R v. Marshallǵ ǵBernard(2005)

(΋)ݾᗺ

ۚՐܭཥථࣽ࣪(Nova Scotia)ᆶཥդউྷլ࣪(New Brunswick)ޑԯ լଭլ௼(the Mi'kmaq)ࢂց٦ԖচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճளࣶҵβӦ΢ϐ

݅Е٠р୧ϐǻ

152 Delgamuukw [1997] 3 S.C.R., p. 1104-1105, para. 156.

153 Delgamuukw [1997] 3 S.C.R., p. 1105, para. 157.

154 Delgamuukw [1997] 3 S.C.R., p. 1105, para. 186.

95

(Β)࣬ᜢݤచ

୯ԖβӦݤಃ 29 చ(the Crown Lands Act, R.S.N.S. 1989.)ǵ୯ԖβӦ Ϸ݅Еݤಃ 67 చಃ 1 ໨ಃ c ී(the Crown Lands and Forests Act, S.N.B.

1980.)Ƕ (Ο)٣ჴ

Marshall ਢҹޑ٣ჴࢂӧ 1998 Կ 1999 ԃ໔Ǵ೏֋ Marshall ᆶځд 34 Տԯլଭլ௼ӑӦӼޑ೏֋Ӣ҂࿶೚ёӧ୯ԖӦ΢ࣶҵ݅ЕǴၴϸ୯ ԖβӦݤಃ 29 చԶᎁଆນǶBernard ਢҹ߯Ӣ΋Ӝԯլଭլ௼ӑӦӼΓ

ၴݤ࡭Ԗ 23 ਥ໦׼ЕǴдᖂᆀࢂдவ୯Ԗ݅൑ܦၮӣٰޑǹԶٗ٤໦

׼ࢂќ΋ঁԯլଭլ௼ΓவՋчԯ܎ԯࠨݞࢬୱߕ߈ޑ୯Ԗ݅Ӧ܌ࣶ

ΠޑǴдॺ೏௓аၴϸ୯ԖβӦϷ݅ӦݤޑೕۓԶଆນ¹⁵⁵Ƕ (Ѥ)ݤଣղ،

Ь฽εݤ۔ᇡࣁǴҁҹ೏֋ॺ٦Ԗచऊ܌ߥምϐচՐ҇௼៾ճ (Aboriginal Treaty Rights)Ǵՠࢂ၀៾ճ٠όхࡴ୘཰܄ޑҵЕՉࣁǴ೏

֋ॺΨόளЬ஭ӧ၀ሦୱ٦ԖচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճǶ

ӧԜǴЬ฽εݤ۔ගډ΋໨ӧ 1760 ԃԿ 1761 ԃ໔ԯլଭլ௼ᆶम ୯Γ܌ᛝुޑȨکѳ϶ӳڐۓȩ(Peace and Freindship Treaties)ǴځύԖ

΋໨ᜢܭຩܰޑȨ೤ًచීȩ(the Truck House Clause)ǴЬा߯ೕጄς࿶

ᆶ෗҇྽Ӧϐݤ୯Γவ٣ЛҜаϷᅕᕇຩܰߏၲ 250 ԃϐԯլଭլ௼Ǵ Ѹ໪ᆶ۴ܺݤ୯Γޑम୯ࣤ࠻ᝩុவ٣ຩܰǴచЎϣ৒ӵΠǺȨך(ࡪǺ ԯլଭլ௼ϐ२ሦ)ӕཀ໻ᆶम୯۔БࡰۓϐΓ঩܈ଭًၮଌ঩வ٣ၮ ᒡǵҬܰғࢲނၗ¹⁵⁶...ȩǶ߻ॊϐȨ೤ًచීȩӧ Marshall 1¹⁵⁷ޑਢҹ

155 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 229, para. 2-3.

156 "And I do further engage that we will not traffick, barter or exchange any commodities in any

96

ύς೏ගрٰ૸ፕၸǴMarshall 1 ޑਢҹ٣ჴࣁ΋ՏӜࣁঞᒍǸଭྂᅟ ΒШ(Donald Marshall Jr.)ޑԯլଭլ௼ΓӢၴϸᅕ཰ݤਂᘪ٠ೡ፤ᠧങ ᎁଆນ¹⁵⁸ǴঞᒍǸଭྂᅟΒШӧ၀ਢҹύЬ஭ځ୷ܭȨ೤ًచීȩǴԶ ٦ԖਂᘪаϷೡ፤ᅕᕇϐ៾ճǴਥᏵ၀చීݤଣҭᇡࣁम୯ࣤ࠻ӕཀԯ լଭլ௼ளаܭ၀Ӧ୔ޑੇࢩᆶഌӦவ٣ᆢ࡭ғࢲ܌Ѹ໪ϐ໺಍Ҭܰ

Չࣁ¹⁵⁹(to engage in traditional trade activities so as to obtain a moderate livlihood from the land and sea.)Ƕӧӕ΋ԃࡋǴനଯݤଣΨќѦ଺р Marshall 2¹⁶⁰ޑղ،Ǵޭᇡम୯ࣤ࠻྽߃ᆶԯլଭլ௼ᛝुޑȨ೤ًచ

ීȩǴӕཀԯլଭլ௼வ٣Вதғࢲ܌Ѹሡϐԏ(ᅕ)ᕇаϷҬܰ(to

harvest and sell)ǴՠѸ໪а໺಍ࠠᄊڗளϐၗྍࣁज़¹⁶¹(the type of things traditionally gathered by the Mikmaq in a 1760 aboriginal lifestyle)ǶӢԜǴ ᆕӝа΢ Marshall 1 аϷ Marshall 2 ޑـှǴԯլଭլ௼ӧ 1760-1761 ԃ໔ᆶम୯ࣤ࠻܌ᛝޑȨکѳ϶ӳڐۓȩύԖᜢຩܰϐȨ೤ًచීȩǴ

చීȩ٠όૈ୼଺ࣁচՐ҇௼ளаȨᕇளȩ( to harvest)Ծฅၗྍޑ៾ྍ

manner but with such persons or the managers of such truck houses as shall be appointed or established by his majesty's governor..."

157 R v. Marshall [1999] 3 S.C.R. 456.

97

୷ᘵǴ໻ૈ଺ࣁȨவ٣Ҭܰȩ( to trade)ޑ៾ྍ୷ᘵ¹⁶³ǶԜѦǴவȨ೤ً

చීȩϐЎကᢀϐǴȨך(ࡪǺԯլଭլ௼ϐ२ሦ)ӕཀ໻໻ᆶम୯۔Бࡰۓ ϐΓ঩܈ଭًၮଌ঩வ٣ၮᒡǵҬܰғࢲނၗ...ȩǴ٠҂ᡉҢ၀చී֖

ԖȨᕇளȩ(to harvest)܈ࢂȨԏ໣ȩ(to gather)Ծฅၗྍ٠ϒа٬ҔϐЎ ӷ¹⁶⁴Ƕ

ӢԜǴ܍ቩݤ۔ӧय़ჹԯլଭլ௼Γࢂցӧ໺಍΢ςԖஒЕ׷຾Չ ҬܰϐୢᚒਔǴ֡ा؃ԯլଭլ௼ΓѸ໪ाගр᛾Ᏽ᛾ܴǴԶԯլଭլ

௼ΓԖ຾ՉҬܰϐ៾ճࢂցΞ฻ӕܭ၀௼Γ٦Ԗܭ੝ۓβӦ΢ҵЕϐ

៾ճ¹⁶⁵ǻ

ҁҹЬ฽εݤ۔ЇॊΠભ೽ပݤ۔܌ᇡۓϐ٣ჴǴ(1) ԯլଭլ௼

٠คޔௗ᛾Ᏽ᛾ܴӧ 1760 ԃᛝुచऊϐ߻Ǵ၀௼ςԖவ٣Е׷Ҭܰϐ

໺಍ՉࣁǹՠёаዴۓޑࢂǴ၀௼ӧࢌঁ੝ۓਔᗺς࿶໒ۈவ٣Е׷Ҭ

ܰǶ(2) Е׷Ҭܰӧԯլଭլ௼ϐՉࣁύᗨߚڙЎܴቹៜϐ౜жՉࣁǴ ՠΨόࢂၸѐԯլଭլ௼ВதғࢲϐՉࣁǶӢԜǴЬ฽εݤ۔ᇡࣁǴҵ ЕՉࣁΏԯլଭլ௼ΓڙኻࢪΓቹៜϐࡕޑՉࣁǴ٠ߚ၀௼ϐ໺಍ՉࣁǴ ᏵԜǴҁҹ୘཰ҵЕՉࣁ٠ߚࢂ၀௼Ծ 1760 ԃаफ़ᆶम୯Γ຾ՉЕ׷

ҬܰՉࣁڙȨӝ౛຾ϯȩࡕϐՉࣁ¹⁶⁶(the logical evolution of traditional Mikmaq trading activity protected by the treaties of 1760-61)Ƕ

(ϖ) ߈යόӕޑـှ

ॶள΋ٳϟಏୖԵޣ߯ Marshall/Bernard(2005)ਢϐόӕཀـǶ

163 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 19.

164 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 20.

165 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 27-29.

166 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 35.

98

Ь฽εݤ۔ McLachlin २Ӄӧղ،ਜύ߄ҢǴӧቩଜচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ

៾ճਔǴѸ໪ӕਔाԵໆচՐ҇௼ޑᢀᗺᆶኻࢪද೯ݤޑᢀᗺǴ٠Ъा

ቩ཈ཤଜচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑӭϡ੝፦¹⁶⁷Ƕௗ๱Ӵ߄ҢǴाղᘐচ Ր҇௼୷ҁ៾ճѸ໪ाᔠຎԜ΋Չࣁӧௗ᝻Ь៾ϐ߻Ǵࢂցς࿶ӸӧǴ ٠ӵჴЪ࠼ᢀӦஒԜ΋Չࣁᙯϯࣁ౜жݤݯ܌ޭᇡϐ៾ճǴԶԜ΋ᙯϯ ၸำϷ໪ाቩଜচՐ҇௼ޑᢀᗺᆶኻࢪද೯ݤޑᢀᗺǴᙯϯᇡۓচՐ҇

௼ՉࣁϐၸำΨόૈၸܭ੟႕Ǵݤଣᔈ௦ڗቨ᚞ޑᄊࡋࣁᇡۓǹΨόள

ा؃၀চՐ҇௼ϐՉࣁѸ໪ाᆒዴӦᆶද೯ݤ܌ा؃ޑ៾ճाҹ࣬಄Ǵ ѝ໪ाӧਡЈཷۺ΢֍ӝջςى¹⁶⁸Ƕ

ჹԜǴԖᏢޣࡰраΠ൳ᗺץຑǺ२ӃǴЬ฽εݤ۔ஒচՐ҇௼ϐ Չࣁᆶද೯ݤ΢៾ճբೱ่ǴҔаዴҥচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐБԄǴ ჴΏ۹ౣΑ Lamer εݤ۔ӧ Delgamuukv ਢύधЈࡌᄬচՐ҇௼໺಍β Ӧ៾ճޑځд៾ྍёૈ܄¹⁶⁹ǹځԛǴஒচՐ҇௼୷ҁ៾ճᆶচՐ҇௼໺

಍βӦ៾ճޑᔠᡍ኱ྗషҔǴ֡٬চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճӧݤᏢ΢ޑว

৖և౜ॹଏޑၞຝ¹⁷⁰Ƕ

ҁҹচՐ҇௼ନΑЬ஭ܭ੝ۓβӦ΢ளаவ٣ҵЕՉࣁϐচՐ҇௼

៾ճѦǴۘЬ஭၀௼ჹܭ၀βӦ٦Ԗ໺಍βӦ៾ճ(Aboriginal Title)ǴӢ ԜǴόሡाளډࡹ۬ޑϢ೚ջёӧ၀βӦ΢຾ՉҵЕǶЬ฽εݤ۔ჹԜ ᇡࣁǴा٩Ᏽද೯ݤЬ஭চՐ҇௼៾ճ(Common Law Aboriginal Title)Ǵ २ӃǴाय़ᖏޑջࢂӵՖஒচՐ҇௼ჹܭβӦ٬Ҕǵ܌Ԗ฻Չࣁᆶ౜ж ݤݯϐ៾ճ(Modern Right)ཷۺ࣬ᑼӝǴ຾Զᙯϯ(Translate)ԋࣁ౜жݤ

167 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.296.See: [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] para.45.

168 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] para.48.

169 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.297.

170 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.305.

99

ݯ៾ճϐ֚ᜤ¹⁷¹ǶӧԜǴനଯݤଣᇡࣁǴљݤޣѸ໪ӕਔঋ៝౜жݤݯ ϐᢀᗺаϷচՐ҇௼ϐᢀᗺǴޚ࡭၈ߞаϷ࠼ᢀϐᆒઓ(faithfully and obejectively)Ǵ٬চՐ҇௼ϐՉࣁᆶ౜жݤݯ៾ճ࣬ჹᔈǴЬ฽εݤ۔ӧ ԜமፓǴόሡा؃Կᆶ౜жݤݯ៾ճֹӄ΋ठ(absolute congruity)ǴՠѸ

໪၀Չࣁᆶ౜жݤݯ៾ճϐਡЈࡘགྷ(core idea)࣬಄ӝ¹⁷²ǶࢂаǴനଯ ݤଣቩຎচՐ҇௼ӧҁਢϐЬ஭ࡕǴᇡۓځჹܭβӦϐ٬ҔᆶэԖǴځ

፾ҔᆶэԖϐՉࣁᆶ౜жݤݯύϐȨ܌Ԗ៾ȩཷۺᜪ՟¹⁷³ǴࡺЬ฽εݤ

۔ௗ๱ाቩຎ၀௼ϐՉࣁࢂցᆶȨ܌Ԗ៾ȩϐਡЈࡘགྷࢂց࣬಄Ƕ ӢԜǴЬ஭៾ճϐΓѸ໪ૈ୼ගраΠϐ᛾ᏵǺ(΋)Ȩ௨дϐ܌Ԗȩ (exclusive possession)ǴԶा᛾ܴԜ௨дϐ܌ԖёᙖҗȨ౜ჴэԖȩ (physical occupation)ϐރᄊٰᇥܴ¹⁷⁴ǹ(Β)Ȩೱុ܄ȩ(continuity)ϐ᛾ܴǴ ё೸ၸȨ౜эԖϐ௼ဂᆶ୯ৎЬ៾࠹ҢਔэԖ၀βӦϐ௼ဂ໔ڀԖೱ่ȩ (connection with the pre-sovereignty group)ǴаϷȨ၀௼ဂᆶ੝ۓβӦ໔ ڀԖ௼ဂᐱ੝ЎϯਡЈख़ाཀကϐೱ่ȩ(connection with the land must be shown to have been of a central significance to their distinctive

culture)¹⁷⁵Ƕ

ௗ๱ǴЬ฽εݤ۔೴΋ቩຎҁਢΠભቩݤଣჹܭ΢໒Ӛঁाҹϐ᛾

ᏵǴӧȨ౜ჴэԖȩϐ೽ϩǴΠભቩݤଣा؃চՐ҇௼Ѹ໪ගр࣬྽ଯ ำࡋϐэԖ᛾ܴǴा؃ȨкىǵೕࡓЪ௨дϐ٬Ҕȩ(proof of sufficiently, regularly and exclusive use)¹⁷⁶Ǵനଯݤଣҭ߄Ңᜅӕϐ¹⁷⁷Ƕ

171 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 48.

172 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 50.

173 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 54.

174 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 58.

175 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 67.

176 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 72.

177 R v. Marshall; R v. Bernard [2005] 2 S.C.R., p. 235, para. 75.

100

ᆕ΢܌ॊǴЬ฽εݤ۔ᇡࣁǴόӕޑচՐ҇௼Չࣁჹᔈόӕޑ౜жݤݯ

៾ճǴԶᆶβӦ࣬ᜢޑ៾ճǴ߾ࡌҥӧ၀ՉࣁԖᆶද೯ݤύȨэԖȩཷ

ۺ࣬՟ޑ߻ගǴӧКჹচՐ҇௼Չࣁᆶද೯ݤޑाҹਔǴѸ໪вಒКჹ ၀Չࣁᆶද೯ݤޑҁ፦аϷচՐ҇௼ϐᢀᗺǶ٩ྣӴޑཀࡘǴচՐ҇௼

ޑՉࣁѸ໪ाԖȨى୼ȩޑ௨д܄эԖۈىаЬ஭ද೯ݤ΢ڀԖচՐ҇

௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ¹⁷⁸ǶჹԜǴԖᏢޣᇡࣁǴ໻ᆅЬ฽εݤ۔΋ӆӦமፓा

ቩ཈ԵໆচՐ҇௼ޑᢀᗺǴՠӧӴޑϩ݋ύǴࠅ٠҂ܴዴࡰрȨচՐ҇

௼ݤࡓ¹⁷⁹ȩ(Aboriginal Legal System)ǶόၸǴӴਥᏵ Lamer ӧ Delgamuukv ਢޑـှǴᇡࣁाࡌҥচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճǴЬ஭៾ճϐΓѸ໪᛾ܴ

ڀԖ௨дǵӃܭЬ៾ϐэԖǴ٠຾΋؁߄ҢǴэԖ߯ࡰȨჴሞэԖȩǴ ёаࢂӧ੝ۓβӦ΢ࡌᑐ܊ࡂǵહբǵவ٣ೕࡓЪ੝ۓϐ٬ҔǴٯӵ࣍

ᘪǵᅕᘪ฻੃઻܄٬Ҕ¹⁸⁰Ƕ

ௗ๱ǴЬ฽εݤ۔ΞӆԛЇҔΑ Lamer ӧ Delgamuukv ਢޑـှԖ ᜢȨ௨д܄эԖȩϐཀࡘǴᇡࣁӧӭኧ௃׎Ǵϝόϼёૈ܈คݤ᛾ܴ౜

ჴэԖǺȨඓ௓βӦ܈Ѹाਔளа௨ନдΓ٬Ҕϐ៾ճΏද೯ݤύᜢܭ চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑ୷ҁཷۺǴՠࢂӧ᛾ܴҞ߻ϐэԖރᄊ߯ܭௗ

᝻ϐ߻ջӸӧǴԖ΋ۓޑ֚ᜤࡋ¹⁸¹ǶȩӢԜǴӴӆԛமፓፓࢗ٣ჴ᛾Ᏽ ޑख़ा܄Ǵՠҗܭ᛾Ᏽӧ٣ჴ΢࣬྽ό৒ܰڗளǴӴᇡࣁѝाૈ୼᛾ܴ

سݾβӦΏӧচՐ҇௼ϐඓ௓ΠǴऩԖΕߟޣҭள០೴ϐǴջىа᛾ܴ

ӧ੝ۓβӦ΢ڀԖ௨д܄ޑэԖ¹⁸²ǴԜ΋ղᘐэԖϐБԄࣁȨ଄ౢ៾ݤ

178 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] paras.53-54.

179 Nigel Bankes, Marshall And Bernard: Ignoring The Relevance of Customary Property Laws, HeinOnline -- 55 U.N.B.L.J. 120 2006.

180 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.298.

181 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] paras.64.

182 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] paras.65.

101

߾¹⁸³ȩ (Proprietary Approach)ǶჹԜǴᏢᇥԖᇡࣁЬ฽εݤ۔ၸܭமፓ Ȩ௨д܄эԖȩǴࠅؒԖ૸ፕচՐ҇௼ΨԖԾρޑݤࡓٰೕጄдΓ҂࿶

ӕཀ຾Ε܈٬ҔβӦϐ௃׎Ǵ٣ჴ΢Ψளаբࣁдॺඓ௓βӦ(܈௨д

܄эԖ)ϐ᛾Ᏽ¹⁸⁴ǹΨ౧ܭԵໆচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճځ੝ਸ៾ϐय़ӛǴ ЀځࢂѬӅԖޑҁ፦аϷҗ،฼ύЈ፟ϒ៾ճϣ఼ϐ੝ՅǴ՟ԖѨϦϢ

185Ƕ

ќ΋Տݤ۔ LeBel ӧڐӕཀـਜύ߄ҢǴдޑ่ፕᆶЬ฽ޑ

McLachlin ΋ठǴՠӧচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑ៾ྍаϷӵՖ᛾ܴБय़Ǵ Ԗਥҁ΢ޑόӕǶ२ӃǴLeBel ᇡࣁǴMcLachlin ၸܭமፓද೯ݤ΢଄

ౢ៾ޑཷۺǴԶԜ΋բݤёૈ཮Ꮴठ೚ӭෞށ܈ъෞށ҇௼ᆶচՐ҇௼

໺಍βӦ៾ճϐ࣬ᜢ᛾Ᏽ೏ࡀନӧѦ¹⁸⁶Ƕд׳຾΋؁߄ҢǴӧፓ᏾চՐ

҇௼ჹܭሦୱǵβӦ٬ҔаϷ଄ౢ៾ޑཷۺа፾ᔈද೯ݤਔǴѸ໪Եໆ চՐ҇௼аϷද೯ݤޑᢀᗺǴց߾Ǵךॺஒ཮৬ཀӦᇡࣁҗܭচՐ҇௼

ჹܭ଄ౢ܈βӦϐ٬Ҕᢀۺᆶኻࢪ໺಍ݤݯό࣬ӝǴӢԜǴӧௗ᝻Ь៾

ϐ߻ǴচՐ҇௼ဂჹܭβӦ٠ό٦ԖҺՖ៾ճǶᆕ΢܌ॊǴдᇡࣁচՐ

҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ߯җද೯ݤ܌ۓကǴՠځϣ৒୷ᘵᔈҗচՐ҇௼ϐݤ ࡓ܌׎༟ǶΨ൩ࢂᇥǴচՐ҇௼ݤࡓό໻໻բࣁ᛾Ᏽ٬ҔǴԶ٣ჴ΢բ ࣁݤࡓ೏٩ൻ¹⁸⁷Ƕ

ځԛǴLeBel Ψόᜅԋ McLachlin ܌௦ҔޑȨ଄ౢ៾ݤ߾ȩٰղᘐ Ȩ௨д܄ޑэԖȩǴдᇡࣁэԖޑ᛾ܴό໪аೕࡓǵભύޑβӦ٬Ҕࣁ

183 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.302.Π ભቩݤଣ܌௦ڗޑղᘐэԖϐБԄࣁȨሦୱݤ߾ȩ(Territorial Approach)Ǵ߯΋ၨࣁຠ߈চՐ҇௼

໺಍βӦ៾ճᐱ੝੝፦ϐղᘐБԄǴόज़ۓܭ੝ۓӦᗺǴ٠่ӝځ଄ౢ៾аϷљݤ៾ϐ੝፦Ƕ

184 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.300.

185 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.302.

186 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.303.

187 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] paras.127-128, 130.

102

ѸाǴѝाࢂ໺಍Ўϯ΢ᆶβӦ࣬ᜢޣջςىǶ

ҁਢനಖርӣচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐЬ஭Ǵோርӣޑ౛җ٠ߚό ڀԖȨ௨д܄ϐэԖȩǴჴ߯ҁਢЖલى୼ޑ᛾ᏵǶջߡࢂа LeBel ၨ ࣁቨ᚞ޑـှǴдϝฅᇡࣁЖલى୼ޑ᛾ᏵǴόၸдϝ኷ᢀӦ߄ҢǴҁ ਢ٠ߚ၀চՐ҇௼ځЬ஭βӦ៾ճϐനಖ่݀Ǵѝा٣ჴ᛾Ᏽкϩىа Ѝ࡭ݤࡓ΢ޑЬ஭Ǵനಖ่݀ω཮р౜¹⁸⁸ǶMcNeil ӧЎ҃Ψ߄ҢǴҁ ਢղ،٠όж߄ Lamer ӧ Delgamuukv ਢ܌࡭ـှ೏ McLachlin ၨࣁᝄ

਱ޑᔠຎচ߾܌ڗжǴӢࣁЬ฽εݤ۔٠҂ܴқցۓ Delgamuukv ਢǶ ӢԜǴаচՐ҇௼ݤࡓբࣁЬ஭βӦ៾ճϐ៾ྍǴอයϐϣϝᔈࢂനଯ ݤଣޭᇡޑ٣¹⁸⁹Ƕ

ಃΒ໨ λ่

у৾εݤଣԾ 1990 ԃޑ Sparrow ਢǴ၂კࡌҥԖᜢቩࢗচՐ҇௼៾

ճࢂցӸӧϐࢎᄬǴ၀ղ،ගрΑ൳໨ܜຝ܄ޑচ߾ǴٯӵǺՖᒏȨࡽ

Ӹȩ(exsiting)៾ճǵȨ၀௼ϐᐱ੝Ўϯ܌όё܈લȩ(the integral part to the distinctive culture)аϷ൩၀ݾ᝼٣ҹϐၴᏦቩࢗ኱ྗǶϤԃࡕǴനଯݤ ଣωӧ Van der Peet ਢύమཱǵڀᡏӦஒӚঁচ߾ϐϣ఼բϩ݋ǴόၸǴ നଯݤଣϝฅჹܭচՐ҇௼βӦ៾ճୢᚒᇸඔ఩ቪӦ஥ၸǴ໻໻ឍញΑ চՐ҇௼៾ճᆶচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐᜢ߯ӵՖǶ

ၸΑ΋ԃǴӧ 1997 ԃޑ Delgamuukv ਢനଯݤଣω҅ԄӣᔈচՐ҇

໺಍βӦ៾ճϐୢᚒǴ၀ਢύനଯݤଣ२ԛܴқޭᇡচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ

៾ճឦܭȨ଄ౢ៾ȩǵځ܄፦ᆶচՐ҇௼៾ճӕࣁȨ੝ਸ៾ȩǴ٠ЪǴ຾

188 [2005] 2 S.C.R. 220, D.L.R. (4th) 1, 2005 SCC 43 [Marshall/Bernard] para.141.

189 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What’s Happening?, Hein Online, 2006, p.308.

103

΋؁ज़ᕭዴҥচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐਔ໔ᗺǴΨӕਔڀᡏϯচՐ҇௼

ݤࡓϐϣ఼ǴஒচՐ҇௼ݤࡓύჹܭࡌҥβӦ៾ճȨэԖȩϐाҹǴᆶ ද೯ݤϐाҹ่࣬ӝǴ܍ᇡচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճǶฅԶǴ߻ॊ΋سӈ ղ،֡рӕ΋ՏЬ฽εݤ۔ϐЋ--LamerǴӧ 2005 ԃനଯݤଣׯරඤжǴ

΢ॊ McLachlin Ь฽ޑղ،ύǴᗨฅϝ܍᠍ Lamer ޑচ߾Ǵόၸӧፕॊ

௢౛ၸำǴ՟Я҂ၲډу৾εӭኧᏢޣޑයࡑ¹⁹⁰ǴᜢܭԜ೽ҽϐຑ݋Ǵ ҁЎஒܭΠ΋࿯ύ຾Չ၁ಒϟಏǶ

190 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What's happening?, Hein Online -- 69 Sask. L.

Rev. 2006.

104

ಃΟ࿯ Ꮲᇥ౛ፕ

ಃ΋໨ চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑ៾ճ୷ᘵ

΋ǵ܍ᇡচ߾—ऍ୯

Ԝচ߾ஒ୯ৎЬ៾ޑ࠹ҢǴ฻ӕܭ೸ၸȨ୯ৎՉࣁȩ(The Act of State) ڗளЬ៾࠹Ңጄൎϣ܌Ԗޑ୏ౢаϷό୏ౢǴό୔ϩࢂدԖ܈ࢂ୯Ԗޑ

଄ౢǴ୯ৎӢ۴ܺᙑࡹ៾ԶڗளϐǴΨ൩ࢂᇥǴ୯ৎࣁݤࡓ΢ڙ௢ۓϐ

܌Ԗ៾ΓǶӧԜ௃׎Ǵ୏ౢ܈ό୏ౢϐচ܌ԖΓǴѝԖӧ୯ৎȨܴዴ߄ Ңȩόஒ၀଄ౢჄࣁ୯ԖਔǴচ܌Ԗ៾ΓۈᝩុߥԖځ܌Ԗ៾Ƕ߻ॊϐ

ܴዴ߄ҢǴٯӵȨ܍ᇡচ߾ȩ(The Recognition Doctorine)ѝԖӧ୯ৎ܍

ᇡ྽Ӧۚ҇ࡽԖϐ଄ౢ៾(Pre-exsiting Rights to the Property)ਔǴω཮ᝩ

ុߥ੮Πٰ¹⁹¹Ǵ୯ৎளа೸ၸҥݤǵ܈೸ၸፋղڐ୘ᆶচ܌Ԗ៾Γၲԋ Ӆ᛽฻฻Ƕ

Βǵᝩុ܄চ߾—ᐞࢪǵફՋើ

୯ৎЬ៾Ψёаᒧ᏷ᡣᙑࡹ៾ϐۚ҇ᝩុߥԖځدԖ଄ౢǴԶ٬྽

Ӧϐݤࡓس಍܈ಞᄍᝩុߥ੮٠፾ҔϐǴԜջȨᝩុ܄চ߾ȩ(The Doctrine of Continuity) ¹⁹²ǶԜচ߾ջค໪୔ϩ୯ৎ߯а۴ܺ܈ࢂβӦപ ᡣڗளЬ៾ϐБԄǴ୯ৎளԾҗᒧ᏷ࢂցᡣচԖϐݤࡓس಍܈ಞᄍᝩុ

ߥ੮Ǵ୯ৎΨёаᒧ᏷షӝ٬Ҕ۴ܺচ߾аϷᝩុ܄চ߾ǴӧԖۚ҇ϐ

191 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 162.

192 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 171.

105

βӦ΢٬Ҕ Ԗ៾Ƕ

ჹܭ΢ॊٿ໨চ߾ǴШࣚӚ୯܈Ԗ௦Ҕ܈Ԗঋ௦ϐ௃׎Ǵோ٠ߚ؂

΋ঁӦ୔೿Ԗ΋঺ࡽӸǵֹ᏾ޑό୏ౢݤࡓڋࡋǴёаӧ୯ৎЬ៾׳ॏ

ϐࡕᝩុߥ੮ݮҔǴ൩ᆉԖ၀ೕጄس಍ǴচՐ҇௼ҭ཮ЖલЎӷ૶ᒵԶ ᎁၶᜤа᛾ܴϐ֚ნǴՠ೭٠όж߄চՐ҇௼ȨӃܭЬ៾эԖȩβӦϐ ՉࣁǴคݤڙډҺՖݤࡓ΢ϐߥምǴӢԜǴԖፕޣගрӧද೯ݤ܈চՐ

҇௼ݤࡓᡏسϐ៾ྍаѦפ൨ځд៾ճ୷ᘵϐёૈ܄¹⁹³Ƕ

Οǵᙯϯচ߾—у৾ε

у৾εݤଣ΋ӛ௦ڗȨᙯϯБԄȩ(Translation)ǴΨ൩ࢂஒচՐ҇௼

ݤࡓǵ໺಍ᄍՉયΕද೯ݤϐߥምǴௗ๱ҔᔠຎচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ ϐЬ஭Ԗค౛җǴёૈ٩ᏵচՐ҇௼ࡽӸϐݤࡓᡏسǵ܈٩ᏵځэԖβ Ӧϐਔ໔ߏࡋаϷ٬ҔβӦރݩ฻ࣁβӦ៾ҥ୷ᘵԖคϐղᘐǹ࣬ၨܭ ᐞࢪǴᐞࢪനଯݤଣޔௗ௦ҔȨᝩុ܄চ߾ȩӃ൩੝ۓচՐ҇௼ϐЬᡏ

຾ՉᇡۓǴ຾Զ௖૸၀চՐ҇௼ࢂցӸԖ௼ဂϣ೽ϐݤࡓ܈໺಍ᄍՉǴ ऩԖࡽӸϐݤࡓᡏسǴ߾ᝩុݮҔϐǶԜΒᅿচ߾ङࡕж߄ࢂჹܭচՐ

҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճόӕޑᇡۓ୷ᘵǴ܌፾Ҕϐ௃׎ᆶว৖Ψ཮Ԗ܌όӕ

194Ƕ

193 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 192.

194 McHugh, P. G., Doctrinal Pathways in Canada and Australia--The Devil in the Detail of Maturing Jurisprudence, Aboriginal TitleǺThe Modern Jurisprudence of Tribal Land Rights, Oxford Scholarship Online, 2011, p.13.

106

(΋)Ь៾ϐ׳ॏǴόቹៜচԖޑ଄ౢ៾ᘜឦ¹⁹⁵

྽୯ৎϣ܌ԖȨ҂࿶ฦ૶ޑβӦȩ֡ឦܭȨ୯ԖβӦȩǴЪȨ౜Չޑ

଄ౢݤࡓȩೕۓȨ࿣ЗӃэڗளȩό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾ਔǴচՐ҇௼ᔈӵՖЬ

஭ځ୷ܭэԖسݾβӦǴԶߚ୷ܭฦ૶ǴԶ٦ԖᆶβӦ࣬ᜢϐ΋Ϫ៾ճǻ ӢԜǴу৾εᏢޣ Kent McNeil Ӄᙶమද೯ݤύэԖڋࡋϐྍଆǴаϷ эԖڋࡋӧ଄ౢݤࡓύ܌ж߄ޑཀကǹ຾ԶుΕ૸ፕ೭٤଄ౢݤࡓӧኻ ࢪ୯ৎ 15ǵ16 Шइ৖໒ߟౣਔǴӵՖ፾ҔԿӚঁ෗҇Ӧ୔Ǵ׳మཱӦ ᇥܴ୯ৎЬ៾ޑڗளᆶدԖ଄ౢ៾ϐڗள٠ߚ྽ฅฝ΢฻ဦǶ

ځᇡࣁэԖᆶฦ૶ڋࡋӧ៾ճԖคޑ่݀΢ԖӃࡕ୔ϩǺΨ൩ࢂᇥǴ

៾

៾ճϐԖคჴ߯೸ၸэԖԶวғǴԶฦ૶ڋࡋ໻໻ࢂߡճࣤ࠻Չ٬៾ճǴ ٠ЪǴى٬៾ճޑᡂ୏Ԗ܌٩ൻǵ೸ܴǶӢԜǴฦ૶ڋࡋ໻ගٮࣤ࠻΋

ঁำำׇ܄ޑߡճ(Procedrual Advantage)Ǵ٠όቹៜځԽ҇ӢჴሞэԖβ ӦԶڗளϐჴ፦៾ճǴ໻٬҂ฦ૶ԶэԖβӦϐΓॄԖ΋໨ᖐ᛾ೢҺǴ ѐ᛾ܴԾρޑ҅྽៾ྍ¹⁹⁶Ƕ

эԖރᄊբࣁЬ஭эԖϐΓளցჹځэԖϐނ຾΋؁Ь஭៾ճϐ٣ ჴǴэԖΓள٦ԖȨ΋΋ϪᆶэԖ࣬ᜢϐ៾ճȩ(the Title Goes with

Possession)ǴӵȨڙڙ௢ۓϐၗ਱ȩ(Presumetive Title)ǴΨ൩ࢂڙݤϐ௢

ۓځ፾ݤ٦ԖԜ៾ճǹΞэԖޑਔ໔୼ߏǴ߾ёа٦ԖȨӢӢߏයээԖ܌

ளЬ஭ϐ៾ճȩ(Title by Limitation)ǹԜѦǴऩэԖΓᎁ០೴ǴΨԖ߄य़

᛾Ᏽёၗ᛾ܴځԖэԖϐ٣ჴ(Title by being Wrongfully Dispossessed)Ǵ ٠ЪǴ൩ᆉэԖΓѨѐ٣ჴ΢ϐэԖǴэԖΓ໻໻ѨѐځᆶэԖ࣬ᜢϐ

195 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 174.

196 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 106.

107

៾ճǴڙ௢ۓϐၗ਱ᆶӢਔਏڗளϐ៾ճΒޣǴ߾όӢԜڙቹៜ¹⁹⁷Ƕа

΢ΟޣऩԖ΋໨߯ӢэԖԶԋҥޣǴӧό୏ౢԏӣϐນ೜ύ(the Action of Ejectment)ǴэԖΓஒёаڗӣэԖǹ܈ࢂǴӧό୏ౢڗӣນ೜ύǴ ѝाэԖΓ܌Ь஭٩Ᏽϐၗ਱ᓬܭჹ೷ǴΨёаڗӣჹܭβӦϐэԖၗ

਱¹⁹⁸Ƕ

୯ৎڗளሦβό྽ฅ฻ܭڗளΓ҇ϐدԖ଄ౢ៾Ǵ୯ৎڗளཥሦβ ޑБԄԖࡐӭᅿǴёаࢂᙖҗว౜Չࣁڗளǵ௲ࣤޑຕਜǵᆶ୯ৎ܈྽

Ӧ२ሦᛝुచऊǵࡌҥکှ܈ݓΚ۴ܺ฻¹⁹⁹Ƕа۴ܺ܈ࢂപᡣڗளሦβ ޑӦ୔ǴӧόၴϸЬ៾ޑ߻ගΠǴܭࣤ࠻຾Ε၀Ӧ୔຾Չ࣬ᜢҥݤำׇ

ϐ߻Ǵ྽ӦচԖϐݤࡓϷಞᄍϝឦԖਏǴΨ൩ࢂᇥǴӵ݀྽Ӧޑݤࡓᆶ ኻࢪݤό࣬৒Ǵ߾෗҇Ӧᔈ᠋ڮܭम୯ݤǶฅԶǴаکှБԄڗளሦβ ޑӦ୔Ǵද೯ݤӧ፾ᔈ྽Ӧ௃׎ளаԖज़ࡋ፾ҔϐǴ٠Ъᑽໆ྽Ӧᚳε ޑ෗҇ΓαǴቲନচԖޑ໺಍ݤࡓჴߚִ፾ǶӢԜǴද೯ݤЇ຾྽ӦԿ ӵՖϐำࡋǴаϷ྽Ӧݤࡓߥ੮ϐำࡋǴᆶ෗҇Ӧ୔ঁձ௃׎৲৲࣬ᜢ

200ǶௗΠٰǴᏢޣ຾΋؁ϩ݋෗҇Ӧ୔ޑᜪࠠǴ၂კа྽Ӧޑղ،ᘜય р෗҇Ӧ୔ϐᜪࠠǴӭኧޑղ،՟а෗҇Ӧ୔ϐЎܴำࡋբղᘐ኱ྗ

201Ƕ

྽म୯෗҇ޣ຾ΕคΓۚՐޑሦβਔǴ၀คΓۚՐϐሦβջ೏ࣤ࠻

ڗள܌Ԗ៾ǴӢԜǴ౽҇ޣόளаځэԖβӦࣁҗڗளβӦϐ܌Ԗ៾Ǵ Ӣࣁ܌ԖβӦࣣӧࣤ៾ӜΠǴ෗҇ޣيࣁम୯୯҇ǴѸ໪ளډࣤ࠻ޑᔈ ϢۈڗளβӦ܌Ԗ៾ǶฅԶǴऩ෗҇ޣӧЬ៾ܢၲϐ߻ςэԖβӦǴ٩

197 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 82.

198 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 77.

199 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 110.

200 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 115-116.

201 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 120.

108

ྣम୯ݤࡓǴ߯җ෗҇ޣڗள၀βӦϐ܌Ԗ៾ǶԶࣤ࠻ӵ݀གྷाவځԽ

҇ЋύڗளβӦ܌Ԗ៾Ǵ߾Ѹ໪೸ၸฦ૶ڋࡋǴԜฦ૶ڋࡋᆶࣤ៾࣬ᔈǴ ٠ӕਔߥምԽ҇ڙډ৬ཀޑߟღǴԶ೭ኬޑڋࡋΨӕኬӦ೏౽෌ډ෗҇

Ӧ୔ǶӢԜǴӵ݀ࣤ࠻໒ۈӧ෗҇Ӧ୔຾Չฦ૶ڋࡋǴҔаჹלӃр౜

ӧ෗҇Ӧ୔ޑम୯Խ҇Ǵࣤ࠻ஒ཮೏म୯Խ҇аӃэࣁҗჹלϐǶନߚ

ࣤ࠻ёаЬ஭ؒԏ܈ࢂගрځдэԖޑ᛾ܴǴচ߾΢म୯Խ҇ჹܭ၀β ӦЬ஭៾ճޑ౛җࢂࡐкϩޑǴࣗԿёаჹ၀βӦЬ஭٦ԖֹӄدԖޑ

଄ౢ៾²⁰²Ƕ

Кၨम୯Խ҇ᆶ྽ӦচՐ҇ӧ෗҇Ӧ΢٦Ԗ៾ճϐ౦ӕǴ२ӃǴӧ Ь៾຾Ε෗҇Ӧ୔ϐ߻Ǵम୯Խ҇คፕӵՖ೿ࢂڙम୯ݤࡓ܌ߥៈϐΓ

҇ǴӢԜǴࣤ࠻όளаȨ୯ৎՉࣁȩڗளдॺޑ଄ౢ៾ǴΨόૈаҥݤ

੝៾ቲନдॺς࿶ڗளޑ଄ౢ៾ǹՠࢂǴ྽ӦচՐ҇٩ྣԾρޑݤࡓ܌

ڗளϐ଄ౢ៾Ǵࠅ཮ӢࣁЬ៾ᎁ۴ܺ܈പᡣǴԶ೏ߟღǶόၸǴ൩ᆉࢂ

٩ྣکှ܌ᡣрޑЬ៾Ǵ྽ӦচՐ҇Ψคݤ٦Ԗᆶम୯Խ҇࣬྽ϐݤࡓ ӦՏǶฅԶǴᕵ٬Ԗа΢ᅿᅿϐৡ౦܄ǴΨόж߄྽ӦচՐ҇܌٦Ԗϐ

଄ౢ៾ճόڙम୯ࣤ࠻ϐख़ຎǶӧӧӝ౛௃׎ϐΠǴᔈ܍ᇡ྽ӦচՐ҇٦ ԖβӦ៾ճǴคፕࢂவдॺԾρޑݤࡓೕۓ܌ڗளޑ଄ౢ៾ǹ܈ࢂ٩ྣ

ද೯ݤޑচ߾ǴӧЬ៾຾Εޑਔ໔ᗺǴ྽ӦচՐ҇ջςэԖ၀βӦǴԶ Ԝ΋эԖى٬дॺჹ၀βӦளаЬ஭៾ճ²⁰³Ƕ

(Β)аȨэԖচ߾ȩ(The Doctrine of Tenure)բࣁ៾ճ୷ᘵ

1.ჹܭβӦѸ໪ڀԖкϩ٬Ҕϐाҹ(Sufficiency of Indigenous Land

202 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 159-160.

203 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 160.

109

Use)²⁰⁴

Ԗᇡࣁ܍ᇡэԖբࣁβӦ៾ճڗளϐ୷ᘵǴѸ໪ाᅈىȨкϩ٬Ҕȩ ϐाҹǴΨ൩ࢂᇥǴэԖΓѸ໪бр΋ۓϐոΚׯؼβӦ௃ݩǴٯӵ೸

ၸહբǵ໒௦᝜ౢǵࡌᑐՐۚ܌ǵ࿣ЗдΓ҂࿶೚ё຾Εǵమ౛݅Еǵ ܭ੝ۓНୱ຾Չᅕᘪǵۓයْ଑୎ࢗ(Perambulation)฻Չࣁٰ᛾ܴэԖ ϐރᄊ²⁰⁵Ƕᕵ٬ӧ҂࿶໒ᏜޑӦ୔ǴคݤޔௗԶԖΚϐэԖ᛾ܴǴϝё

೸ၸ΋٤βӦᜐࣚޑ୔႖аၗ᛾ܴǴٯӵჹ݅Еϐঅ୊฻᛾Ᏽ²⁰⁶Ƕ ᆕ΢܌ॊǴэԖ߯ឦ΋٣ჴރᄊǴࣁ௨д܄ჹβӦϐඓ௓ǴэԖϐރᄊ ᗦ֖эԖΓаٮԾρ܌Ԗ܈٬ҔβӦϐЬᢀཀკǶԿܭэԖϐำࡋǴ߾

໪ຎЬ஭эԖϐΓϐЬ஭௃׎ǴаϷ၀βӦ܌֤ပϐӦᗺǵԾฅᕉნа Ϸ྽ӦғࢲచҹǵಞᄍᆶЎϯ଺ᆕӝԵໆ²⁰⁷Ƕ

όၸǴ΢ॊэԖำࡋϐᑽໆǴჹࢌ٤аෞᘪ(Hunt-Gathering)ࣁځғ ࢲǵЎϯख़ЈޑচՐ҇௼Ǵ٠ߚִ፾ǶҗܭǴдॺӧځෞᘪޑ୔ୱаϷ ਔޜǴΨёૈӢٯՉϐے௲ሺԄ܈ჹԾฅၗྍϐճҔǴԶჹ੝ۓβӦࡌ ҥ௨д܄ϐэԖǶჹܭᏱԖ೭٤ෞᘪ੝܄ϐচՐ҇௼Ǵܭ੝ۓβӦ΢ߏ ԃவ٣ჴᡏճҔ(in actual use)٠ߚځ௼ဂ੝܄Ǵՠࢂ܌Ԗӧځ௓ڋጄൎ ΠޑβӦǴ٠ό཮Ӣࣁ၀௼ဂӢۑ࿯܄Ӧኩਔᚆ໒Զ഼ѨэԖ²⁰⁸ǶΨ൩

ࢂᇥǴ௼ဂ཮ӢࣁԾฅᕉნϐӢનǴ،ۓځғࢲࠠᄊǴаෞᘪ׎Ԅғࢲ ϐ௼ဂǴѸ߯Ӣ၀୔ୱϐԾฅᕉნၗྍԖ΋ۓำࡋϐ჆ЮǴࢂа၀௼ဂ Ѹ໪೸ၸۑ࿯܄ӦᎂழǴ٬βӦӣൺঅᎦǴঈ٬၀௼ဂӧ၀୔ୱ΢ૈ୼

204 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 197.

205 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 200.

206 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 201.

207 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 201.

208 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 203-204.

110

҉ុғӸǶ

2.่ӝҁЎ΢ॊ(΋)ϐᇥ౛Ǵम୯Ь៾຾Εу৾εਔǴςԖ೚ӭम୯ ୯҇ۚՐܭу৾εβӦ΢Ǵ٠ЪэԖ၀βӦ࣬྽ߏޑ΋ࢤਔ໔Ǵम୯Ь

៾࠹ҢਔǴ৒೚म୯୯҇ӢэԖԶڗளβӦ٬ҔϐރᄊǴᝩុӸុǴ٠ ڙډम୯ݤࡓаϷද೯ݤϐߥምǹ྽ӦচՐ҇௼ӧ߻ॊम୯୯҇຾Εч ऍεഌϐ߻ǴջςғӸӧчऍࢪβӦ΢Ǵа၀௼ဂϐ௼ဂೕጄ܈ځдБ Ԅࡌҥ௨д܄ϐ٬ҔǴࢂ྽ฅԖى୼ϐ୷ᘵӛम୯ࡹ۬Ь஭ᝩុߥԖځ ӢӃэڗளϐβӦ៾ճǴ٠ӕਔڙډम୯ݤаϷද೯ݤϐߥምǴу৾ε Ꮲޣ McNeil ஒԜཷۺᆀ଺ȨচচՐ҇៾ճϐද೯ݤচ߾ȩ(The Doctrine of Common Law Aboriginal Title)²⁰⁹Ƕ

3.аද೯ݤ଺ࣁߥምচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐߥៈദǴ٠аচՐ҇

௼ϐэԖಞᄍ଺ࣁ᛾ܴэԖރᄊϐ᛾ᏵǴᎁډу৾εნϣ೚ӭᏢޣϐץ ຑǶԖᇡࣁচՐ҇௼٠όૈаम୯Γ҇࣬ӕჹࡑǴၨ߈՟ܭѦ୯ΓϐӦ ՏǴӢԜаम୯ݤࡓჹځ໺಍βӦ៾ճуаߥምԖѨϦϢ²¹⁰ǹќԖᇡࣁǴ চՐ҇௼ࣁ౦௲২ǵคઓፕޣǴࢂаόڀᏱԖβӦϐၗ਱²¹¹ǹനࡕ΋ঁ

ץຑǴΨࢂനதٰ৾װᔐԜ΋ፕॊޣǴ߯চՐ҇௼ޑЎϯၸܭচۈаԿ ܭค଄ౢ៾ճϐᢀۺ²¹²ǹಃѤᅿץຑӧܭǴљݤޣ΋Бय़ޭᇡচՐ҇௼

ϐ໺಍βӦ៾ճࣁ๊ჹ଄ౢ៾(fee simple estate)Ǵ٠аද೯ݤуаߥምǴ ќ΋Бय़ǴࠅΞஒԜ៾ճज़ڋᡣᆶ๏୯ৎаѦϐಃΟΓ(In alieability)Ƕ

߻ٿ໨ץຑӧ౜ϞΓ៾ᢀᗺΠǴςόൺӸӧǴ٠ѨځਥᏵǹಃΟ໨ץຑ

209 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 205-206.

210 Holdsworth, ‘Status of British Subjects and Aliens’, 3RHD 175, pp.200-208.

211 Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest.

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1975, p.434-440, p.535-563. Also, Juricek, John Thomas. ‘English Claims in North America to 1660: A study in Legal Constitutional History’. Ph.D.

Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1970, p.440-444, p.452-455.

212 See: McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 210, Note 61.

111

ჴڀமਗ਼ϐᅿ௼ᓬຫགǴ٠ߚִ፾Ƕॶளుࡘޣ߯ಃѤ໨ץຑǴፕޣᇡ ࣁǴ٠ߚ๊ჹ଄ౢ៾ջѸ໪ڀԖёᡣᆶϐ੝܄Ǵ၀଄ౢ៾ࢂցڀԖᡣᆶ

܄ϐ੝፦ჴΏҥݤޣҥݤ׎ԋϐޜ໔ǴᇂচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ߯୷ܭ ද೯ݤϐዴᇡǴԶද೯ݤϐ׎ԋନљݤԖ៾υੋϐѦǴҥݤޣΨёаԖ ځҥݤ׎ԋϐԾҗ²¹³Ƕ

ಃΒ໨ চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑ៾ճϣ৒

΋ǵচՐ҇୷ҁ៾ճ(Aboriginal Right)ᆶচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ

(Aboriginal Title)ϐ୔ᒣ

²¹⁴

(΋)୔ձჴ੻

Βޣϐ᛾ܴБݤаϷϣ৒֡Ԗ܌ৡ౦ǴচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ΋࿶

ዴҥǴচՐ҇௼ளܭ၀βӦ΢வ٣ҺՖ΋ϪӝݤϐՉࣁǶ

(Β)៾ճϣ৒ᆶाҹ

1.Ўϯाન

ा᛾ܴচՐ҇௼៾ճϐӸӧǴ΋૓ᇡࣁѸ໪᛾ܴ၀Չࣁ߯၀௼ဂϐ Ȩᐱ੝Ўϯόё܈લȩޣǴԶ၀௼ဂᆶ੝ۓβӦޑೱ่܄߾ၨࣁ১ϯǴ ѝाૈගрவ٣၀ՉࣁϐӦᗺ߯੝ۓӧব΋ঁ୔ୱջςىǹฅԶǴ፾Ҕ ӧচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճਔǴ၀ᐱ੝Ўϯόё܈લচ߾Ѹ໪ᆶβӦ࣬ೱ

213 McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title, Claredon Press Oxford, 1989, p. 227.

214 McNeil, "Aboriginal Title And Aboriginal Rights:

What’s The Connection?", HeinOnline -- 36 Alta. L. Rev. 117 1997-1998, p. 120.

112

่ǴΨ൩ࢂᇥЬ஭βӦ៾ճϐচՐ҇௼ǴѸ໪ගрૈ୼᛾ܴ੝ۓβӦ߯

၀௼ဂᐱ੝Ўϯ܌όё܈લޣ²¹⁵Ƕ

ӧȨᐱ੝Ўϯόё܈લȩϐᇡۓ΢ǴԖჹܭ Van der Peet ਢύ܌ඟ Ңϐϣ৒ǺȨբࣁόё܈લޑ೽ϩǴಞᄍǵ॥߫܈໺಍Ѹ໪ჹܭচՐ҇

௼ޗ཮ڀԖਡЈख़ा܄ǴҭջѸ໪ىа٬ள၀ޗ཮ϐЎϯڀഢᐱ੝܄

(ৡ౦܄)ǶӢԜǴឦܭ܌Ԗޗ཮Ӆ೯ϐ٣໨(ӵࣁғӸԶӞ)܈ޗ཮ύޑ ଽว٣໨֡όឦϐǶȩගр፦ᅪǴፕޣࡰр²¹⁶Ǵ܌Ԗޗ཮Ӆ೯٣໨٠ό ىаբࣁ௨ନЎϯᐱ੝܄ᇡۓϐ኱ྗǴᇂ؂΋ঁ௼ဂ֡߯ࣁΑԜ΋Ӆ೯ ٣໨ǴٯӵғӸԶӸӧܭШ΢Ǵࢂ၀ղ،аԜࣁٯ௨ନᐱ੝܄ϐᇡۓǴ ᡉԖ҂ִǶ

2.ਔ໔ाન

Van der Peet ਢύǴЬ฽εݤ۔ᇡࣁǺȨᄬԋচՐ҇௼៾ճϐՉࣁǵ ಞ߫Ϸ໺಍Ǵࡰޑࢂவௗ᝻ኻࢪ౽҇ਔයϐ߻(prior to contact)ϷۯុԿ ϞޑՉࣁǴݤଣܭҁҹ੝ձࡰрǴѝाૈ᛾ܴӧௗ᝻ਔᗺ(at the point of contact)၀௼ဂԖа१ҔࣁҞޑϐᅕᘪՉࣁЪ၀Չࣁჹܭ೽௼ޑЎϯӸ

ុԖख़ाཀကǴջё௢ޕӧௗ᝻ኻࢪ౽҇ϐ߻(prior to contact)၀Չࣁջ ឦჹܭ೽௼ޑЎϯӸុԖख़ाཀကϐՉࣁǶȩ

ԖፕޣࡰрǴЬ฽εݤ۔٣ჴ΢٠҂మཱҬжՖаӧᇡۓচՐ҇௼៾ճ ਔǴஒᇡۓਔ໔ᗺ۳߻௢Կ߃ԛௗ᝻ኻࢪ౽҇ϐਔ໔ᗺǶ٠Ъ௢ෳǴЬ

฽εݤ۔߯ࣁᗉխᆶЬ៾࠹ҢϐࡕᏦݤ܌ߥምϐΓ҇៾ճᆶচՐ҇௼

215 McNeil, "Aboriginal Title And Aboriginal Rights:

What’s The Connection?", HeinOnline -- 36 Alta. L. Rev. 117 1997-1998, p. 121.

216 McNeil, "Aboriginal Title And Aboriginal Rights:

What’s The Connection?", HeinOnline -- 36 Alta. L. Rev. 117 1997-1998, p. 124.

113

៾ճౢғ࣬ፂँϐݾ᝼Ǵࢂаஒᇡۓϐਔ໔ᗺ೛ۓӧ߃ԛௗ᝻ኻࢪ౽҇

ਔǶჹԜǴፕޣᇡࣁǴӕឦচՐ҇௼ϐ៾ճǴՖаচՐ҇௼៾ճ೽ϩѸ

໪ӛ߻ଓྉԿௗ᝻ኻࢪ౽҇ϐਔ໔ᗺǴ՟ᔈஒΒޣϐᇡۓਔ໔ᗺ଺΋ठ ϐᇡۓၨࣁִ፾²¹⁷Ƕ

Βǵ੝ਸ៾(Sui Generis)

у৾εനଯݤଣӧ Delgamuukv ਢύ܍ᇡচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճࣁ

଄ౢ៾Ǵՠ٠ό܍ᇡ฻ӕܭද೯ݤ΢ϐ๊ჹ܌Ԗ៾(fee simple estate)Ǵ

߯୷ܭচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճϐаΠ੝ਸ܄Ƕ

(΋) ៾ճٰྍ(Source)

Lamer εݤ۔ᇡࣁǴᏃᆅচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճёа࿶җࣤৎ࠹ق

܍ᇡǴՠচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճ߯җচՐ҇௼ܭу৾εβӦ΢ޑӃэ៾

܌ڗளǶԶޭᇡэԖރᄊǴԖаΠٿᅿёૈǺ२ӃǴද೯ݤा؃эԖѸ

໪ࢂ౜ނэԖǹՠࢂǴচՐ҇௼ჹܭβӦޑэԖཷۺ߯Ӄܭεमࡆ୯ჹ سݾβӦЬ஭Ь៾ޑਔᗺǴԶدԖ଄ౢޑཷۺ׳ࢂр౜ӧԜਔᗺϐࡕǶ ځԛǴӃӃэڗள៾ճޑБԄӧࢌ٤௃׎Πࢂёа೏܍ᇡޑǴٯӵচՐ҇

௼ӧεमࡆ୯Ь஭Ь៾ϐ߻ǴςԖԾρᆅ౛βӦޑݤࡓس಍ǶᕴϐǴ Lamer εݤ۔ᇡࣁǴচচՐ҇௼ࡽӸޑݤࡓس಍ᆶද೯ݤ໔ޑᜢ߯Ψࢂচ Ր҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճޑ៾ྍϐ΋²¹⁸Ƕ

217 McNeil, "Aboriginal Title And Aboriginal Rights:

What’s The Connection?", HeinOnline -- 36 Alta. L. Rev. 117 1997-1998, p. 131.

218 McNeil, Aboriginal Title and the Supreme Court: What's happening?, Hein Online -- 69 Sask. L.

Rev. 2006., p. 287. See [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010, 153 D.L.R. (4th) 193 [Delgamuukw] at para. 114.

114

όၸǴᏢޣԖᇡࣁǴځჴۘԖځд៾ճ୷ᘵϐёૈǴٯӵচՐ҇௼

໺಍βӦ៾ճϐ௼ဂೕጄǴ࿶у৾εݤଣ܌ᇡ᛽௦Ҕǹ܈ޣǴ୯ৎЬ៾

೸ၸᑈཱུҥݤϐБԄуаޭᇡβӦ៾ճ²¹⁹Ƕ

(Β) όёᡣᆶ܄(Inalienability)

1.ਥᏵচՐ҇௼ࡽӸϐݤࡓᡏس܌׎༟

2.ჹܭ੝ۓβӦёаэԖ٠Ъ௨д٬Ҕ(exclusive use) 3.௼ဂᆶβӦϐ໔Ԗ࣬྽ำࡋϐ੝ਸೱ่(special bond)

4.ჹܭচՐ҇௼ԶقԖόёඹж܄(more than just a fungible commodity) 5.ߚ࿶ᔮ΢ሽॶϐ੝܄(non-economic component)

(Ο) ໣ᡏ܄(Communally, Communal Nature, Collective Right)

চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճӢԜԖځज़ڋǴӢԜǴԜ៾ճόளҗԾฅΓ

܈җᔼճݤΓიᡏ܌Ь஭ϐǶԜѦǴWilliamson εݤ۔ӧ Campbell v.

British Columbia ਢύ߄ҢǴԜ΋բр،ۓޑচՐ҇௼იᡏѸ໪ࢂᜪ՟

ࡹ۬ϐಔᙃ²²⁰Ǵӧ Delgamuukv ਢΨࢂ௦ڗ࣬ӕϐـှ²²¹ǴӢԜǴӧ،

ۓӵՖೀϩচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճਔǴѸ໪ा೸ၸ΋ঁ࣬྽ܭࡹ۬ಔᙃ ϐ،฼ଯ៾²²²ǶӵԜ΋ٰǴচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճӧݤࡓޑ੝܄΢Ǵջ ᆶ΋૓دԖ଄ౢ៾଺рΑ୔ձǶ׳຾΋؁ှញΑǴࣁϙሶচՐ҇௼໺಍

βӦ៾ճڀԖȨόёᡣᆶ܄ȩǴӢࣁѝԖќ΋ঁࡹ۬ಔᙃёаڗளа଄

219 McNeil, Judicial Treatment of Indigenous Land Rights in the Common Law World, Oxford Hart Publishing, 2009, p. 6.

220 (2000), 189 D.L.R. (4th) 333, 2000 BCSC 1123 at paras. 134-138 [Campbell].

221 Delgamuukw [1997] 3 S.C.R., para. 115.

222 McNeil, ‘Judicial Approaches to Self Government since Calder: Searching for Doctorine Coherence’

in H Foster, H Raven and J Webber(eds), Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal Title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights(UBC Press, 2007), p.129.

115

ౢ៾ޑБԄڗளচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճǶΨ׳ᄆᡉচՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾

ճӧ܄፦΢Ǵ࣬ၨܭ΋૓଄ౢ៾ǴԖځљݤ៾य़ӛϐ੝ਸ܄፦

(Jurisdictional Dimensions)²²³ǴӢԜӧᡣᆶЬᡏ΢Ԗ܌ज़ڋǶ

223 McNeil, Judicial Treatment of Indigenous Land Rights in the Common Law World, Oxford Hart Publishing, 2009, p. 15.

116

ಃѤക চՐ҇௼໺಍βӦ៾ճբࣁಞᄍݤނ៾

ಃ΋࿯ ނ៾ݤۓЬကϐҞޑǵཀက

ᙑ҇ݤಃ 757 చܴЎೕۓނ៾ݤۓЬက(numerus clauses der

Sachenrechte)ǺȨނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓќԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛ȩǴ բ ࣁނ៾ݤᆶ໸៾ݤ(ࠨऊԾҗচ߾)࣬୔ձϐࡰᏤচ߾Ƕ܌ᒏόளബ೛Ǵ Ꮲᇥ΢மፓࢂࡰǺ1.όளബ೛҇ݤ܈ځдݤࡓ܌҂ೕۓϐނ៾ᜪࠠ(ᜪࠠ

மڋ Typenzwang)Ǵ2.όளബ೛ᆶނ៾ݤۓϣ৒࣬౦ޑނ៾ϣ৒(ᜪࠠڰ ۓ Typenfixierung)²²⁴Ƕց߾྽٣Γബ೛ϐނ៾όڀނ៾ਏΚǴ໻ёૈڀ Ԗ໸៾ਏΚ²²⁵Ƕ

௦ނ៾ݤۓޑ౛җࢂӢࣁނ៾ڀԖ๊ჹЍଛ܄ǴڀԖமεޑ௨дਏ ΚǴ၈ӵᙑ҇ݤಃ 757 చϐҥݤ౛җύ܌மፓǺȨނ៾ǴԖཱུமϐਏΚǴ ளჹל΋૓ϐΓǴऩ೚ځаࠨऊ܈٩ಞᄍബ೛ϐǴԖ্Ϧ੻ჴࣗǴࡺό

೚ബ೛ϐǶȩஒނ៾ᅿᜪϷϣ৒ݤۓϯǴࡌҥނ៾ᜪࠠᡏسǴߡܭϦҢǴ ёዴߥҬܰӼӄǴ٠วචނᅰځҔϐ࿶ᔮਏ੻²²⁶Ƕ

҇୯ 98 ԃނ៾ݤঅ҅ಃ 757 చೕۓࣁȨނ៾ନ٩ݤࡓ܈ಞᄍѦǴ όளബ೛ȩǴҥݤ౛җύமፓచЎϐȨಞᄍȩࢂࡰȨಞᄍݤȩԶقǶྗ

ԜаှǴނ៾ݤۓЬကΏᔈ࣬ᔈፓ᏾ࣁǴ྽٣Γନள໻٩ݤࡓೕۓϐނ

224 Цᐛ᠘Ǵ҇ݤނ៾Ǵ2010 ԃДቚुΒހǴԾހǴ। 45Ƕ

225 ᖴӧӄǴ҇ݤނ៾ፕ(΢)Ǵ99 ԃ 9 ДǴঅुϖހǴཥᏢ݅Ǵ। 50Ƕ

226 Цᐛ᠘Ǵ҇ݤނ៾Ǵ2010 ԃДቚुΒހǴԾހǴ। 43ǹᖴӧӄǴ҇ݤނ៾ፕ(΢)Ǵ99 ԃ 9 ДǴ অुϖހǴཥᏢ݅Ǵ। 47 ନΑނ៾๊ჹ܄ᆶނ៾ϦҢ܄ϷҬܰӼӄϐዴߥѦǴ٠மፓނ៾ݤۓ ЬကԖȨ᏾౛ᙑނ៾ǴٛЗ࠾ࡌނ៾ϐൺࢲȩϐբҔǶ

117

៾ᅿᜪวғ៾ճᡂ୏ѦǴ٠Ъள٩Ȩಞᄍݤȩബ೛܈׎ԋཥޑނ៾²²⁷Ƕ ቺ୯ނ៾ݤᗨฅ҂ܴЎނ៾ݤۓচ߾ǴՠᏢᇥ΢΋ठ܍ᇡ၀চ߾ࣁ ނ៾ݤϐࡰᏤচ߾Ǵ٠ЪᏢᇥ΢ҭ܍ᇡނ៾ݤۓЬကᆶᜪࠠமڋ٠ό֫

ᛖಞᄍݤނ៾׎ԋǴҭջǴ྽٣Γёаബ೛ॐϪሡाЪӧҬܰ΢ς࿶೏

܍ᇡǵՠݤࡓ٠҂ೕۓϐཥނ៾ᅿᜪǴٯӵᡣᆶᏼߥаϷڀԖނ៾ਏΚ ޑයࡑ៾Ƕ²²⁸ҭԖᏢޣமፓޣٿᅿނ៾ಞᄍݤ܌ౢғޑཥڋࡋǴࢂ೸ၸ ݤ۔೷ݤޑБԄӧჴ୍΢೏܍ᇡǴӢࣁ٠όࢂҗ྽٣ΓаࠨऊԾҗऊۓ

׎ԋǴԶࢂҗݤ۔೷ݤ܌׎ԋǴӢԜځჴ٠҂ँઇ܈ၴϸނ៾ݤۓচ߾

229Ƕ

ᜢܭಞᄍݤނ៾ӧঅݤ߻ࡕϐ܍ᇡރݩϷځाҹǴӧΠЎύஒӆ຾

΋؁ᇥܴǴՠჹܭ܍ᇡচՐ҇໺಍βӦ៾ճբࣁಞᄍݤނ៾ϐፕॊǴ܈

ޣᇥբࣁཥᜪࠠޑނ៾ԶقǴ೸ၸݤ۔೷ݤԶ܍ᇡ٠࠹ҢಞᄍݤޑБԄǴ

࣬྽ख़ाǴӧԜᔈӃ௶ܴǶ

227 ୖـᖴӧӄǴ҇ݤނ៾ፕ(΢)Ǵ99 ԃ 9 ДǴঅुϖހǴཥᏢ݅Ǵ। 51 Ϸ। 54 ຏ 6 ܌ЇҔϐ Ў᝘Ƕ

228 Westermann, Sachenrecht, 7.Aufl., Heidelberg 1998, S.3.

229 Vieweg/Werner, Sachenrecht, 5.Aufl., München 2011,§ 1 Rn.5.

118

ಃΒ࿯ ނ៾ݤঅ҅߻ჹಞᄍݤނ៾܍ᇡᆶցϐރݩ

ಃ΋໨ Ꮲᇥᆶղٯ

ӧ҇୯ 98 ԃ 1 Д 23 Вך୯ނ៾ݤঅ҅҇ݤಃ 757 చа߻Ǵ၀చচ

໻ೕۓǺȨނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛Ƕȩ೸ၸಞᄍ ݤ٠όϢ೚ബ೛ނ៾Ǵ၀చҥݤ౛җচமፓǺȨނ៾ǴԖཱུமϐਏΚǴ ளჹל΋૓ϐΓǴऩ೚ځаࠨऊ܈٩ಞᄍബ೛ϐǴԖ্Ϧ੻ჴࣗǴࡺό

೚ബ೛ϐǶȩᙑനଯݤଣ 30 ԃ΢ӷಃ 2040 ဦղٯҭᒏǺȨ҇ݤಃΎԭ ϖΜΎచೕۓǺނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛ǶԜԜ܌ᒏ ݤࡓǴࡪϐ௦Ҕނ៾ज़ۓЬကϐҁԑǴ߯ࡰԋЎݤԶقǴόхࡴಞᄍӧ ϣǶࡺ٩ӦБಞᄍ܊ࡂϐрચΓр፤܊ࡂਔǴ܍ચΓளᓬӃ܍ວޣǴோ

ܭચၛࠨऊ྽٣Γ໔Ԗаϐࣁࠨऊϣ৒ϐཀࡘਔǴวғ໸ϐਏΚǴόૈ

җࢂബ೛Ԗނ៾ਏΚϐӃວ៾²³⁰ȩǶᏢᇥ΢ڰԖӕ࡭ցۓـှޣǴՠҭ ԖόϿЬ஭অ҅߻҇ݤಃ 757 చೕۓϐȨݤࡓȩ΋ᇟǴёୖԵВҁղٯ

܍ᇡહբޑНࢬ٬Ҕ៾Ϸᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 185 చϐҥݤٯǴܭಞᄍݤڀཥϦ ҢБݤԶόઇᚯނ៾ݤϦҢচ߾ਔǴவቨှញࣁхࡴಞᄍݤǴԶ܍ᇡಞ ᄍ΢܈Ҭܰ΢ς׎ԋݤϐዴᇡϐނ៾ᜪࠠǴа጗کނ៾ݤۓЬကϐሼϯ

231ǴᏢᇥ΢٠ᖐჴ୍܍ᇡനଯज़ᚐܢܝϷᡣᆶᏼߥࣁٯ²³²Ǵ܈ޣ܍ᇡቺ ୯ݤ΢ബ೛ϐߕచҹວ፤ວڙΓϐයࡑ៾բࣁಞᄍݤബ೛ϐނ៾²³³Ƕ

230 ҁ߾ղٯςܭ҇୯ 99 ԃ 2 Д 23 В࿶നଯݤଣ 99 ԃࡋಃ 1 ԛ҇٣৥཮᝼،᝼όӆජҔǴ౛җ ࣁǺȨҁ߾ղٯᇡόள٩ಞᄍബ೛ނ៾Ǵᆶঅ҅҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచள٩ಞᄍബ೛ނ៾ϐೕۓ҂

ᅰ࣬಄Ƕȩ!

231 ጰܴ၈Ǵፕނ៾ޑཷۺᆶᜪࠠǴނ៾ݤࣴزǴ2003 ԃ 6 ДǴᏢ݅Ǵ। 16-17Ƕ

232 ᎄҏݢ๱ǵ໳ے኷অुǴ҇ݤނ៾Ǵ2008 ԃ 5 Дঅु 15 ހǴΟ҇Ǵ। 25Ƕ

233 Цᐛ᠘Ǵߕచҹວ፤ວڙΓϐයࡑ៾Ǵ҇ݤᏢᇥᆶղٯࣴزಃ΋нǴ 1983 ԃ 4 Д 7 ހǴԾ

119

ಃΒ໨ ղ،ᆕំ

অݤ߻ჴ୍΢ନΑ΢໒ 30 ԃ΢ӷಃ 2040 ဦղٯցۓऊۓബ೛ڀԖ ނ៾ਏΚϐȨӃວ៾ȩѦǴჹܭ྽٣Γόӕܭ౜Չނ៾ݤϣ৒ϐނ៾ऊ ۓǴҭӭցۓځਏΚǶ૟ᆕំჴ୍΢ޑղ،Ǵ᏾౛অݤ߻ݤଣցۓϷޭ

ۓಞᄍݤނ៾ϐ௃׎²³⁴Ƕ

΋ǵցۓಞᄍݤނ៾ϐղ،

1.ցۓߚаճҔβӦࣁҞޑϐӦ΢៾೛ۓϐऊۓ

നଯݤଣ 98 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 1175 ဦղ،ࡰрǺǺȨࡪ҇ݤಃΖԭΟΜΒ చ܌ۓϐӦ΢៾ǴᒏаӧдΓβӦ΢Ԗࡌᑐނ܈ځдπբނ܈ԮЕࣁҞ ޑǴԶ٬ҔځβӦϐ៾ճǶΏаЍଛނϐճҔሽॶࣁϣ৒Ǵ٬៾ճΓӢ

኱ޑނϐ٬Ҕԏ੻ԶޔௗၲډҞޑǶԜᆶаЍଛނϐҬඤሽॶࣁϣ৒ϐ ᏼߥނ៾ǴۘឦԖձǴό৒షౄǶࢗ΢ນΓܭΖΜϖԃΜΒДΒΜВਜ ҥϐϪ่ਜǴ࿶ၩܴǺҥϪ่ਜΓࣁȨᏼߥȩჹܭ೏΢ນΓϐ΋Ϫ໸୍Ǵ

࿶ஒسݾό୏ౢȐβӦȑǴᆶ೏΢ນΓᒤִܢܝ៾೛ۓฦ૶ӧਢǶ΢ນ ΓᔈջВନȨံᒤȩӦ΢៾ฦ૶ϒ೏΢ນΓѦǶ૟ᖂܴ၀໨ό୏ౢܭ೛

ۓܢܝ៾ਔǴคҺՖચၛᜢ߯ӸӧǴ٠܍ᒍܭܢܝ៾೛ۓࡕǴόஒ၀ό

୏ౢрચдΓ฻ԑȐ΋ቩڔಃ΋ےΎϤ।ȑǶԶচቩΞᇡۓ΢ນΓܭ၀ Ӧ΢៾೛ۓฦ૶ࡕǴّ҂Ҭб၀ό୏ౢϒ೏΢ນΓэԖ٬Ҕϐ٣ჴǶ߾

سݾӦ΢៾ϐ೛ۓǴࢂց߯аЍଛނϐճҔሽॶࣁځҞޑǻाߚคᅪǶ

ހǴ। 198-199Ƕ

234 аΠղ،ࢂҁЎаȨ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచȩբࣁᜢᗖӷǴӧљݤଣݤᏢၗ਑ᔠ઩س಍ࢗ၌ന ଯݤଣϷѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣղ،ϐ่݀Ƕനࡕࢗ၌В 102 ԃ 4 Д 19 ВǶ

120

ঃ

ঃ၀Ӧ΢៾ዴߚаЍଛނȐسݾβӦȑϐճҔሽॶࣁځҞޑǴځ܌ࣁϐ

೛ۓฦ૶Ǵࢂց҂ၴϸঅ҅߻҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచᜢܭନݤۓނ៾ѦǴ όளബ೛ϐೕۓǴԶᔈᘜϐܭคਏǻёց৒೚Ԗ၀Ӧ΢៾ϐȐચߎȑ໸

៾ளӝݤӸӧϐ௃ǻ֡ࡑ຾΋؁ᙶమǶচቩ҂ၺ၁уࣴ؃Ǵᗊࣁ΢ນΓ

௳ນϐղ،ǴܭݤᜤᒏคၴǶȩȩ

2.ցۓβӦᆶ܊ࡂߚӕឦ΋Γ܌ԖளӢܡ፤ԶғݤۓӦ΢៾

നଯݤଣ 98 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 478 ဦղ،ᒏǺȨࡪঅ҅߻҇ݤಃΎԭϖ ΜΎచܴۓǴނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛ǶྗԜǴ٩ ӕݤಃΖԭΎΜϤచಃ΋໨ೕۓ೛ۓܢܝ៾ਔǴβӦϷځβӦ΢ϐࡌᑐ ނǴӕឦܭ΋Γ܌ԖǴԶ໻аβӦ܈໻аࡌᑐނࣁܢܝޣǴܭܢܝނܡ

፤ਔǴຎࣁςԖӦ΢៾ϐ೛ۓǶёޕ୷ܭނ៾ݤۓЬကᆒઓǴݤۓӦ΢

៾Ѹ໪ӝܭݤࡓϐ੝ձೕۓǴۈૈԋҥǶҭջ໪ܭ೛ۓܢܝ៾ਔǴβӦ ϷځβӦ΢ϐࡌᑐނǴӕឦܭ΋Γ܌ԖǴԶ໻аβӦ܈໻аࡌᑐނࣁܢ ܝޣǴܭܢܝނܡ፤ਔࣁځԋҥݤۓӦ΢៾ाҹǶঃܭ೛ۓܢܝ៾ਔϐ βӦϷࡌނߚឦӕ΋ΓǴ܈βӦϷࡌނϩձࣁኧΓ܌Ԗ܈ӚԖӭኧό࣬

ӕϐӅԖΓǴԶܭܡ፤౦ځ܌ԖΓϐ௃׎ਔǴӵϝᇡԖݤۓӦ΢៾ӸӧǴ ջၻ၀చ໨ೕۓϐጄൎǴځӢԶ೷ԋܡۓΓϐόճ੻ǴᡉᜤᒏࣁϦϢǴ ᔈคа࣬ᜪ٣ჴࣁ࣬ӕೀ౛ϐݤ౛ǴԶ፾Ҕ҇ݤಃΖԭΎΜϤచಃ΋໨

ೕۓϐᎩӦǶࢗسݾβӦচࣁ׵Нܴ܌ԖǴځܭ೛ۓܢܝ៾ϒӂᙦሌՉ ਔǴسݾࡌނࣁ೏΢ນΓӅԖǶܭܢܝ៾ჴՉਔǴسݾβӦӢᝩ܍ᜢ߯

ځӅԖΓࣁ׵݊݅฻ΎΓǴسݾࡌނϐӅԖΓࣁ೏΢ນΓѤΓǶځ࣬ϕ ໔ڀԖᒃηǵژᨷ܈இ༲฻ஏϪϐᒃឦᜢ߯Ƕࣁচቩᇡۓϐ٣ჴǶ݀ᅟǴ

121

׵НܴаسݾβӦ೛ۓܢܝ៾ϒӂᙦሌՉਔǴ၀βӦ΢ϐسݾࡌނࡽߚ ឦ׵Нܴ܌ԖǴԶࣁ೏΢ນΓӅԖǴЪܭܢܝ៾ჴՉਔǴسݾβӦӢᝩ

܍ᜢ߯ςԋࣁ׵݊݅฻ΎΓӅԖǴسݾࡌނϝࣁ೏΢ນΓӅԖǴջـس ݾβӦᆶسݾࡌނܭ೛ۓܢܝ៾Ϸܢܝ៾ჴՉਔǴ֡ߚឦӕ΋Γ܈࣬ӕ ϐኧΓ܌ӅԖǶ΢ນΓ୺Ԝ៏ᆀǺҁҹܭܢܝ៾೛ۓਔǴسݾβӦϷځ

΢ࡌނόឦܭӕ΋Γ܌ԖǴค҇ݤಃΖԭΎΜϤచಃ΋໨ೕۓϐ፾ҔǶ ܭܢܝ៾ჴՉਔǴβӦϷځ΢ࡌᑐނϝόឦܭӕ΋Γ܌ԖǴӵஒ၀చϐ ӕ΋ΓᘉϷܭϻۀǵژ࠳ǵશ൝ǵஇ༲Ǵό໻ᆶݤЎǵҥݤ౛җόӝǴ ჹܭܢܝ៾ΓϷܡۓΓ֡ஒᎁठคݤႣෳϐཞ্Ǵ྽ߚҥݤϐҁཀ฻ᇟ Ȑচቩ΢׳(΋)ӷڔΎϖǵΎϤ।ȑǶ٩΢ᇥܴǴૈցᒏࣁคᏵǻ

চቩ҂ၺ၁уࣴ؃Ǵᗊа߻ຒࣁ΢ນΓ௳ນϐղ،ǴԾԖၴᇤǶȩ 3.ցۓ܍ᡙΓݤۓܢܝ៾ਏΚளᘉ஭ϷܭβӦ

നଯݤଣ 88 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 319 ဦղ،ᆢ࡭চቩѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣϐـ

ှࡰрǺȨচቩ٩ቩ౛ϐ่݀ǴаǺࡪ҇ݤ൩ނ៾ϐวғǴ௦ݤۓЬကǴ ඥకࠨऊԾҗচ߾Ǵό೚྽٣ΓҺཀаࠨऊബ೛Ǵࡺܭ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜ ΎచೕۓǺȬނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛ǶȭԶ҇ݤ

ಃϤΜϤచಃ΋໨ೕۓǺȬᆀό୏ౢޣǴᒏβӦϷځۓ๱ނǶȭࢂβӦ Ϸځۓ๱ނࣁӚձᐱҥϐό୏ౢǴளϩឦܭόӕϐΓ܌ԖǴ٠ࣁόӕϐ

៾ճ኱ޑǶࡺβӦ܌ԖΓܭ೛ۓܢܝ៾ࡕǴӧܢܝϐβӦ΢ᔼ೷ࡌᑐނ ޣǴځܢܝ៾ϐਏΚόϷܭӦ΢ࡌނǹϸϐǴ໻໻аࡌނࣁܢܝޣǴ߾໻

ჹ၀Ӧ΢ࡌނ٦Ԗܢܝ៾ǴځਏΚҭόϷܭβӦǶ҇ݤಃϖԭΜΟచ܌

ۓϐݤۓܢܝ៾Ǵջឦ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచ܌ᒏȬځдݤࡓȭೕۓϐނ

122

123

҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచೕۓǴȨނ៾Ǵନҁݤ܈ځдݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόள ബ೛ȩǴدԖβӦǴऩჴሞςٮϦ౲೯ՉኧΜԃǴԋࣁၰၡǴځβӦ܌

Ԗ៾ᕵ҂ࣁ౽ᙯฦ૶ǴϝࣁدΓ܌ߥ੮Ǵځ܌Ԗ៾ϐՉ٬Ǵջᔈڙज़ڋǴ ᇡςԖϦҔӦא៾ϐӸӧǴβӦ܌ԖΓόளၴϸٮϦ౲೯ՉҞޑԶࣁ٬

ҔǶோϦϦҔӦאᜢ߯ϐჹຝǴ߯ό੝ۓϐϦ౲ǴҭόаԖٮאӦᆶሡא ӦϐӸӧࣁѸाǴځҁ፦Ώ΋Ϧݤᜢ߯Ǵᆶدݤ΢Ӧא៾ϐ܄፦όӕǴ Զ҇٣ນ೜߾߯྽٣Γளӛݤଣፎ؃аղ،ߥៈځد៾ϐ៾ճǴࡺࡽԋ ࡅၰऩࣁΓ܌ߟ্ǴόளҁፏϦҔӦאᜢ߯Ǵ٩҇٣ນ೜ำׇǴගଆࡠ ൺࡅၰϐນǴӦБࡹ۬໻ளаϦ៾уа௨ନǴӵԖݾ᝼ǴᔈൻՉࡹݾ೜

ำׇೀ౛ǴவԶ΢ນΓϐЬ஭ǴܭݤคᏵǴόᔈ঑೚Ƕȩȩ

ᗨฅനଯݤଣ൩Ԝ೽ϩϐ౛җቲకচղ،ᇡࣁǺȨࢗ΢ນΓ߯Ь஭

ځচ೯ՉϐཥԮѱ○○ၡ○ࢤ΋ΒΎ○ࡅǴӢ೏΢ນΓߔ๊Զคݤ೯ՉǴ ٩҇ݤಃΎԭΖΜΎచಃ΋໨ೕۓǴፎ؃೏΢ນΓόளࣁ֫ߔϐՉࣁǶ Ԝ໨ፎ؃ǴԾߚ٩ϦҔӦאᜢ߯ǴԶගଆࡠൺࡅၰϐນǴ߯ឦدݤ΢៾

ճϐݾ୺Ǵᔈឦ҇٣ນ೜ϐጄᛑǴද೯ݤଣჹϐԖቩղ៾Ƕচݤଣаد ԖβӦऩࣁࡽԋࡅၰǴջԖϦҔӦא៾ϐӸӧǴҁ፦΢Ώ΋Ϧݤᜢ߯Ǵ ӵࣁΓߟ্Ǵόள٩҇٣ນ೜ำׇǴගଆࡠൺࡅၰϐນǴᔈൻՉࡹݾ೜

ำׇೀ౛ϓϓǴځ܌࡭ـှόคё᝼ǶȩฅԶᡉฅࢂଞჹ၀ນ೜ز߯Ϧ ݤᜢ߯׭܈دݤᜢ߯ǴӢԜᔈ၀҇٣ນ೜܈Չࡹນ೜ϐቩղ៾௱ᔮԶ߄ ҢόӕཀـǴ՟٠҂ցۓচቩவނ៾ݤۓЬကϐفࡋ܌ឍॊޑȨࡽԋࡅ ၰϐ…ϦҔӦאᜢ߯…ҁ፦Ώ΋Ϧݤᜢ߯Ǵᆶدݤ΢Ӧא៾ϐ܄፦ό ӕȩǶ

124

Βǵޭۓಞᄍݤނ៾ϐղ،

1.ޭۓȨᔼ཰፦៾ȩࣁಞᄍݤނ៾?

ᗨฅݤଣղ،ӭցۓಞᄍݤނ៾ϐӸӧǴόၸǴനଯݤଣ߾ම࿶ޭ

ᇡȨ྽⬏ϐᔼ཰፦៾ȩࣁȨڀԖᏼߥނ៾܄፦ϐ੝ਸ፦៾ȩǶӧനଯݤ ଣ 86 ԃࡋѠӆӷಃ 97 ဦղ،ύǴനଯݤଣࡰрǺȨȨҁҹӆቩচ֋…ග ଆӆቩϐນǴคߚаǺ٩҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచೕۓǴނ៾ନҁݤ܈ځд ݤࡓԖೕۓѦǴόளബ೛ǶԶ྽⬏཰ޣԏ྽Ǵค҇ݤ፦៾ೕۓϐ፾ҔǴ

҇ݤނ៾ጓࡼՉݤಃΜѤచۓԖܴЎǶচዴۓղ،ᇡ྽⬏཰ޣԏ྽߯ڀ Ԗᏼߥނ៾܄፦ϐ੝ਸ፦៾ǴԾԖ੃ཱུό፾Ҕ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచೕۓ ϐၴݤ…ࣁځፕᏵǶಃࡪނނ៾ϐཥᅿᜪ܈ཥϣ৒Ǵঃ҂ၴϸނ៾ϐޔௗ

Ѝଛᆶߥៈ๊ჹ܄Ǵ٠ૈаϦҢБݤዴߥҬܰӼӄޣǴջёᇡࣁᆶނ៾

ݤۓЬကӸӧϐےԑคၴǶ…ࢗ߻ນ೜ำׇಃΒቩղ،аǺڂ྽Ώ໸୍

Γஒ୏ౢҬбܭ྽⬏཰ޣаڗள΋ۓၗߎǴ٠а၀୏ౢᏼߥ၀໸୍ϐՉ ࣁǴᔈឦ҇ݤނ៾ጓϐ፦៾Ƕ҇ݤނ៾ጓࡼՉݤಃΜѤచᗨೕۓǴ҇ݤ ނ៾ጓᜢܭ፦៾ϐೕۓǴܭ྽⬏܈ځдаڙ፦ࣁᔼ཰ޣό፾ҔϐǴՠ໻

߯ࡰ҇ݤಃΖԭΐΜΟచಃΒ໨ࢬ፦ࠨऊ࿣ЗϐೕۓǴܭ྽⬏཰ค፾Ҕ ϐᎩӦԶقǴߚᒏ྽⬏ϐᔼ཰፦៾ֹӄό፾Ҕ҇ݤނ៾ጓᜢܭ፦៾ϐೕ

ۓǶ…চዴۓղ،ҁܭ၀ಃΒቩղ،܌ዴۓϐ٣ჴǴᇡ྽⬏܈ځдаڙ

፦ࣁᔼ཰ޣϐ፦៾Ǵջᔼ཰፦៾Ǵ٩҇ݤނ៾ጓࡼՉݤಃΜѤచೕۓǴ ڰค҇ݤ፦៾ೕۓϐ፾ҔǴோᜢܭᔼ཰፦៾ǴԖ྽⬏཰ᆅ౛ೕ߾ёၗ፾

ҔǴ٩ځೕጄǴ΋Бय़ค࿣Зࢬ፦ࠨऊϐೕۓǴջ྽යۛᅈࡕǴ྽Њό

125

ڗ᠑ޣǴ፦ނ܌Ԗ៾ջᘜឦܭ྽⬏ǹ΋Бय़પ௦ނϐೢҺǴջ፦ނሽॶ ຬၸڙ྽໸៾ᚐǴ྽⬏όॄ߇ᗋᎩᚐϐက୍Ǵऩ፦ނሽॶόىڙ྽໸៾

ᚐǴ྽⬏ҭόளፎ؃྽ЊံىǴԜࣁᔼ཰፦៾ᆶ҇ݤ୏ౢ፦៾ϐനεৡ ౦Ƕࡺᔼᔼ཰፦៾ᗨߚ҇ݤ΢ϐ୏ౢ፦៾Ǵோ྽⬏ࡽэԖ྽Њࣁᏼߥ໸୍

ϐቬՉԶ౽ҬϐނࠔǴܭ໸୍҂ڙమᓭ߻ள੮࿼၀ނࠔǴۛය྽Њόڗ ᠑Ǵ྽⬏ջڗள၀ނࠔϐ܌Ԗ៾аၗܢᓭǴԾឦڀԖᏼߥނ៾܄፦ϐ੝

ਸ፦៾ǶवаคࡽղΚϐ୺ՉӜကࣁமڋ୺ՉǴठᔼ཰፦៾Γ഼Ѩځჹ

፦ނϐэԖޣǴԾᜤᒏჹᔼ཰፦៾ࣁคߟ্Ƕ߻ນ೜ำׇಃΒቩղ،ᒏ ӆቩ೏֋ჹسݾً፶Ԗ҇ݤ΢ϐ፦៾ǴԶࣁӆቩচ֋௳ນϐղ،Ǵ౛җ ᗨԖό྽Ǵՠ่݀٠คΒठǴϝߚόёᆢ࡭ǴӢԶርӣӆቩচ֋ϐಃΟ ቩ΢ນǴ࿶ਡ٠ค፾ҔݤೕᡉԖᒱᇤϐ௃׎Ƕȩȩᗨฅനଯݤଣӧղ،ύ

҂аȨಞᄍݤނ៾ȩᆀڥᔼ཰፦៾(྽⬏፦)Ǵՠჴ፦΢ᔈࢂຎځࣁȨ੝

ਸ፦៾ȩϐಞᄍݤނ៾คᇤǶ

2.ޭۓȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩࣁಞᄍݤނ៾?

Ԗᅪୢޑࢂനଯݤଣଞჹၴകࡌᑐ܌ബ೛ޑȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩǴࢂ

ցԖၴނ៾ݤۓЬကǻૈցஒځຎࣁಞᄍݤނ៾?

ӧ҇ݤಃ 757 చঅ҅߻ϐѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣ 93 ԃࡋӆܰӷಃ 33 ဦղ،

ύԖ࣬྽Ԗ፪Զ၁ᅰޑፕॊǴॶளݙཀǶ

၀ղ،ϐӆቩচ֋Ь஭ǺѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣΐΜ΋ԃࡋ΢ܰӷಃϖϤΎ ဦচዴۓղ،Ǵᇡᇡۓ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ΓǴԖэԖǵ٬Ҕǵᆅ౛ǵԏ੻ϐ៾Ǵ

໻Ӣคݤڗள܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶ӜကǴோځჴ፦΢ݤࡓӦՏᆶ܌ԖΓคค౦Ό࿯Ƕ ᡉฅஒ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾Ǵຎӕ܌Ԗ៾ǴԾՉബ೛٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ϐނ៾ǴԶ

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ၴ

ၴϸނ៾ݤۓЬကǴղ،ၴङݤзܴࣗǶࣉ٩҇٣ນ೜ݤಃѤԭΐΜϤ చಃ΋໨ಃ΋ීೕۓǴගଆҁҹӆቩϐນǶ؃ࣁղ،ஒচዴۓղ،όճ ܭӆቩচ֋೽ϩቲకǴርӣӆቩ೏֋ܭচቩϐ΢ນǶ

၀٣ҹϐӆቩ೏֋߾ϸርӆቩচ֋ϐ΢໒Ь஭ǴᇡࣁǺȨ٣ჴ΢ϐ

ೀϩ៾ȩߚচዴۓղ،܌ബ೛Ƕനଯݤଣჹܭ҂࿶ಃ΋ԛ܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶ϐ

܊ࡂǴջԖ܌ᒏȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩϐ҇٣ղ،ǴϷ҇ݤಃΎԭϤΜϖచ

ೕۓǺȨ܌Ԗ៾ΓǴܭݤзज़ڋϐጄൎϣǴளԾҗ٬Ҕǵԏ੻ǵೀϩځ

܌Ԗނ٠௨ନдΓϐυੋȩǴځύ܌ᒏೀϩхࡴ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾Ϸݤࡓ΢

ϐೀϩ៾Ǵࡺ٠ߚচዴۓղ،܌ԾՉബ೛ǶΞ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΖచȨό

୏ౢނ៾Ǵ٩ݤࡓՉࣁԶڗளǵ೛ۓǵ഼ѨϷᡂ׳ޣǴߚ࿶ฦ૶όғਏ ΚȩǴࡺ҂࿶ಃ΋ԛ܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶ϐό୏ౢǴคவ٬ວڙΓڗள܌Ԗ៾Ǵ

ோວڙΓ୷ܭ໸៾ϐਏΚϝёڗள٣ჴ΢ϐೀϩ៾Ϸ٬Ҕ៾ǴԜ٠ߚബ

೛ϐނ៾Ƕӆቩচ֋Ь஭চዴۓղ،҂፾Ҕ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచϐೕۓǴ ᡉԖᇤ཮฻ᇟǴ؃ࣁղ،ርӣӆቩচ֋ϐນǶ

ჹԜǴଯ฻ݤଣϐղ،ϸርӆቩচ֋ࡰᄔȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩၴϸނ

៾ݤۓЬကǴ౛җᒏǺࡪ܌ᒏȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾Γȩ΋ຒǴ߯࿶നଯݤଣ

҇٣৥཮᝼،᝼Ϸ҇٣ղ،܌ӭԛ٬ҔǴӵȨၴകࡌᑐϐᡣᆶǴᗨӢό

ૈࣁ౽ᙯฦ૶Զόૈࣁό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾ϐᡣᆶǴՠڙᡣΓᆶᡣᆶΓ໔ӵค

࣬ϸϐऊۓǴᔈᇡࣁᡣᆶΓςஒ၀ၴകࡌᑐϐ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ᡣᆶڙᡣ ΓǶȩȐനଯݤଣϤΜΎԃࡋಃΒԛ҇٣৥৥ߏ཮᝼،ۓ(΋)ୖྣȑǹ Ȩӆ҂ᒤ౛܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶ϐ܊ࡂǴόૈࣁ܌Ԗ៾ϐᡣᆶǴՠڙᡣΓᆶᡣᆶ Γ໔Ǵӵค࣬ϸϐऊۓǴᔈᇡᡣᆶΓςஒ܊ࡂϐ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ᡣᆶڙᡣ ΓǶ܊ࡂܨନࣁ٣ჴ΢ϐೀϩՉࣁǴᔈҗԖ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ϐΓࣁϐǶȩ

127

ȐനଯݤଣΐΜΒԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃΒѤϖ΋ဦղ،ୖྣȑǹȨၴകࡌᑐϐ ᡣᆶǴᗨӢόૈࣁ౽ᙯฦ૶Զόૈࣁό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾ϐᡣᆶǴՠڙᡣΓᆶ ᡣᆶΓ໔ӵค࣬ϸϐऊۓǴᔈᇡࣁᡣᆶΓςஒ၀ၴകࡌᑐϐ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ

៾ᡣᆶڙᡣΓǶȩȐനଯݤଣΖΜϤԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃΒΒΎΒဦղ،ୖྣȑǹ ȨၴകࡌᑐϐᡣᆶǴᗨӢόૈࣁ౽ᙯฦ૶ǴԶόૈࣁό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾ϐᡣ ᆶǴՠڙᡣΓᆶᡣᆶΓ໔ӵค࣬ϸϐऊۓǴᔈᇡࣁᡣᆶΓςஒ၀ၴകࡌ ᑐϐ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ᡣᆶڙᡣΓǶȩȐനଯݤଣΖΜϖԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃϖ΋

ဦղ،ȑǹȨ൩҂ᒤ౛ߥӸฦ૶ϐࡌᑐނࣁᡣᆶਔǴᗨӢ҂ᒤ౛ߥӸฦ

૶ठόૈᒤ౛܌Ԗ៾౽ᙯฦ૶Ǵ၀ࡌᑐނϐ܌Ԗ៾όૈวғᡣᆶϐਏΚǴ ՠڙᡣΓᆶᡣᆶΓ໔ߚόளऊۓஒ၀ࡌᑐނϐ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ᡣᆶܭڙ ᡣΓǶȩȐനଯݤଣΎΜѤԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ΋Ο΋Ύဦղ،ୖྣȑ฻ǴԶ ҁଣচዴۓղ،܌ᒏȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ΓǴԖэԖǵ٬Ҕǵᆅ౛ǵԏ੻ϐ

៾Ǵ໻Ӣคݤڗள܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶ӜကǴோځჴ፦΢ݤࡓӦՏᆶ܌ԖΓค౦ȩ

฻ᇟǴ߯൩҇ݤಃ΋ԭΖΜѤచಃ΋໨߻ࢤ܌ࡰϐȨ៾ճȩǴ٠҂௨ନ ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ϐ፾ҔǴ܌ࣁݤࡓ΢ϐှញǴ٠ߚԾՉബ೛٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾

ࣁނ៾ϐཀȐচዴۓղ،౛җΐୖྣȑǴԶ፾Ҕݤೕ܈ှញݤࡓǴ߯ݤ ଣຊղϐᙍ៾ȐനଯݤଣϤΜѤԃѠᖂӷಃϖΖဦղٯୖྣȑǶҁҁଣዴ ۓղ،ࡽߚȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩ΋ຒϐബۈޣǴҭ҂߄ҢȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩ ࣁ҇ݤ΢ϐނ៾ǴᜤᒏԖၴϸ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచނ៾ݤۓЬကǴ܈੃

ཱུό፾Ҕ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచೕۓϐ௃٣Ǵࢂ߾ӆቩচ֋Ь஭চዴۓղ

،ၴϸނ៾ݤۓЬက฻ᇟǴԾߚჴӧǴࣁคёڗǶ

ᗨฅଯଣޑᡄᒠࣁǺȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩ٠ߚബ೛բࣁȨނ៾ȩǴ٠҂

ၴϸނ៾ݤۓЬကǴՠ٠҂ӣเԜᅿςฅх֖Α҇ݤಃ 765 చ܌ۓϐ܌

128

Ԗ៾ᑈཱུ៾ૈύϐȨэԖǵ٬Ҕǵᆅ౛ǵԏ੻ȩϷȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ૈȩǴ

໻ЖલȨݤࡓ΢ೀϩ៾ૈȩϐȨ៾ճȩǴڰฅόࢂܴЎೕۓϐނ៾Ǵՠ زഖࢂόࢂȨಞᄍݤނ៾ȩǻ

ӵ݀ჹྣัࡕനଯݤଣӧ 95 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 94 ဦղ،ύଞჹၴകࡌ ᑐϐȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ΓȩૈցՉ٬܌Ԗ៾ϐ੃ཱུ៾ૈύϐ܌Ԗނ߇ᗋፎ

؃៾Ǵ၀ਢϐѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣѠύϩଣȐਢဦǺΐΜΟԃࡋ΢ӷಃϤѤဦ ղ،ȑܴҢᇡࣁǺȨԛࡪǴ܌ԖΓჹܭค៾эԖ܈ߟღځ܌ԖނޣǴள ፎ؃߇ᗋϐǶჹܭ্֫ځ܌Ԗ៾ޣǴளፎ؃ନѐϐǶԖ্֫ځ܌Ԗ៾ϐ ဤޣǴளፎ؃ٛЗϐǶ҇ݤಃΎԭϤΜΎచۓԖܴЎǶԜࣁ܌܌Ԗ៾ϐނ

΢ፎ؃៾ǴԜܭ҂ߥӸࡌނ༓ࡕᝩڙڗளޣǴځ៾ճᗨߚό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾Ǵ ฅ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ځ܄፦ჴჴ߯ࣁ܌Ԗ៾៾ૈϐ໣ӝǴჹܭ၀٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾

ϐߥៈǴᔈӕܭό୏ౢ܌Ԗ៾ϐߥៈǴࢂа΢໒҇ݤಃΎԭϤΜΎచԖ ᜢ܌Ԗ៾ߥៈϐೕۓǴҁܭӕ΋ϐճ੻ރᄊǴሽॶᑽໆǴ߾ܭ٣ჴ΢ೀ

ϩ៾ϐ௃׎ǴԾҭᔈᜪ௢፾ҔϐǶȩςёаှ᠐٠࣮рݤଣӧᙑݤਔයǴ ჴ፦΢ς࿶܍ᇡȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩࢂ΋ᅿݤଣബ೛ޑȨಞᄍݤނ៾ȩǶ

ᗨฅ၀ـှ༓ࡕ٠҂ࣁനଯݤଣ܌௦ǴԶᇡࣁǺȨჹ҂ฦ૶ϐό୏

ౢޭᇡԖ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ǴΏ߯ჴ୍΢ϐߡە௛ࡼǴฅ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾زߚ

܌Ԗ៾Ǵૈցᜪ௢፾Ҕ܌Ԗ៾ϐނ΢ፎ؃៾ϐೕۓǴҭߚคᅪǶ²³⁶ȩՠ നଯݤଣҭۈಖ҂ܴқӣเȨ٣ჴ΢ೀϩ៾ȩޑ៾ճϣ఼ࣁՖǶ

236 ӕኬޑݾፕᆶᅪୢǴӆࡋр౜ӧ҇ݤಃ 757 చঅ҅ࡕϐനଯݤଣ 100 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 1275 ဦղ

،Ǵനଯݤଣаֹӄ࣬ӕޑ౛җ࡭ӕኬޑցۓـှǶ

129

ಃΟ࿯ ނ៾ݤঅ҅ᆶᗬ୯ݤ΢ϐಞᄍݤނ៾

ಃ΋໨ ཷᇥ

ཥݤಃ 757 చঅ҅ቚुࣁȨނ៾ନ٩ݤࡓ܈ಞᄍѦǴόளബ೛Ƕȩ

܍ᇡȨಞᄍݤȩёаബ೛ނ៾Ƕҥݤ౛җ຾΋؁ᇥܴǺȨࣁዴߥҬܰӼ ӄϷа܌Ԗ៾ϐֹӄ܄ࣁ୷ᘵ܌ࡌҥϐނ៾ᡏسϷځ੝܄Ǵނ៾ݤۓЬ ကϝԖᆢ࡭ϐѸाǴฅࣁխၸܭሼϯǴ֫ᛖޗ཮ϐว৖Ǵऩཥނ៾જׇ

ݤࡓ҂ϷံкਔǴԾᔈ೚ಞᄍϒа༤ံǴࡺಞಞᄍ׎ԋϐཥނ៾Ǵऩܴዴ ӝ౛Ǵคၴނ៾ݤۓЬကӸҥϐԑ፪Ǵૈ٩΋ۓϐϦҢБݤϒаϦҢޣǴ ݤࡓᔈϒ܍ᇡǴаߦ຾ޗ཮ϐ࿶ᔮว৖Ǵ٠ᆢៈݤજׇϐӼۓǴࣉүᗬ ୯҇ݤಃ΋ԭΖΜϖచೕۓঅ҅ҁచǶΞҁҁచ܌ᆀȬಞᄍȭǴ߯ࡰڀഢ ᄍՉϐ٣ჴϷݤޑዴߞǴջڀԖݤࡓ΢ਏΚϐಞᄍݤԶقǴٳϒࡰܴǶȩ

ҁచཥݤ܍ᇡಞᄍݤނ៾ϐӸӧǴҔཀࣗ٫Ǵெҥݤ౛җ٠҂ᖐٯǶ Ꮲᇥ΢ԖܴዴࡰрǴಞᄍݤ׎ԋϐނ៾ऩᜪࠠڰۓǴܴዴӝ౛Ǵคၴނ

៾ݤۓЬကӸӧϐԑ፪ǴЪԖϦҢϐёૈǴޗ཮΢ዴԖځჴ੻ϷሡाǴ ջёаᇡࣁࢂಞᄍݤނ៾Ǵٯӵ྽ᎎ཰ݤ҂ڋۓ߻ך୯ჴ୍΢྽ᎎ፦ϐ

܍ᇡǵቺ୯ჴ୍΢܍ᇡᡣᆶᏼߥϷයࡑ៾²³⁷Ƕ

ҥݤ౛җύ੝ձமፓǴҁచ߯үᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 185 చೕۓԶٰ²³⁸Ǵՠ

҂ـᖐрڀᡏ٣ٯᇥܴᗬ୯ჴ୍΢ԖՖᅿ٩ಞᄍݤബ೛ϐނ៾ǴӢԶڙ ډᏢޣץຑ฻অ҅ЖલుΕޑКၨݤ஑ᚒࣴزൔ֋²³⁹Ǵ٠Ԗ፦ᅪՖаү

237ᖴӧӄǴ҇ݤނ៾ፕ(΢)Ǵ2010 ԃ 9 Дঅु 5 ހǴԾހǴ। 52Ƕ

238 ᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 185 చೕۓǺȨނ៾Ǵନ٩ݤࡓ܈ಞᄍݤѦǴόளҺཀബ೛ȩǶୖـߎҏࣔ᝿Ǵᗬ ୯҇ݤڂǴч٧εᏢрހޗǴ2009 ԃ 9 Д߃ހǶ

239 Цᐛ᠘Ǵ҇ݤނ៾Ǵ2010 ԃДቚुΒހǴԾހǴ। 44Ƕ

130

131

246 ᆛၡ۔Бހᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 279 చϐमЎࣁ”A superficiary is entitled to use the land of another person for the purpose of owning buildings, other structures or trees thereon ”

247 ᗬ ୯ ޑ Ҕ ੻ ނ ៾ Ԗ Ο ᅿ Ǵ ջ Ӧ ΢ ៾ ((Erbbaurecht) ǵ Ӧ א ៾ (Grunddienstbarkeit) ǵ ໺ 偈 ៾ (dingliches Mietrecht)Ƕځύ໺偈៾ࢂᗬ୯҇ݤ܌੝Ԗޑނ៾Ƕᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 303 చۓက໺偈៾ࣁȨ(ಃ

΋໨)໺偈៾ΓӢЍб໺偈ߎԶэԖдΓό୏ౢǴ٠൩၀ό୏ౢ຾Չ٬Ҕԏ੻Ƕ൩၀ό୏ౢϐӄ ฦ૶Ǵჴ୍΢Кၨӭޑᗋࢂа໸៾ચၛࠨऊޑБԄुۓǶ (ୖـKorea Legislation Research Institute(Hrsg.), Einführung in das koreanische Recht, Heidelberg 2010, S.93-94ǹஞӓηǴᗬ୯҇ݤ

΢ޑ໺偈៾ڋࡋǴ๮ܿࡹݤᏢଣǴݤᏢ2005ԃಃ12යǴ।110-118Ƕ)

248 ᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 305 చೕۓǺȨ(ಃ΋໨)୷ӦϷࡌᑐނӕឦ΋Γ܌ԖǴܭࡌᑐނ΢೛ۓ໺偈៾ਔǴ ຎࣁ୷Ӧ܌ԖΓޑ੝ۓᝩڙΓᆶ໺偈៾೛ۓΓ೛ۓӦ΢៾ǶՠӦચ߾٩྽٣Γፎ؃җݤଣ،ۓǶ (ಃΒ໨)߻໨௃׎Ǵ୷Ӧ܌ԖΓόளӛдΓрચ܈೛ۓаځࣁ኱ޑϐӦ΢៾܈໺偈៾Ƕȩ((1)In a case where land with a building thereon belongs to one and the same person, and chonsegwon is created on the building, the limited successor in title of the land ownership, is deemed to have created

132 ڗள܌ᒏޑȨಞᄍݤӦ΢៾ȩ(gewohnheitsrechtliche Erbbaurecht)Ƕ²⁵¹ᗨ ฅ೭ӧᗬ୯ᏢೌࣚΨᎁډ፦ᅪǺࢂց੿ޑԖ೭ኬޑಞᄍݤӸӧǴՠࢂᗬ

legal superficies for the settler of chonsegwon: Provided, That on application of the party to contract of chonsegwon, the rent thereon shall be determined by the court.(2)In the case of the preceding paragraph, the owner of the land shall not rent the land to another person, nor have any other superficies or chonsegwon created on it.)

249 ᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 366 చೕۓǺȨӢܢܝނܡ፤Զ٬୷ӦϷӦ΢ࡌᑐނឦܭдΓ܌ԖਔǴຎࣁβӦ܌

ԖΓࣁࡌނ܌ԖΓ೛ۓӦ΢៾ǶՠӦચ߾٩྽٣Γፎ؃җݤଣ،ۓǶȩ(Where the land and the building on it belong to different persons by reason of the auction sale of mortgaged property, the owner of the land is deemed to have created a superficies for the owner of the building: Provided, That in such case the rent shall be determined by the court on the application of the party concerned.)

250 Korea Legislation Research Institute(Hrsg.), Einführung in das koreanische Recht, Heidelberg 2010, S.92-93.

251 Korea Legislation Research Institute(Hrsg.), Einführung in das koreanische Recht, Heidelberg 2010, S.93.

252 Korea Legislation Research Institute(Hrsg.), Einführung in das koreanische Recht, Heidelberg 2010, S.93 ຏ 22 ٠ࡰр೭ঁղ،ࢂӧ 1960 ԃ 9 Д 22 Вբԋ(OGH vom 29. September 1960/ 4292 Minsang 944).Ƕ

133

134

135

ڗளςբࣁო༜٬ҔϐسݾβӦࡕǴᜤբო༜аѦϐځдҔ೼٬ҔǴჹ ځԶقǴ൩سݾβӦ܌ள٬Ҕԏ੻ࣗࣁԖज़ǶϸϐǴ΋΋૓Γ҇ӵ࿶Ѝб

࣬྽ϐჹሽԶڗளدΓო༜ϐ҉Φ٬Ҕ៾ࡕǴ໻ӢβӦ܌Ԗ៾ΓளԾҗ

౽ᙯβӦ܌Ԗ៾ϒдΓϐ่݀Ȑջߚ೷ოޣளඓ௓ϐӢનȑǴ٬ࡌ೷Ӄ Γቛოϐࡕжη৊Ǵᒿਔय़ᖏܨନӃΓቛოϷЍбό྽ளճϐ॥ᓀǴځ ճ੻ᑽໆᡉฅѨᑽǴҭ໾্΋૓୯҇ϐݤࡓ௃གǶࡺҁଣቩଜٿ೷ϐڗ ளǵ٬ҔسݾβӦϐਔ໔Ϸճ੻ᑽໆ฻΋Ϫ௃ރࡕǴᇡ΢ນΓܭڙᡣس ݾβӦϐۈǴӢࡺཀ܈ख़εၸѨᅃຎ၀βӦࣁࡽԋო༜ǴςᅈရቛოǴ ऩคᏺମ฻҇໔ಞ߫ޣǴΠရΫޣϐოҤа҉ΦӸុࣁচ߾Ǵ౗౽ᙯس ݾβӦаܢ໸Ǵ༓ӆҁځ܌Ԗ៾ፎ؃೏΢ນΓᔈஒӃΓ᚟ࡌଳ฻Γϐ༤ ოܨନࡕǴ߇ᗋβӦϷ߇ᗋό྽ளճϓϓǴԖԖၴ၈ߞচ߾Ǵόᔈ঑೚Ƕȩ ൩ࡕޣԶقǴך୯ޑȨݤۓȩӦ΢៾চೕۓӧ҇ݤಃ 876 చǴ༓ࡕ 838 ϐ 1 చү΢໒ೕۓቚ೛ǴΏଞჹ࣬྽ܭᗬ୯҇ݤಃ 366 చӢܡ፤೷

ԋޑβӦᆶ܊ࡂόӕឦ΋Γ܌ԖਔԶੋǹ༓ӕਔԖ҇ݤಃ 924 చϐ 2 ଞ ჹڂ៾ϐܡ፤Ǵ߾ၨௗ߈ڄ୯҇ݤಃ 305 చӢ໺偈៾Զܡ፤ठԖߥៈ܊

ࡂ܌ԖΓϐѸाϐ௃׎ǹԿܭځд௃׎೷ԋβӦᆶ܊ࡂόӕឦ΋Γ܌Ԗ ޑ௃׎Ǵӧך୯߾ς࿶Ԗ҇ݤಃ 425 చϐ 1 ௢ुચၛᜢ߯ޑቚ೛Ǵך୯

ࢂ೸ၸ໸៾ࠨऊϐБԄှ،ǴԶߚނ៾ϐБԄǴӢԜҭคனӆᙅډȨಞ ᄍݤӦ΢៾ȩуаှ،Ƕ

ྗ΢܌ॊǴނ៾ݤቚुಞᄍݤளബ೛ނ៾ϐሞǴዴჴ٠҂ཀ᛽ډჴ

୍΢زഖԖՖѸाЇ຾ಞᄍݤނ៾ǻ߯҂ှ،Ֆᅿჴ୍΢ޑނ៾ᜤᚒ Զ೛Ƕ

136

ಃѤ࿯ ނ៾ݤঅ҅ࡕჹಞᄍݤނ៾܍ᇡϐाҹ࠹Ң

ಃ΋໨ ΋ঁࡰ኱܄ਢٯޑ࠹Ң

ཥݤ೯ၸّϞѤԃǴനଯݤଣ٠҂ـډԖ܍ᇡಞᄍݤബ೛ϐނ៾Ӹ ӧϐਢٯǴޔډന߈ 101 ԃࡋѠ΢ӷಃ 1615 ဦղ،΋ਢǴനଯݤଣம ፓǺȨࡪނ៾ନ٩ݤࡓ܈ಞᄍѦǴόளബ೛Ǵ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచۓԖ

ܴЎǶځύҗಞᄍ܌ബ೛ϐཥނ៾Ǵ໪ܴዴӝ౛Ǵคၴނ៾ݤۓЬကӸ ҥϐԑ፪Ǵૈ٩΋ۓϐϦҢБݤϒаϦҢǴЪڀഢᄍՉϐ٣ჴϷݤޑዴ ߞޣǴۈளϒа܍ᇡǴаߦ຾ޗ཮ϐ࿶ᔮว৖Ǵ٠ᆢៈݤજׇϐӼۓǴ Ԝᢀ၀చΐΜΖԃϐঅ҅ཀԑջܴǶΞό୏ౢނ៾Ǵ٩ਜय़ݤࡓՉࣁԶ ڗளǵ೛ۓǵ഼ѨϷᡂ׳ޣǴߚ࿶ฦ૶ǴόғਏΚǴҭࣁӕݤಃΎԭϖ ΜΖచ܌ܴۓǶࢗسݾଶًՏ֤ပܭ΢ນΓޗ୔܌ឦࡌނϐϣǴጓӈԖ ᐱҥࡌނϐࡌဦȐջѠчѱ○○୔○○ࢤѤλࢤ΋○ΐΒࡌဦȑǴឦ၀ޗ୔

ӄᡏ୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾ΓӅԖǴ೏΢ນΓޗ୔୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾Γჹϐ٠คӅԖ៾฻

௃Ǵࣁচቩዴۓϐ٣ჴǴ٩΢ᇥܴǴ೏΢ນΓޗ୔୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾Γջߚس ݾଶًՏ܌ӧࡌނϐӅԖΓǴԾόளЬ஭୷ܭӅԖΓ܌ள٦Ԗϐ٬Ҕǵ ԏ੻ǵೀϩ៾܈௨ନдΓϐυੋǶচቩ২٩൤Ѡ୯ӻޗ୔ϐ྽ԃೕჄǵ ٿ೷ޗ୔ҁջӚԖϕό࣬೯ϐࡌނࠅԖӚԾϐӅӕ٬Ҕ೽ϩǵଶًՏϐ

֤ပȐջΎΖ٬ӷಃ○ΒϖΖဦϷಃ○ΒΎΒဦ٬Ҕ୺ྣϷځߕ߄΢ϐ૶

ၩǴـ΋ቩڔΖǵ΋Ѥ।ȑǵа۳ᆅ౛Ϸ٬Ҕ௃׎฻Ǵᇡۓٿ೷ޗ୔ϐ

୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾Γ໔Ǵ൩Ӛ၀ෂϐӅӕ٬Ҕ೽ϩǴԖᜪ՟ӅԖΓϐᜢ߯ӸӧǴ ٠຾Զᇡۓ൩سݾଶًՏԖᜪ՟ϩᆅࠨऊӸӧǴڰߚӄฅคـǶோՖᒏ

137

Ȩᜪ՟ӅԖΓϐᜢ߯ȩǻځϣ৒Ϸ࣬ϕ໔ϐ៾ճက୍ᜢ߯ࣁՖǻՖа໪

܍ᇡ౜Չݤࡓҁคೕۓϐނ΢៾ճǻ฻໨Ǵܭ҇ݤಃΎԭϖΜΎచঅ҅

ё٩ಞᄍബ೛ނ៾ࡕǴԾᔈ၁ࣁቩଜǴ٠ᇥܴځᇡۓ౛җǴа؃཈ख़Զ ᆢៈݤજׇϐӼۓǶΏচቩ҂ᇥܴځബ೛Ȩᜪ՟ӅԖΓᜢ߯ȩϐཥނ៾Ǵ

ࢂցܴዴӝ౛ǵԖคၴϸނ៾ݤۓЬကӸҥϐԑ፪ǵࢂցૈ٩΋ۓϐϦ ҢБݤϒаϦҢǵࢂցڀഢᄍՉϐ٣ჴϷݤޑዴߞ฻໨Ǵᗊᇡ೏΢ນΓ ٦Ԗᜪ՟ނ៾ϐ௨ନߟ্៾ճǴόխ౗ᘐǴԶԖղ،όഢ౛җϐၴݤǶ ݩ΢ນΓමל៏ǺݤۓଶًՏޜ໔ܭΖΜԃΐДΜΖВϣࡹ೽൩Ԝୢᚒ ႧѲཥՉࡹڮз߻Ǵளᔠڀ࣬ᜢၗ਑ฦ૶ࣁ΋૓୔ϩ܌ԖࡌނќጓࡌဦǴ ҭջளаЬࡌނБԄฦ૶ǴЪߚ၀ෂ୔ϩ܌Ԗࡌᑐނϐ܌Ԗ៾ΓǴҭள ฦ૶ࣁ܌Ԗ៾ΓǴҁਢ೏΢ນΓܭڗளΎΜΖԃ٬Ҕ୺ྣϐሞǴ٠҂ஒ سݾଶًՏޜ໔Ǵຎӕ΋૓୔ϩ܌Ԗࡌނᒤ౛ࡌނಃ΋ԛ܌Ԗ៾ฦ૶Ǵ

߾೏΢ນΓޗ୔୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾ΓߚسݾଶًՏϐ܌Ԗ៾Γ฻ᇟȐـ΋ቩڔ Ϥΐ।ȑǴਡᆶ೏΢ນΓගрࣁ᛾٠ϒаЇҔϐϣࡹ೽ڄǵϣࡹ೽ᔼࡌ

࿿ڄȐـ΋ቩڔΖΒԿΖѤǵΖϤϷΖΎ।ȑ܌Ңϣ৒࣬಄ǴঃឦჴӧǴ

߾೏΢ນΓޗ୔ϐ୔ϩ܌Ԗ៾ΓǴܭёڗள҂ӧځࡌނϣϐسݾଶًՏ ࡌނ܌Ԗ៾ϐሞǴഖ௭٩྽ਔԖਏݤзᒤ౛سݾଶًՏ܌Ԗ៾ϐฦ૶а ዴߥځ៾ճόࣁǴϸҗ΢ນΓޗ୔܌Ԗ៾Γϩ٦܈ϩᏼ၀ΒΜΒՏଶً

Տ࣬ᜢᔈԖ೽ϩϐ៾ճက୍ǴځচӢࣁՖǻࢂցซளᒏ྽ਔ٬Ҕسݾଶ

ًՏϐऊۓǴڀԖᜪ՟ӅԖΓᜢ߯ϐނ៾ਏΚǻόคᅪୢǶচቩ҂ϒز

ܴǴԶࣁόճܭ΢ນΓϐղ،ǴҭߚϢࢳǶԜѦǴঃٿ೷ޗ୔ϐ୔ϩ܌

Ԗ៾Γ໔Ǵ൩سݾଶًՏ٠คނ៾܄፦ϐ៾ճက୍ᜢ߯Ǵ߾ځ฻໔܈ځ

฻߻Ћ໔൩سݾଶًՏϐ٬ҔऊۓǴࢂցڀԖᓬܭ΋૓໸៾ࠨऊϐਏΚǻ

138

׳ࡑᙶమǶ΢ນཀԑǴࡰᄔচղ،ό྽Ǵ؃ϒቲకǴߚค౛җǶȩ ᗨฅǴӧ΢໒٣ҹύǴനଯݤଣ፦ᅪচቩଯ฻ݤଣ೸ၸಞᄍݤނ៾Ǵ ൩εኴ໣ӝՐӻϐଶًՏऊۓϐȨᜪ՟ϩᆅࠨऊȩ܌ബ೛ϐȨᜪ՟ӅԖ Γᜢ߯ȩϐཥނ៾Ǵගр፦ᅪǴՠࠅଛӝ҇ݤಃ 757 చಞᄍݤނ៾ϐཥ

ೕۓޑҥݤ౛җᙖаࡰрǴȐ΋ȑಞᄍݤނ៾ӧȨނ៾ݤȩ΢ޑाҹࣁǺ 1.Ȩคၴނ៾ݤۓЬကϐԑ፪ȩǴ2.Ȩܴዴӝ౛ȩǴ3.ڀԖȨ΋ۓϦҢБ ݤȩϐϦҢբҔ²⁵⁴ǹȐΒȑಞᄍݤނ៾ӧȨಞᄍݤȩ΢ޑाҹ߾ϝฅࣁ 1.٣ჴ΢ϐᄍՉǹ2.ݤϐዴߞ²⁵⁵Ƕ

೭྽ύǺȐΒȑ1 ޑȨคၴނ៾ݤۓЬကϐԑ፪ȩаϷ 2 ޑȨܴዴ ӝ౛ȩ܌ࡰࣁՖǴ٠όܴࣗዴǴᔈёᇡࣁࢂឦܭȨ੃ཱུ܄ȩޑाҹቩࢗǴ ඤقϐǴനଯݤଣЬाᗋࢂ่ӝΑȨނ៾ȩϐЬा੝ቻɨȨϦҢБݤȩǴ ᄤ҇ݤಃ΋చȨಞᄍݤȩϐٿঁाҹȨ٣ჴ΢ᄍՉȩ+ȨݤϐዴߞȩǴ Զ࠹Ңӧך୯ݤ΢ԋҥಞᄍݤނ៾ޑȨᑈཱུ܄ȩाҹǴЬाԖԜΟޣǶ ՠ೭ӕਔΨᡉҢрǴӧך୯Ǵѝा಄ӝ΢໒ΟाҹǺȨϦҢБݤȩɠȨ٣ ჴ΢ᄍՉȩ+ȨݤϐዴߞȩǴ߾ԋҥಞᄍݤނ៾ځჴ٠ό֚ᜤǶ

ྗԜаှǴ೸ၸ೭ኬܴዴޑाҹࡘᆢǴҁЎᇡࣁଛӝ΢໒ಞᄍݤނ៾܍

ᇡޑाҹ࠹ҢǴाஒচՐ҇໺಍βӦ៾ଛӝ΢໒ाҹયΕ҇ݤᡏسբࣁ ಞᄍݤނ៾ǴᔈឦڀᡏёՉǶ

254 Ԝ฻ـှᔈ߯ڙډᏢޣـှޑቹៜǴٯӵЦᐛ᠘Ǵ҇ݤނ៾Ǵ2010 ԃДቚुΒހǴԾހǴ।

45 ᒏȨڀԖݤࡓ΢ਏΚޑಞᄍݤǴځ܌ബ೛ཥނ៾໪ڀഢΒঁाҹǺ1.ܴዴӝ౛คၴނ៾ݤۓЬ ကǹ2.Ԗ΋ۓޑϦҢБݤȩǶ

255 Ԝ฻ाҹᏢᇥ΢ᆀࣁǺȨނ៾ݤۓ጗کᇥȩǴᇡࣁȨ٩ಞᄍݤ܌ғϐނ៾ǴवςڀԖݤዴߞϐ ำࡋǴЪόၴϸނ៾ݤۓЬကϐ፪ԑǴΞԖ΋ۓϐϦҢБݤਔǴᔈᆕӝϷჴ፦ޑуаղᘐǴԾނ

៾ݤۓϣ৒வቨှញϐБݤǴှࣁߚཥᅿᜪϐނ៾ȩǴୖـᖴӧӄǴ҇ݤނ៾ፕ(΢)Ǵ2004 ԃ 8 Дঅु 3 ހǴԾހǴ। 63Ƕ

139

ಃΒ໨ ҇ݤಃ΋చಞᄍݤ୷ҁϣ఼ϐᡂᎂ

΋ǵᄍಞᆶዴߞ

ࡽฅಞᄍݤނ៾߯аڀഢ҇ݤಃ΋చϐಞᄍݤޑाҹࣁ߻ගǴ߾Ԗ Ѹा຾΋؁૸ፕ҇ݤಃ΋చϐಞᄍݤޑाҹǶ

ך୯҇ݤಃ΋చೕۓǺȨ҇٣Ǵݤࡓ܌҂ೕۓޣǴ٩ಞᄍǹคಞᄍޣǴ ٩ݤ౛ǶȩྗԜǴಞᄍݤΏբࣁך୯҇ݤޑݤࡓ፾Ҕ΢ಃΒ໩Տޑံк ݤྍǶಞᄍݤόႽڋۓݤԖ๱ܴЎೕۓǴѬӸӧܭǺӧғࢲ٣ჴύ೏ό ᘐޑჴ፬ᆶ܍ᇡǶಞᄍݤࢂȨ೸ၸ΋ঁӅӕᡏϣаϸᙟޑᄍՉБԄǴ৖

౜р΋ঁදၹԶڀԖೕጄ૓ޑݤਏཀࡘ܌ౢғޑߚԋЎݤȩ²⁵⁶Ƕྗ΢܌

ॊǴך୯ᏢᇥϷჴ୍ـှᆶቺ୯Ў᝘࣬ӕǴ΋૓֡ᇡࣁಞᄍݤԖٿঁᄬ ԋाનǺಃ΋ǵߏਔ໔ᆶϸᙟޑᄍᄍಞ(längere und gleichmässige Übung, inveterata consuetudo)ǴΨ൩ࢂόᘐӦ೏ၮҔޑ٣ჴǹಃΒǵ΋૓Γޑዴዴ ߞǴ܈ޣᇥǴӅӕᡏϣ΋૓ΓޑݤࡓዴߞЈǶനଯݤଣ 17 ԃ΢ӷಃ 613 ဦղٯҭᒏǺȨಞᄍݤϐԋҥǴ໪аӭԃᄍՉϐ٣ჴϷද೯΋૓Γϐዴ ߞЈࣁځ୷ᘵǶȩӕଣ 24 ԃ΢ӷಃ 1432 ဦղٯ²⁵⁷ҭፕϷಞᄍݤϐԋҥ

ाҹᒏǺȨಞᄍݤ߾ϐԋҥǴаಞᄍ٣ჴࣁ୷ᘵǴࡺЬ஭ಞᄍݤ߾Ǵа ࣁװᔐٛᑇБݤޣǴԾᔈ٩Ь஭٣ჴ೯ٯǴ൩Ԝ໨ӭԃᄍՉǴࣁ၀ӦБ ϐΓ֡ᇡځԖܥ״ځՉࣁϐਏΚϐ٣ჴǴॄᖐ᛾ೢҺǶӵόૈᖐрዴϪ ёߞϐᏧ᛾Ǵаࣁ᛾ܴǴԾόૈᇡࣁԖԜ໨ಞᄍϐӸӧȩǶջёӑ᛾Ƕ

256 Enneccerus-Nipperdey, AT, 1959, Bd. I., § 38 IȐS.261ȑǴচЎࣁ:“Gewohnheitsrecht ist das ungesetzte, durch einen allgemeinen normalerweise durch Übung manifestierten Rechtsgeltungswillen der Gemeinschaft erzeugte Recht.“.—ᙯЇԾֆவڬǴፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽ ᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝϐᢀჸࣁύЈǴว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 4Ƕ

257Ԝղٯϣ৒౜ςคݤ൨ள──ᙯЇԾ׵ኳǴ҇ݤᕴ߾ϐ౛ፕᆶჴҔǴ1992ԃ6ДǴ।13ຏΒǹЦ ᐛ᠘Ǵ҇ݤᕴ߾Ǵ।61ᆀϐࣁȨղ،ȩǶ

140

ӢԜǴಃΒঁाનǴΨ൩ࢂЬᢀ܈ϣӧޑाનǺȨݤࡓޑዴߞЈȩǴ߾΋

ޔࢂᏢᇥ΢Ҕٰ୔ձȨಞᄍݤȩᆶȨ٣ჴ΢ޑᄍಞȩޑᜢᗖ܌ӧǶԶ೭ Ψࢂಞᄍݤനڙݾ᝼ޑϣ఼ाન܌ӧǴ܈ޣᇥಞᄍݤޑȨਏΚ୷ᘵȩ܌

ӧǶྣቺ୯ᏢޣޑඔॊǴ೭೽ϩޑ౛ፕݾፕǴȨКа۳ҺՖ΋ᅿ౛ፕࣴ

زᗋाᚇ໶คകǵኳጋᜤᔉ²⁵⁸ȩ

ΒǵȨݤϐዴߞЈȩբࣁᜢᗖाન

1.Ꮲᇥݾፕ

ന֚ᜤޑୢᚒӧܭՖᒏȨݤϐዴߞЈȩǻӵՖว౜܈܍ᇡȨݤϐዴ ߞЈȩǻୖԵቺ୯Ў᝘൩Ԝ೽ϩޑ౛ፕว৖Ǵεཷр౜ၸаΠ൳ᅿᢀᗺ ёٮୖԵ²⁵⁹Ǻ

ಃ΋ᅿᇥݤࢂ܌ᒏޑȨȨ٣ჴ΢ᄍಞᇥȩ(Übungstheorie)ǴԜᇥஒಞ ᄍݤޑܥ״Κ؃ፏܭൂપѦӧᄍՉޑ٣ჴǶԜᇥமፓவΓᜪኳүޑҁૈǵ

፾ᔈ܄Ǵ൩཮வჴሞϸᙟᄍಞޑȨ୏ᐒȩύǴౢғȨஒٰᔈ၀ाᝩុӵ ԜՉࣁȩޑཀࡘǶҭջவൂપޑѦӧ٣ჴ൩ёаౢғೕጄޑܥ״ΚǶ

ಃΒᅿࢂ܌ᒏޑȨȨ܍ᇡᇥȩ(܈ӕཀᇥ)ǴԜᇥஒಞᄍݤޑਏΚນፏ ܭǺᔕڋҥݤޣܴҢ܈ᓨҢޑ܍ᇡ(ӕཀ)ǹ٩ԜᇥǴҥݤޣԖ៾௨ନ܈

ցᇡಞᄍݤޑਏΚǶ

ಃΟᅿᇥݤࢂȨȨዴߞᇥȩ(Überzeugungstheorie)Ǵ೭ЬाࢂٰԾܭ ᐕўݤᏢࢴޑቹៜǴமፓಞᄍݤޑਏΚٰԾܭӅӕᡏϣԋ঩ӅӕޑȨݤ

258 ୖـ Max Rümelin, Die bindende Kraft des Gewohnheitsrechts und ihre Begründung, Tübingen 1929, S.6f.аϷ၀ೀ܌Їॊޑቺ୯Ꮲޣ Oskar Bülow ޑ၉Ƕ--ᙯЇԾֆவڬǴፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑ ݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝϐᢀჸࣁύЈǴว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢ

ࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 2Ƕ

259 аΠᏢᇥϟಏǴ၁ـֆவڬǴፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝ ϐᢀჸࣁύЈǴว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 2-3Ƕ

141

ϐዴߞȩ(Rechtsüberzeugung)ǴԜᅿݤϐዴߞЈ߾ӸӧܭȨ҇௼ᆒઓȩ ύǶӢࣁჹܭᐕўݤᏢࢴԶقǴݤࢂӸӧܭ҇௼ᆒઓ܈ޣ҇௼ዴߞϐύǴ

೸ၸϣӧወ౽ᓨϯޑΚໆǴߚҥݤޣޑ৬ཀ܌׎ԋޑǶ҇௼ዴߞബ೷ಞ ᄍݤǶѬനԖӜޑڮᚒലࣁǺȨݤࡓࢂӧ΋ঁݤࡓӅӕᡏύ܌ӸӧޑӅ ӕዴߞȩǶӢԜǴȨ܌Ԗޑݤࡓа೭ኬޑБԄ...೿ёаᆀࣁಞᄍݤ²⁶⁰ȩǶԜ ᇥ೏ࡕٰᑫଆޑΠॊޑȨӅӕᡏཀࡘᇥȩ܌೴ᅌڗжᆶঅ҅ǴԶᆶȨӅ ӕᡏཀࡘᇥȩ࣬ϕᖿ߈ǴӢԜԖᆀȨӅӕᡏཀࡘᇥȩࣁȨዴߞᇥȩϐঅ

҅ހǶ

ಃѤᅿᇥݤ߾ࢂҞҞ߻ቺ୯೯೯ᇥ܌ᒏޑȨȨӅӕᡏཀࡘᇥȩ(Wille einer Gemeinschaft)ǴԜᇥ຾΋؁மፓ߄౜рӅӕᡏཀࡘޑѦ೽ᄍಞǴ൩Ѹ໪

х֖Α׎ԋಞᄍݤ܌ѸाޑཀࡘǶ٩ᏵԜᇥǴಞᄍݤόӆࢂ΋ᅿȨݤϐ ዴߞȩǴԶࢂ΋ᅿȨ೏ឍܴޑӅӕཀࡘȩ(erklärter Gemeinwille)(೭ࢂ Karl Binding ޑᆀڥ)ǴȨӅӕᡏཀࡘȩ(Wille der Gemeinschaft)(೭ࢂ Eduard Hölder ޑᆀڥ)ǴᗨฅᆀڥౣԖৡ౦Ǵՠ൩ࢂ੝ձமፓݤޑཀࡘाન²⁶¹Ƕ 2. Ȩݤ۔ݤᇥȩբࣁཥᖿ༈

(1)ಞᄍݤޜࢰϯ

ډΑಃ΋ԛШࣚεᏯ߻ࡕǴቺ୯ޑࡆ୯ݤଣр౜ཇٰཇӭޑղ،Ǵ

ౢғ΋ᅿȨࡆ୯ݤଣղ،೯೤ᑩ๞ȩޑ౜ຝ(Inflationsrechtsprechung)Ǵ ӢԜ໒ۈр౜ಞᄍݤ౛ፕᙯᡂԋݤ۔ݤ౛ፕޑፕॊᖿ༈Ƕӵ݀࣬ᔈ߻ॊ

ჹಞᄍݤϣ఼ޑѤᅿᇥݤǴԜᅿᇥݤԖᆀϐࣁȨݤ۔ݤᇥȩ

260 ୖـ H.-P. Haferkamp(Hrsg), Usus modernus pandectarum: Römisches Recht, Deutsches Recht und Naturrecht in der Frühen Neuzeit ; Klaus Luig zum 70. Geburtstag ,Köln 2007,S.221.

261ֆவڬǴፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝϐᢀჸࣁύЈǴว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 4Ƕ

142

(Richterrechtstheorie)ޣ²⁶²Ƕ

ቺ୯҇ݤǵݤᏢБݤፕаϷݤࡓўޑख़ाΓނ Helmut Coing මࡰрǺ Ȩӵ݀ஒݤ۔ݤȐղٯȑ௨ନԋࣁಞᄍݤǴ߾ಞᄍݤӧ౜жғࢲύஒ൳ ЯόӆԖ፾ҔϐᎩӦǶಞᄍݤό໻ࢂݤࡓว৖ޑ߻໘ࢤǹѬЬाࢂ׎ԋ ܭ΋ঁλጄൎޜ໔ЪܰܭඓඝᢀჸޑΓሞғࢲᜢ߯ύǴႽύШइਔයѳ

֡ۚՐΓαѝԖ΋ډٿ࿤Γޑࠤѱǵ࠾ࡌሦЬޑβӦ܈׸ಷϣǶՠӧ౜

ж΋ঁѳ֡Γα୏ᇷኧԭ࿤ޑ୯ৎϣǴा׎ԋ΋ঁ಍΋ޑಞᄍݤǴჴӧ ᜤаགྷႽǶ²⁶³ȩ

ಞᄍݤԜᅿᜤа׎ԋᆶᇡۓޑ౜ຝǴѠ᡼Ꮲᇥ΢ஒϐᆀࣁȨ੃Ѩޑ ಞᄍݤȩ܈ޣȨಞᄍݤޜࢰϯȩǴ܈ޣᇥȨಞᄍݤղٯݤϯȩϐ౜ຝ²⁶⁴Ƕ

(2)ݤଣ࠹ҢಞᄍݤǺಞᄍݤϐȨݤ۔ݤϯȩ܈Ȩղٯݤϯȩ

ӢԜǴᒿ๱ݤଣղ،ޑख़ा܄ཇٰཇڙख़ຎǴᏢᇥ΢߾೴ᅌр౜ᇡ ࣁಞᄍݤคߚ൩ࢂݤ۔ݤޑـှǴȨಞᄍݤբࣁݤ۔ݤȩǶԜᅿـှᇡࣁǴ ݤଣղ،ޑфૈѝࢂஒޗ཮౜ӸޑಞᄍǴගϲԋࣁಞᄍݤǶӕཀ܈ޣ܍

ᇡಞᄍݤޑԖ៾ᐒᜢǴόӆࢂӵӕ߻ॊޑȨ܍ᇡᇥȩ(܈ӕཀᇥ

Gestattungstheorie)܌ࡰрޑǴࢂҥݤᐒᜢǴԶࢂς࿶ᙯඤԋҗљݤᐒ ᜢ(ղ،ᐒᜢ)Ԗ៾ж߄୯ৎӕཀ܈ޣ܍ᇡ܈ޣᇡёǴޗ཮΢ς࿶Ӹӧޑ ಞᄍǶಞᄍݤόѸӆҗҥݤᐒᜢܴҢ܈ޣᓨҢӦҥݤமڋ܍ᇡǴԶࢂҗ љݤᐒᜢߚமڋԄӦӧځљݤჴ୍ԾฅӦ௢ᄽளрǶ

262 H.-P. Haferkamp(Hrsg), Usus modernus pandectarum: Römisches Recht, Deutsches Recht und Naturrecht in der Frühen Neuzeit ; Klaus Luig zum 70. Geburtstag, Köln 2007, S.240.

263 Staudinger-Coing, Einl. zum BGB, 1995, Rn.242.—ᙯЇԾֆவڬǴ၂ፕղٯբࣁ҇ݤಃ 1 చϐ ಞᄍݤǺࣁך୯ղٯڋࡋԶ៏ៈǴѠεݤᏢፕᘀಃ 39 ڔಃ 2 යǴ2010 ԃ 6 ДǴ। 279Ƕ

264ֆவڬǴ၂ፕղٯբࣁ҇ݤಃ 1 చϐಞᄍݤǺࣁך୯ղٯڋࡋԶ៏ៈǴѠεݤᏢፕᘀಃ 39 ڔ

ಃ 2 යǴ2010 ԃ 6 ДǴ। 275Ƕ

143

ӧ 1911 ԃਔǴHans Kelsen ൩ම࿶ᇥၸǺȨջ٬ӧدݤሦୱǴಞᄍݤݤ คߚΨѝࢂЇวݤଣჹځуа፾ҔޑբҔԶς²⁶⁵ȩǶډΑ 1914 ԃቺ୯Ꮲ ޣ Paul Oertmann ΨࡰрǺȨচҁҗޗ཮܌ബ೷ޑၰቺೕ߾Ǵѝૈ೸ၸ୯ ৎޑљݤᐒᜢ܈ޣՉࡹᐒᜢ܍ᇡځࣁಞᄍݤ(als Gewohnheitsrechtssätze anerkennen) ²⁶⁶ǶȩӢԜǴ٩ྣԜᇥǴಞᄍݤ܈೚ϝฅԾҗӦӧޗ཮ύ

׎ԋǴՠѸ໪΋ޔ฻ډ୯ৎ܍ᇡѬǴωૈڗளځਏΚǴԶՉ٬Ԝᅿ܍ᇡ

៾ޑǴόӆࢂҥݤᐒᜢǴԶࢂљݤᐒᜢ(ղ،ᐒᜢ)Ƕ

җܭԜᅿᇥݤǴѝࢂமፓ܍ᇡಞᄍݤޑԖ៾ᐒᜢϐᙯඤǴ٠ߚமፓҗղ

،ᐒᜢԾρౢғಞᄍݤǴӢԜΨԖᏢᇥ΢மፓ೭ځჴࢂȨ܍܍ᇡᇥޑঅ҅ȩ

267Ƕ

ቺ୯Ꮲᇥ΢ΨόᘐமፓǺȨϞВޑಞᄍݤε೽ϩࢂӧ܌ᒏനଯݤଣ ӛٰϐղ،ـှޑѦՊΠǴ೸ၸݤଣޑᄍಞԋࣁݤ۔ݤԶౢғǴࡐϿࢂ

җΓ҇ౢғޑȩǴȨჴሞ΢ǴচۈཀကޑಞᄍݤӧϞВ൳Я٠҂วචӵՖ ޑբҔǴϞВӧჴ୍΢ڀԖख़εཀကޑǴЙჱࢂᙖ܌ᒏޑղٯԶബ೷р

ٰޑݤ۔ݤ²⁶⁸ȩǶΨ൩ࢂᇥǴϞВς࿶൳ЯؒԖϙሶόԋЎޑಞᄍݤݤ

߾ӸӧǴૈ୼ᡣݤ۔܈ޣݤࡓ፾Ҕޣѐว౜ѬǴ຾Զ࠹Ң၀ݤ߾Ƕډۭ

ࢂόࢂԖಞᄍݤӸӧǴаϷځᆒዴޑϣ৒ࣁՖǴനࡕ೿ࢂǺനଯݤଣᇥ ΑωᆉኧԶԖځܥ״ΚǼ၈ӵቺ୯Ꮲޣ Bernd Rüthers ܌ᇥޑǺȨಞᄍݤ

265 Hans Kelsen, Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre, 1911, unveränderter Nachdruck, Tübingen 1923, S.102. --ᙯЇԾֆவڬፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝϐᢀჸࣁύ ЈǴว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 6Ƕ

266 P. Oertmann, Rechtsordnung und Verkehrssitte, insbesondere nach Bürgerlichem Recht, Leipzig 1914, S.10. –ᙯЇԾፕಞᄍݤբࣁ҇ݤޑݤྍ--аಞᄍݤޑϣ఼ᄽᡂᆶޜࢰϯ౜ຝϐᢀჸࣁύЈǴ ว߄ܭ 20120317 ܭಃΖۛܿ٥ݤণᏢࣴ૸཮Ǵ। 6Ƕ

267 H.-P. Haferkamp(Hrsg), Usus modernus pandectarum: Römisches Recht, Deutsches Recht und Naturrecht in der Frühen Neuzeit ; Klaus Luig zum 70. Geburtstag, Köln 2007, S.241.

268 Larenz ๱Ǵഋངে᝿ǴݤᏢБݤፕǴ1996 ԃǴϖࠄǴ। 258Ƕ

144

ಖزѝࢂǺനଯݤଣჹԜ܌բޑ࠹ҢԶς²⁶⁹ȩǶҗԜёаว౜Ǵಞᄍݤ ځჴکݤଣޑղ،Ԗᆙஏόёϩޑೱ่Ƕ

ᙁقϐǴϞВޑಞᄍݤाҹύനЬाޑȨ΋૓ΓԖؒԖݤཀ᛽ޑዴ ߞӸӧȩǴ೭ঁाનޑᇡۓǴനࡕ೿ाڗ،ܭǺ࣬ᜢനଯݤଣޑղ،ӧ Ў᝘΢ࢂցς࿶ֹӄᕇளᜅӕ²⁷⁰ȩǶӢԜךॺёаᇥǴಞᄍݤҁٰҔٰ

ᆶȨൂપޑಞᄍȩ୔ձޑЬᢀाҹȨ΋૓ΓݤޑዴߞЈȩǴς࿶և౜΋

ঁཱུࡋ১ϯޑ౜ຝǴࣗԿς࿶ֹӄ೏ݤଣޑ܍ᇡᆶ࠹Ң܌ڗж²⁷¹ǶȨಞ ᄍݤȩाߥ੮Ѭޑᐕўཀကᆶख़ा܄ǴߚӧȨݤ۔ݤȩ܈Ȩղٯݤȩύ ൨೔ځӦՏǴคݤഖځфǶȨಞᄍݤȩࢌำࡋԶقѝࢂ΋ᅿȨݤ۔ݤȩ

܈Ȩղٯݤȩ

269 Rüthers, Rechtstheorie, 2005, Rn.233. —ᙯЇԾֆவڬǴ၂ፕղٯբࣁ҇ݤಃ 1 చϐಞᄍݤǺࣁ ך୯ղٯڋࡋԶ៏ៈǴѠεݤᏢፕᘀಃ 39 ڔಃ 2 යǴ2010 ԃ 6 ДǴ। 277Ƕ

270 Larenz ๱Ǵഋངে᝿ǴݤᏢБݤፕǴ1996 ԃǴϖࠄǴ। 258Ƕ

271ቺ୯ݤ΢ޑԜᅿว৖ᖿ༈Ǵ՟ЯΨ҅ىаᇥܴಞᄍ܈ಞᄍݤӧቺ୯҇ݤ΢܌эԖޑӦՏǴа ठܭቺ୯҇ݤ 1887 ԃޑಃ΋ԛ૛ਢޑಃ 2 చҁٰᗋԖೕۓಞᄍݤߚԖݤࡓೕۓǴόૈวғਏΚǴ ՠࡕٰΒ᠐ਔ߾ֹӄմନ၀ೕۓǴࡺᜢܭಞᄍޑਏΚǴቺ୯҇ݤ҂ӆբҺՖೕۓǶϸॹࢂڋुܭ ቺ୯ჹಞᄍݤ૸ፕޑന዗ਗ਼ϐሞޑྷγ҇ݤǴܴЎ܍ᇡಞᄍݤࣁݤྍϐ΋ǴԶࣁѠ᡼౜Չ҇ݤ܌

ᝩڙǶȐୖـЦդนǴಞᄍӧݤࡓ΢ӦՏޑᄽᡂǴԏᒵܭǺЦդนݤᏢፕ๱໣Ǵ1999 ԃǴΟ҇Ǵ

। 202-204Ƕȑ

145

ಃϖ࿯ġ ܍ᇡচՐ҇βӦ៾ճբࣁಞᄍݤނ៾

ಃ΋໨ ाҹᆶਏ݀

җ΢Ўϐፕॊёаว౜Ǵނ៾ݤς࿶܍ᇡளаȨಞᄍݤȩബ೛܈׎

ԋཥᜪࠠޑނ៾ǹԶȨಞᄍݤȩϐ׎ԋǴ੝ձࢂჹಞᄍڀഢȨݤϐዴߞȩ ցᆶޑᇡۓǴΨς࿶όӆܥݝܭ໺಍Ꮲᇥ΢ჴሞᏹբ΢ཱུࣁ֚ᜤޑჹܭ

܌ᒏȨӅӕᡏཀࡘȩ܈ȨӅӕᡏݤϐዴߞȩϐ௖؃ǴԶࢂນፏܭς࿶Ȩݤ

۔ݤϯȩ܈ȨղٯݤϯȩǶѝाӧղ،ύჹܭಞᄍݤϐӸցǴ௖؃ޗ཮

࠼ᢀ΢Ӆӕᡏύς࿶ϸᙟр౜ޑᄍಞǴ٠ЪፏӭЎ᝘΢ς࿶ϒаᜅӕ܈

Ѝ࡭ϐಞᄍݤǴӧځڀഢ΢໒ނ៾ಞᄍݤ܌ा؃ϐϦҢ܄ाҹΠǴӧղ

،ύϒаȨ࠹ҢȩǴջёബ೛ނ៾ϐಞᄍݤǶ

ྗԜǴୖԵ΢໒ፏӭᏢᇥ౛ፕ΢ჹܭচՐ҇βӦ៾ճϐϣ఼ᆶ܍ᇡǴ ҁЎᇡࣁҗݤଣǴ੝ձࢂҗচՐ҇஑཰ݤ৥܈ݤଣǴஒځ࠹Ңࣁಞᄍݤ ނ៾ǴനૈޔௗǵِೲЪᆶݤજׇ΋ठ܄ӦၲډߥៈচՐ҇βӦ៾ճϐ ҞޑǶ

૟٩Ᏽ΢໒നଯݤଣӧࡰ኱܄ύਢٯ܌ख़ҙ࠹ҢޑाҹǴፕॊᔈ࠹

ҢচՐ҇βӦ៾ճբࣁཥࠠᄊޑಞᄍݤނ៾ӵΠǺ

΋ǵϦҢ܄Ǻڀ௨д܄ϐᝩុȨэԖȩ

ȨэԖȩࣁނ៾ख़ाϐϦҢ܄բҔǴࣁᏢޣ΋ठ܍ᇡǴᔈคᅪ

ୢǶቺ୯Ꮲᇥ΢மፓǺȨэԖȩ٬ள໸៾ԋࣁނ៾Ǵނ៾ݤ΢ޑȨэԖȩ

146

ࢂዴߥނ៾ϦҢ܄চ߾നख़ाޑЋࢤ²⁷²ǴىـэԖӧނ៾ϦҢբҔύ

܌תᄽޑفՅǶȐ٠ୖـ҇ݤಃ 425 చ೸ၸȨэԖȩ٬ચၛϐ໸៾ࠨऊ ڗளނ៾ޑਏΚȑ

၈ӵҁЎӧ߻΋ക܌၁ಒϟಏу৾εݤύ܌மፓޑǴচՐ҇—Ѡ᡼

চՐ҇ҭӕǴࢂаȨჹܭβӦڀԖкϩ٬ҔȩǴЪჹβӦࣁȨ௨д܄ϐ ඓ௓ȩϐȨэԖচ߾ȩǴ܈ޣᇥᏢᇥ΢܌ᆀޑȨচՐ҇៾ճϐද೯ݤচ

߾ȩǴբࣁځ៾ճϐ୷ᘵޑǶԶЪ΋ӵӧኻࢪ෗҇ޣ຾Εǵௗ᝻ཥӦ୔

ਔǴ྽Ӧۚ҇൩ς࿶эԖ၀βӦǴѠ᡼ޑচՐ҇Ψӧύ๮҇୯ࡹ۬ܭӀ ൺ߃ය҇୯ 30 ԃ໔൩ӄ୯βӦ຾Չಃ΋ԛᕴฦ૶ਔǴΨ൩ࢂύ๮҇୯

҅ԄӧѠ᡼࠹Ңሦβࣁځ୯ԖϐਔᗺǴ၀௼ဂ൩ς࿶ȨэԖȩ၀੝ۓβ Ӧ୔ୱǴԶԜэԖ٩ྣ၀௼ဂϐಞᄍǵ໺಍܈ݤࡓǴςىа܍ᇡচՐ҇

௼ϐ៾ճǴӢԜǴচՐ҇௼ૈ୼᛾ܴӧύ๮҇୯҅ԄӧѠ᡼࠹Ңሦβࣁ ځ୯ԖϐԜ΋ਔᗺǴ൩ς࿶Ȩ௨д܄ӦэԖȩβӦǴӢԶ಄ӝಞᄍݤނ

៾ύޑȨϦҢ܄ाҹȩǶ

Βǵ٣ჴ΢ϐᄍՉǺȨϸᙟԶ௨д܄ӦȩэԖ

࣬ᔈܭ΢໒эԖϐϦҢ܄ाҹǴচՐ҇ӧځ௨д܄эԖޑβӦ΢Ǵ ȨϸᙟԶ௨д܄ӦȩэԖβӦԋࣁ΋ᅿಞᄍ܈໺಍Ǵջ߻ॊѦ୯ݤ܌ᒏ ޑȨᝩុ܄চ߾ȩǴᔈᇡࣁς࿶ڀഢಞᄍݤύޑȨ٣ჴ΢ᄍՉȩޑᄍಞ

ाҹǶ

၈ӵѠ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣѠύϩଣ 98 ԃࡋ΢ܰӷಃ 151 ဦ҇٣ղ،౛җύ

܌ॊޑǺȨ΢ນΓ൩٬ҔسݾβӦаٰԖ 40 ᎩԃǴߏΦаٰ֡ుߞسݾ

272 ֆவڬǴ໸៾ނ៾ϯǵ௢ۓચၛᜢ߯ᆶ၈ߞচ߾Ǵၩ҇٣ݤᏢᆶݤᏢБݤಃѤнǴ2010 ԃ 3 ДǴ। 24Ƕ

147

βӦࣁ઒໺ӦǵЪΞࣁШۚᎃ߈೽ပϐੀ໡௼ΓǴନନჹسݾβӦϐ٬Ҕ

៾Ϸ܌Ԗ៾ڀԖ࣬྽ܭݤዴߞϐಞᄍዴߞǴЪჴሞ٬ҔسݾβӦǴࡺჹ سݾβӦԖ٬Ҕ៾Ƕோ٩നଯݤଣ΢໒،᝼ཀԑǴ΢ນΓܭ҂ࣁӦ΢៾

ฦ૶߻ϝόளЬ஭ځࣁԖӄэԖǴ΢ນΓЬ஭Ԗ៾эԖسݾβӦǴہค ё௦ǶȩচՐ҇Ԝ໨ߏΦϸᙟэԖ٬ҔβӦς࿶ԋࣁԿϿࢂ٣ჴ΢ᄍՉ ޑำࡋǶ

Οǵݤϐዴߞ

ᗨฅ΢໒Ѡ᡼ଯ฻ݤଣѠύଯϩଣϐղ،ς࿶ޔௗᇡۓϸᙟэԖ ϐᄍՉ൩ς࿶ىаᇡۓচՐ҇ڀഢݤϐዴߞЈǴԶЪԜ໨ᇡۓ୷ܭ΢ॊ

ݤଣբࣁ࠹ҢȨಞᄍݤȩϐᐒᜢǴΨёаԋҥ٠วғಞᄍݤϐബ೛ਏΚǶ όၸǴӵ݀ୖԵ΢ॊу৾εݤύჹচՐ҇βӦ៾ճ܍ᇡޑाનǴҁЎᇡ ࣁନΑਔ໔ޑाનѦǴۘᔈ၀у΢߻ॊޑȨЎϯϐाનȩǴԜҭࣁ܍ᇡ চՐ҇໺಍βӦ៾ճբࣁಞᄍݤނ៾Ǵᆶ܍ᇡ܈ബ೛ځдಞᄍݤނ៾ന εޑ୔ձ੝Յ܌ӧǶҙقϐǴݤ۔ᔈ၀၂๱ѐ᛾ܴচՐ҇௼៾ճϐӸӧǴ

߯၀௼ဂϐȨᐱ੝Ўϯόё܈લȩޣǴΨ൩ࢂᇥЬ஭βӦ៾ճϐচՐ҇

௼Ǵѝाૈ୼ගр᛾ܴ੝ۓβӦ߯၀௼ဂᐱ੝Ўϯ܌όё܈લޣǴ߾၀ Ȩᐱ੝Ўϯόё܈લȩϐ೽ϩᔈջёᇡۓࣁςϣϯࣁচՐ҇ޑዴߞǴዴ ߞځԖԜβӦӃэ៾ӸӧǴԶ௢ۓ྽Ӧۚ҇ჹܭ၀βӦ٦Ԗ΋ۓϐ៾ճǴ ЪόӢ༓ࡕཥࡹ៾ϐ຾ΕԶ഼ѨβӦϐ៾ճǶӢԶளа܍ᇡځڀഢಞᄍ ݤϐЬᢀाҹǶ

Ѥǵਏ݀

148

ڀഢ΢ॊाҹࡕǴݤଣᔈ࠹ҢচՐ҇ڀԖȨӃэȩڗளό୏ౢϐಞᄍݤ ނ៾²⁷³Ƕ

ϖǵচՐ҇ȨӃэȩڗளό୏ౢނ៾ϐ੝ਸ܄

୷ܭ߻ॊচՐ҇໺಍βӦ៾ճϐ੝ਸ܄Ȑբࣁ΋ᅿ੝ਸ៾ȑǴচՐ

҇Ԝᅿಞᄍݤނ៾ᔈ၀ӧځࡽӸޑݤࡓᡏسύӸុǶΨ൩ࢂᇥǴԜᅿό

୏ౢಞᄍݤނ៾ᔈ၀ڀԖ όёᡣᆶ܄ᆶ໣ᡏ܄ǴӢԶᔈ၀ஒβӦ៾ճ ज़ڋࣁόளҗԾฅΓ܈җᔼճݤΓიᡏՉ٬Ǵ܈ҺཀᡣᆶԶᔈ၀җ΋ঁ

࣬྽ܭࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ،฼ଯ៾Ǵٯӵ೽ပᓐҞ܈຦௼Ҟբࣁ៾ճЬᡏٰՉ

٬²⁷⁴Ǵа୔ձܭ΋૓دԖ଄ౢ៾Ƕ

ჹԜǴᏢᇥ΢ҭԐԖගрࡌ᝼ǴЬ஭ȨВҁ҇ݤ΢ڀȬᕴԖȭཷۺϐȬΕ

཮៾ȭǴ՟ەԵቾࢂցયΕ҇ݤނ៾ᅿᜪϐύǴ٬໺಍΢܌Ӹӧიᡏ܄

ၨமϐҔ੻ᜢ߯Ǵளаނ៾׎ԄǴуаዴߥচՐ҇௼܈׎ԋ೽ပ௼ဂϐ

໺಍ӅԖ៾੻²⁷⁵ȩ

273྽ฅǴᏢᇥ΢ΨԖϸჹـှᇡࣁǴނ៾ݤޑҞޑ൩ࢂाߥምၗҁЬကѱ൑ޑҬܰӼӄ܄ǴаϷ բࣁڀԖ୘ࠔҬඤሽॶள܌Ԗ៾ωॶளߥៈǴӢԜǴ٦ڙ҇ݤނ៾ߥៈޑ߻ගǴচՐ҇௼՟ЯѸ

໪ӃӕϯԋϦ҇Ǵܫకჹ௼ဂೕጄϐᇡӕǹ٠Ъமਗ਼፦ᅪӵՖᡣᅇΓэᏵ 98%ޑޗ཮׎ԋჹচ Ր҇௼໺಍ೕጄޑݤޑዴߞǴ຾Զ፟ϒڀԖӝݤ܄Ϸჴਏ܄ϐಞᄍݤӦՏޣǶȐୖـֆᇬΓǴচ Ր҇௼βӦ៾ࢂ҇ݤނ៾ጇޑΠࣁཷۺ༏?ǴѠ᡼চՐ҇ࣴزᏢൔಃ 1 ڔಃ 4 යǴ। 182Ƕȑό ၸǴ೭ᅿዴߞޑ׎ԋჹຝǴᔈ၀௖زޑϸԶࢂவচՐ҇فࡋޑӅӕᡏǴԶߚᅇΓޑӅӕᡏǶ

274ጰܴ၈ǴচՐ҇௼଄ౢ៾ϐ܄፦ǵߥៈБԄϷϣ৒߃௖ǴಃΒۛচՐ҇௼໺಍ಞᄍೕጄᆶ୯ৎ ݤڋࣴ૸཮ፕЎ໣Ǵ2011 ԃ 10 ДǴ। 49Ƕ

275ጰܴ၈Ǵፕނ៾ޑཷۺᆶᜪࠠǴނ៾ݤࣴزǴ2003 ԃ 6 ДǴᏢ݅Ǵ। 16-17Ƕ

149

ಃΒ໨ а޸ጪϼᎹሙ௼ჹܭ໺಍βӦ៾ճϐ౛ှࣁٯ

(΋)೽ပಔᙃ

ϼᎹሙ௼(Truku)ࣁՋᖻቺլ௼ځύ΋ЍϩЍǴܭ҇୯ 93 ԃ 1 Д 14 В࿶ਡۓࣁύ๮҇୯ნϣಃ 12 ঁচՐ҇௼ǴѤԃࡕǴᖻቺլ௼Ψӕኬ ԋࣁಃ 14 ঁڙਡۓϐচՐ҇௼ǶӚ௼җۭΠኧঁޗ܌ಔԋǴӚޗ֡Ԗ ᓐҞ΋ΓǴჹѦж߄΋ޗǴჹϣࣁ୺Չ೽௼ڮзϐൂՏǴ٠ЪǴҗ೽௼

ϣ೽ΓኧനεޗޑᓐҞஒрҺ၀೽௼ϐ಍ሦᓐҞǴᏼҺ಍ᗄځдޗϐᙍ

୍ǶฅԶǴϼᎹሙ௼ϐ܌аᐱҥܭᖻቺլԋҥ΋ঁ೽௼ǴЬाচӢ߯ϼ Ꮉሙ௼ܭ 17 Шइܿᎂ޸ጪǴӧ೽௼ಔᙃ΢ᆶᖻቺլ௼ౢғΑਥҁ΢ޑ ৡ౦ǶϼᎹሙ௼όӆႽᖻቺլ௼மፓᆶے௲ޑೱ่ǴவԶஒᒃឦᜢ߯

(lutut)ޑख़ा܄ගଯǴ٠Ъҗܭܿ೽ξ୔Ӧ׎ઇ࿗ϐࡺǴϼᎹሙ௼Ψу மΑӅۚǵӅ१ޑᜢ߯ǴӢԜǴࢂցឦܭ࣬ӕߞһςόӆࢂϼᎹᚐ௼ᇡ ۓ௼Γϐ኱ྗ²⁷⁶Ƕ

(Β)ࡌҥβӦэԖϐБԄ

ϼᎹሙ௼ؒԖЎӷǴ׳όҔᇥჹܭ៾ճϐฦ૶ཷۺǴՠࢂǴ೭٠ό ж߄ϼᎹሙ௼ჹܭβӦճҔؒԖ΋঺ឦܭԾρޑೕጄ(gaya)ǴਥᏵЎ᝘

΢᏾౛ԖᜢϼᎹሙ௼ӵՖࡌҥჹܭ੝ۓϐэԖǴϼᎹሙ௼Γ߄ҢǺȨϼ Ꮉሙ௼ޑβӦࢂϩࣁહӦᆶᘪ൑ǴહӦࢂፔޑৎ௼ޑӜӷǴ൩ࢂፔޑǴ ՠؒԖ܌ᒏ៾ճޑ౜жӷ౳ǴҔޑࢂᆅ౛ޑӷ౳ǶԶЪǴӧၸѐؒԖβ

276 ߋᝊฑǴচՐ҇௼βӦ៾ϐ௖૸--а޸ጪϼᎹሙ௼ࣁٯǴ2011 ԃ 12 ДǴܿ๮εᏢচՐ҇௼Ꮲ ଣǴ। 195Ƕ

150

Ӧޟ઱ޑፂँวғǴӢࣁԖ gaya ٰೕጄ௼ΓόёаᒿཀߟҍдΓޑβ ӦǶϼᎹሙ௼βӦޑ gaya ࢂ೭ኬǴ௼Γ໒ᏜཥβӦਔόёૈ཮ߟҍд ΓޑહӦǵҶહӦࢂന୷ҁޑ gayaǴΨ൩ࢂӃ൨פډཥહӦޑ௼Γӧዴ ۓᜐࣚϐࡕǴջᏱԖ၀βӦǴ೽ပ௼Γ೿܍ᇡ၀βӦࢂдޑӜӷǴځд

௼ΓவдΓ܌ԖޑβӦጓ࿶ၸѸ໪၌ୢᆶӕཀ٠࿣ЗҺཀ೯ၸǶβӦᜐ

ࣚӧӅӕޑऊۓΠ཮೛ҥᜐࣚҡᓐǴόёаҺཀ౽୏ǵ೯ၸǶҺཀ೯ၸǵ ߟэ܈౽୏ᜐࣚҡ༧೿೏ᝄ਱࿣ЗǴӢࣁԖ utux(ࡪǺ઒ᡫ)ӧ࣮Ǵ᭘཮

ᚵᆦၴङ gaya ޑΓǴќѦǴӵ݀ԖΓߟҍձΓޑβӦǴࢂ཮೏װᔐޑ²⁷⁷Ƕȩ ԶϼᎹሙ௼Γαύ܌ᆀޑ gayaǴ൩ࢂჹܭβӦճҔǵβӦ៾ឦϐೕጄǴ ӧ౜жݤڋ຾ΕচՐ҇௼ޗ཮а߻ǴϼᎹሙ௼ջ٩ൻ၀ೕጄၮՉβӦճ Ҕᆶ៾ឦǴԾ 17 ШइԿ 1966 ԃ୯ৎߥ੮ӦϩଛڋࡋࡼՉа߻Ǵߏၲ 300 ӭԃޑਔ໔Ƕ

(Ο)βӦ៾ճϐϣ఼

1. ٬Ҕǵԏ੻ǵ௨дυੋǵೀϩ

ϼᎹሙ௼٬ҔβӦόѦЯ଺ࣁۚՐǵ౼ޘǵહբаϷᘪ൑฻Ҕ೼Ǵ ٠Ъаৎ௼ࣁޗǵ೽ပޑԛൂՏ຾ՉβӦճҔǴӚৎ௼ϐ໔ჄϩӦࣚ߯

аȨࣚҡȩ܈ȨҡᕅȩࣁᏵǴჄۓӦࣚਔа utux ࣁᏧ٠ᖐՉ౼ڂǴӧ၀ Ӧࣚज़ࡋϣǴӚৎ௼ளԾҗ٬ҔβӦǶ

Ў᝘΢ԖࡰрǴϼᎹሙ௼ޑ܌Ԗᄊኬࣁ΋ᅿ໘ׇ܄ޑཷۺǴԾ௼ဂ аफ़ǴԿ೽ပǵޗǴډৎ௼ǶᖐٯٰᇥǴϼᎹሙ௼ჹܭ၀௼ဂ܌эԖϐ

277 ߋᝊฑǴচՐ҇௼βӦ៾ϐ௖૸--а޸ጪϼᎹሙ௼ࣁٯǴ2011 ԃ 12 ДǴܿ๮εᏢচՐ҇௼Ꮲ ଣǴ। 198-199Ƕ

151

βӦ٦Ԗа΢٬Ҕԏ੻௨д฻៾ճǴ௼ဂ٦ԖሦӦϐ܌Ԗ៾ճཷۺ߈՟

ܭȨᕴԖȩǶόၸǴ௼ဂϣ೽ӢՈጔǵӦ׎฻Ξӆ೏ಒϩࣁόӕޑޗǵ

೽ပǴӚޗϐ໔җኧঁৎ௼ڀ΋ۓՈጔᜢᖄϐԋ঩܌ಔԋǴаৎ௼ࣁന λൂՏڗளჹܭβӦϐ៾ճǴёаၨ߈՟ܭ౜жݤݯᢀۺύϐدԖཷ

ۺǶ

在文檔中 原住民族傳統土地權利與習慣法物權 (頁 104-161)