperatura do ar (°C) Air temperature (°C)
29.1 30.2 31.5 35.3 37.5 36.9 38.9 38.5 38.1 36.0 34.2 30.0 38.9
平均最高 Média das máximas Mean maximum
18.2 18.5 21.0 24.7 28.4 30.3 31.6 31.5 30.4 28.1 24.1 20.1 25.6
平均 Média Mean
15.1 15.8 18.3 22.1 25.6 27.6 28.6 28.4 27.4 25.0 20.9 16.8 22.6
平均最低 Média das mínimas Mean minimum
12.5 13.6 16.2 20.2 23.6 25.6 26.2 26.1 25.1 22.6 18.3 14.0 20.3
- 1.8 0.4 3.2 8.5 13.8 18.5 19.3 19.0 13.2 9.5 5.0 0.0 - 1.8 (1948-01-26)
平均日較差 Variação média diurna Mean diurnal range
5.7 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.7 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.2
相對濕度 (百分比) Humidade relativa (%) Relative humidity (%)
平均 Média Mean
73.8 81.0 84.5 86.1 84.4 84.0 81.8 81.4 77.9 72.4 70.2 68.5 78.8
10.0 19.0 13.0 26.0 20.0 23.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 16.0 11.0 10.0 (1968-01-15)
日照量 / Insolação / Sunshine 日照時間 (小時)
Duração da insolação (h) Duration of sunshine (h)
127.4 79.4 71.5 85.3 136.4 155.3 223.2 195.4 176.5 192.3 172.2 159.1 1 773.9
百分率 Percentagem (%) Percentage (%)
37.5 24.6 19.2 22.5 33.4 38.5 54.0 48.9 47.8 53.1 51.7 47.4 40.0
平均雲量 (0-10份) Média de nebulosidade (0-10 décimos)
Mean cloudiness (0-10 tenths)
6.2 7.5 8.1 8.4 7.8 7.7 6.9 7.0 6.5 5.3 5.1 5.1 6.8
VALORES NORMAIS (1981 - 2010) E EXTREMOS (1901 - 2012) CLIMATOLÓGICAS CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS (1981 - 2010) AND EXTREMES (1901 - 2012)
絕對最高 Máxima absoluta
Absolute maximum (1930-07-02)
(1930-07-06)
絕對最低 Mínima absoluta Absolute minimum
絕對最低a Mínima absolutaa Absolute minimuma
氣象資料 Elementos meteorológicos Meteorological observation
一月 Jan.Jan.
二月 Fev.Feb.
三月 Mar.Mar.
四月 Abr.Apr.
五月 Mai.May
六月 Jun.Jun.
七月 Jul.Jul.
八月 Ago.Aug.
九月 Sept.Set.
十月 Out.Oct.
十一月 Nov.Nov.
十二月 Dez.Dec.
全年 Anual Annual
4 1981 - 2010年的氣候平均值及1901 - 2012年的氣候極值
VALORES NORMAIS (1981 - 2010) E EXTREMOS (1901 - 2012) CLIMATOLÓGICAS CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS (1981 - 2010) AND EXTREMES (1901 - 2012)
雨水 (毫米) / Precipitação (mm) / Rainfall (mm)
總雨量
Total 26.5 59.5 89.3 195.2 311.1 363.8 297.4 343.1 219.5 79.0 43.7 30.2 2 058.1
降雨日數 Número de dias com precipitação
Number of days with rain
5.5 9.9 11.7 12.0 13.9 17.7 16.0 16.0 12.3 6.1 4.6 4.5 130.2
153.1 279.0 477.8 749.4 975.2 1 204.0 917.9 836.4 621.4 405.1 244.4 150.8 1 204.0
106.2 67.2 91.1 303.2 348.2 304.3 240.2 275.8 280.2 316.6 217.4 118.2 348.2 (1972-05-10)
17.8 25.6 45.6 100.4 107.2 75.6 90.4 94.0 125.1 52.6 42.0 19.0 125.1 (1964-09-06)
累計雨量
Precipitação acumulada Cumulative rainfall
26.5 86.0 175.3 370.4 681.5 1 045.3 1 342.7 1 685.8 1 905.4 1 984.3 2 028.0 2 058.1 2 058.1
風 (公里/小時) / Vento (km/h) / Wind (km/h)
盛行風向
Direcção predominante Prevailing direction
N N ESE ESE ESE S SSW ESE ESE N N N N
平均風速 Velocidade média Mean speed
14.1 13.3 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.4 11.4 13.1 14.5 15.1 14.8 13.3
90.0 93.0 100.0 121.0 139.0 152.0 141.0 152.0 211.0 132.0 130.0 91.0 211.0 (1964-09-05)
雷暴日數
Nº de dias com trovoada No. of days with thunderstorm
0.1 0.7 2.0 3.8 7.0 10.0 9.0 10.5 6.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 50.7
霧日數
Nº de dias com nevoeiro No. of days with fog
1.7 3.5 6.3 4.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 17.6
蒸發量 (毫米) Evaporação (mm) Evaporation (mm)
77.4 51.8 49.3 49.0 65.8 69.8 83.2 81.6 96.0 116.1 106.2 98.7 945.1
a 自1952年起計 Desde 1952
Data available since 1952 註：括弧內資料表示錄得極值的日期
Data dentro dos parênteses indicam a data em que registaram-se o valor extremo Figure within the parenthesis indicates the date when the extreme value is recorded
最高時雨量a
Máxima horáriaa Hourly maximuma
最高陣風a Rajada máximaa Maximum gusta 最高日雨量 Máxima diária Daily maximum 最高月雨量 Máxima mensal
Monthly maximum (2008-06)
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平均氣溫 (攝氏度)
Temperatura média do ar (°C) Mean air temperature (°C)
22.3 -0.1 21.9 -0.7 22.3 -0.3
平均相對濕度 (百分比)
Humidade relativa média do ar (%)Mean relative humidity (%)
80.0 1.0 76.0 -2.0 80.0 1.0
總降雨量 (毫米) Precipitação total (mm) Total rainfall (mm)
2 172.6 39.2 1 363.6 -694.5 1 556.0 -502.1
總蒸發量 (毫米) Evaporação total (mm) Total evaporation (mm)
686.2 -385.1 872.7 -72.4 734.4 -210.7
總日照量 (小時) Insolação total (h) Total sunshine (h)
1 557.4 -270.6 1 846.0 72.1 1 545.3 -228.6
數值 Valor Value 2011