The red panda is an endangered species listed on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 1994 (Glatston et al., 2015). Anthropogenic impacts, such as habitat degradation (Williams, 2006; Dorji et al., 2011; Dendup et al., 2017; Panthi et al., 2017), disturbances from livestock and grazing activities (Yonzon & Hunter, 1991; Yonzon et al., 1991; Sharma & Belant, 2010; Dorji et al., 2011; Ghose & Dutta, 2011; Sharma et al., 2014a), and wildlife trade (Choudhury, 2001; Wei &
Zhang, 2011b) are believed to be the major threats to red panda survival. Generally, Nepalese people have positive attitudes towards red panda conservation (see Chapter 1; Sharma et al., 2017).
However, positive attitudes do not necessarily lead to sustainable resource-use behaviours. For example, my studies (Chapter 2) suggest that bamboos, trees and fallen logs are some of the most important habitat features that red pandas reply on. Yet I still observe high prevalence of livestock grazing and wood collecting in red panda habitats.
Nepal’s Wildlife Protection Act of 1973 lists the red panda as endangered, which provides the legal ground for their protection (HMG, 1977; Jnawali et al., 2011). For example, any offenders involved in illegal trade of red pandas could be fined NRs. 50,000 to 1,00,000 (US$500–1000) and/or prisoned for 5–15 years. Nepal’s Forest Policy (GoN, 2015) and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (GoN, 2014) both declared that conservation of endangered species, including red pandas, is a policy priority for the time period of 2014–2020. Accordingly, Nepal
Government amended the Wildlife Conservation Act with a provision to reward informants who’s actions led to the arrest of wildlife criminals. Nepal Government established National Wildlife Crime Control Coordination Committee, and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau to manage illegal wildlife trade and poaching of endangered species (Prem Shahi, Security officer, Nepal, pers.
comm.). These aggressive actions by Nepal Government might explain why, more red panda offenders were arrested between 2003 and 2013 (Dangol, 2015). For example, in 1990, Langtang National Park (LNP) established “Red panda Conservation Area”, which covers c. 22 km2 inside the park to control human activities such as collecting fuel woods and livestock grazing.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also play a role in red panda conservation in Nepal. Red Panda Network, established in 2007, works in eastern Nepal for red panda conservation. Red Panda Network established eco-clubs in Ilam, Panchthar and Taplejung districts of eastern Nepal. Eco-club members participate in eco-trips and awareness programmes such as tree plantation, quiz competition and other environmental education activities in schools. Red Panda Network also conducts education awareness programmes among teachers, students and local people through forest guardians (Saroj Shrestha, Red Panda Network, pers. comm.). Red Panda Network has proposed Panchthar–Ilam–Taplejung area to serve as a “Red Panda Protected Forest” which connects Shingilla National Park, India and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal. Recently, Red Panda Network supplied metal stoves to 19 households of Ilam who are living near red panda habitats to minimize their fuel wood consumption. Although not as involved, other NGOs including Hariyo Ban program of WWF, Nepal, National Trust for Nature Conservation, Nepal, People Trust for Endangered Species, London, and Rufford Small Grants Foundation, London are providing financial supports to red panda researches in Nepal.
4.3 Recommendations
Based on the current state of knowledge, including my own work, I recommend the following to further strengthen red panda protection:
1.! Systematic surveys of populations and habitats of red panda: Accurate information on population status is key effective conservation planning (Eberhardt, 1977). Given that direct observation and mark-recapture are both difficult to red panda population, I recommend the use of genetic tools in assessing population status such as demographic composition (Taberlet
& Luikart, 1999; Kumar et al., 2015) and inbreeding (Frankham et al., 2002; Whiteley et al., 2015).
Habitat quality and availability are likely the most important determinants of red panda population viability. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate map of their current and available habitats based on which we can plan conservation and research efforts. Although my work on red panda niche models provide some likely scenarios for their potential distributions in Nepal (see Chapter 3), I also encountered some limitations: 1) A comprehensive data set on bamboo distribution in Nepal is not available. The red panda is a bamboo specialist (Panthi et al., 2012; Sharma et al., 2014b) and bamboo availability is likely to have major impacts on the model outcome. Therefore, I suggest that satellite images of bamboo distribution should be developed for the mountain regions of Nepal; 2) Habitat availability is limited by a species’
mobility. However, such information on red panda is limited. Therefore, I recommend field studies of radio-telemetry on red pandas, especially in areas already identified by the niche models as having suitable yet fragmented habitats; 3) A comprehensive data set on anthropogenic activities in Nepal is not available. Given that anthropogenic activities are considered one of red pandas’ major threat, I recommend that maps, such as landuse change,
distance to road and distance to human settlements be developed and incorporated into red panda niche models and/or radio-telemetry studies.
2.! Changes of human attitudes and actions: Nepal Government and NGOs should focus more on motivating people for behavioural changes, such as through promoting ecotourism and increasing job opportunities and improving household incomes (Bhattarai&Fischer, 2014).
For example, the people of Ilam district switched from free-roaming their livestock to stall feeding 4 years ago, and they reported an increase in milk production (Shayam Tiwari, Ilam, pers. comm.). As a pilot project, Red Panda Network recently provided metal stoves to 19 households in Ilam, which reduces c. 50% (c. 33 kg to 15 kg) of firewood consumption per day compared to traditional stoves and saves the families time collecting fuel woods. Red Panda Network is also organizing red panda eco-trips, for which tourists use homestays and local guides. Currently, there are no ecotourism guide training institutions in Nepal. Therefore, I recommend that Nepal Government establish such training institutions to promote ecotourism.
Other than direct economic incentives, awareness programmes remain important to foster behavioural changes. I recommend that school children be more systematically targeted by such awareness programmes because they can translate their conservation knowledge to their parents as well as their own kids (Chapter 1). Recently, some schools in eastern Nepal have decided to include information on red panda characters and benefits in grade 7th curriculum (Ang Phuri Sherpa, Red Panda Network, pers. comm.), which is encouraging and should be extended more broadly across the country.
Legal protection is always an effective tool to force behavioural changes. As my studies suggest, knowledge of legal protection status of the red panda is important to people's attitudes
towards their conservation (Chapter 1). There are some efforts being made in certain areas of Nepal to enforce legal protection of red pandas. For example, in 2009, Langtang National Park established “Red panda Conservation Area” (c. 22 km2) within which collecting fire woods, grazing livestock and bringing guard dogs are prohibited during red panda breeding season i.e June–August (Bishnu Bajhajain, Langtang National Park, pers. comm.). Such regulations would be most effective with regular patrolling and continued education done by government officials. I recommend the Government to implement similar legal protection across the country with appropriate financial and administrative support.
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