Considering the limitations of the present study, suggestions for future research are addressed as follows. First, future research may consider recruiting
participants from different grades in junior high school (i.e., seventh-graders and eighth-graders) or ninth graders who have not taken the entrance exam for high school.
Learners across the grade levels have different learning characteristics and may have conflicting opinions toward learning English through pop songs. Therefore, recruiting learners from different grades can help to further examine the effects of pop songs on retention of the grammar structure.
Second, future research may consider adopting a methodology that combines implicit and explicit instruction. From the researcher’s teaching experience, EFL learners in Taiwan tended to rely on teachers’ explicit explanation in order to clarify the information they have acquired during the implicit instruction. Additional explicit instruction during the pop songs instruction may provide learners with a clearer concept of the learning goal and may be a more feasible way when there is a time constraint. In this way, the effects of explicit and implicit instruction may provide useful information on how to efficiently implement pop songs in EFL classrooms.
Third, future research may consider using different assessment to make sure learners fully acquire the target grammar structure and can use it in different contexts.
In this way, it can substantiate the effect of pop songs on the target grammar structure in an implicit learning context.
Lastly, individual interviews may be conducted in the future to further examine learners’ attitudes toward pop songs instruction and their learning process during the study. The questionnaire in the present study only revealed limited information of the participants’ inner thoughts because the feedback in the open-ended question was either positive or left blank. If one-on-one individual interviews could be included in future research, the researcher could encourage
learners to reveal their real thoughts toward pop songs instruction and thus gather more valuable information.
REFERENCES
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Ashcraft, M., H. (1994). Human memory and cognition. New York: Harper Collins College Publisher.
Anderson, N. (1993). Reapted Reading. In R. R. Day (Ed.), New ways in teaching reading (pp.190-191). Alexandria, VA: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: an overview. Journal of communication disorders, 36(3), 189-208.
Chen, Y.C., & Chen, P. C. (2009). The effect of English popular songs on learning motivation and learning performance. WHAMPOA-An Interdisciplinary Journal, 56, 13-28.
Cifuentes, M. C. (2006). Songs in the English class: A strategy to encourage tenth graders' oral production. Profile, 7, 47-57.
Dowhower, S. L. (1987). Effects of repeated reading on second-grade transitional readers' fluency and comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 22(4), 386-406.
Han, Z., & Chen, C. L. A. (2010). Repeated-reading based instructional strategy and vocabulary acquisition: A case study of a heritage speaker of Chinese.
Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(2), 242-262.
Jolly, Y. S. (1975). The use of songs in teaching foreign languages. Modern Language Journal, 59(1-2), 11-14.
Laufer, B., & Ravenhorst-Kalovski, G. C. (2010). Lexical threshold revisited: Lexical text coverage, learners' vocabulary size and reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 15-30.
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Leveridge, A. N., & Yang, J. C. (2013). Testing learner reliance on caption supports in second language listening comprehension multimedia environments.
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Lin, S. C. (2011). The effects of English song instruction on junior high school students' grammar learning. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis. National Chengchi University, Taiwan.
Mora, C. F. (2000). Foreign language acquisition and melody singing. ELT Journal, 54(2), 146-152.
Murphey, T. (1990). The Song Stuck in My Head Phenomenon: a Melodic Din in the Head? System, 18(1), 53-64.
Rohrer, D., & Pashler, H. (2012). Learning styles: where's the evidence? Medical education, 46(7), 634-635.
Samuels, S. J. (1997). The method of repeated readings. Psychology, 6, 293-323.
Selcedo, C. S. (2010). The effect of songs in the foreign language classroom on text recall, delayed text recall and involuntary mental rehearsal. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 19-30.
Wallace, W. T. (1994). Memory for music: Effect of melody on recall of text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6),
1471-1485.
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Effects of frequency and contextual richness. Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 57(4), 541-572.
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Pretest of the Target Structure (Delayed Posttest of the Target Structure)
測驗說明：本次測驗共有30題，每題會有A. B. C三個選項，只有一個選項是正確 答案。請憑你的語感，選出你認為英語語法正確的句子，並將答案劃在答案卡上。
如果你無法確認答案，請選擇 (D) I am not sure，並也將答案劃在答案卡上。
1. I ______at home alone last night.
(A) am
3. If I _____ time, I would learn Japanese.
(A) have (B) had
(C) will have (D) I am not sure.
4. Where ______ you go yesterday?
(A) do
9. If you ________home by bus, we could go to the bus stop together.
(A) went (B) go
(C) have gone (D) I am not sure.
10. Susan _______ a singer in 1996.
(A) was
12. If he ______ my teacher, I would be happy.
(A) will be (B) was (C) is
(D) I am not sure.
13. I don’t like ______ the puppy.
(A) to wash
16. If we _____ together, we would know each other better.
(A) lived
18. I heard the baby ______.
(A) crying (B) cried (C) to cry
(D) I am not sure.
19. Can you ______me what your name is?
(A) told (B) talk to (C) tell
(D) I am not sure.
20. If they _______ young, they would travel around Taiwan by bikes.
(A) are (B) were (C) have been
(D) I am not sure.
21. The picture ______ by Emily.
(A) are find (B) has found (C) was found
(D) I am not sure.
22. Listen! The birds______ in the tree.
(A) are singing
24. Remember ______ the umbrella with you. It may rain today.
(A) bring (B) brought (C) to bring
(D) I am not sure.
25. If you ______ by my side, I would feel much better now.
(A) were (B) was (C) are
(D) I am not sure.
26. When I came home, my brothers ______ about the football game.
(A) talked
28. Sandy _______ the library. You can find her there.
(A) has gone to (B) has been to (C) was in
(D) I am not sure.
29. Keep _______ and you will become healthier.
(A) to exercise (B) exercised (C) exercising
(D) I am not sure.
30. If today _______the end of the world, I would spend my time with my family.
(A) was (B) would be (C) is
(D) I am not sure.
Appendix B: Posttest of Target Structure 1
測驗說明：本次測驗共有30題，每題會有A. B. C三個選項，只有一個選項是正確 答案。請憑你的語感，選出你認為英語語法正確的句子，並將答案劃在答案卡上。
如果你無法確認答案，請選擇 (D) I am not sure，並也將答案劃在答案卡上。
1. Debby _______ at Grandpa’s house yesterday.
(A) wasn’t (B) didn’t (C) isn’t
(D) I am not sure.
2. If I_______ Lady Gaga, I would ask her to shake hands with me.
(A) would meet
5. If it ______, Sarah would make a snowman on the ground.
(A) snow
9. If we _____ more free time, we would be happier.
(A) have (B) had (C) have had
(D) I am not sure.
10. Bill’s mom let him _______ computer games.
(A) to play (B) playing (C) play
(D) I am not sure.
11. If I _____ her phone number, I would call her.
(A) know (B) knows (C) knew
(D) I am not sure.
12. _____of the money on the table is mine.
(A) Most (B) Many (C) Few
(D) I am not sure.
13. Last month Jim _____ a baby cat.
(A) buy (B) has bought (C) bought
(D) I am not sure.
14. If Ben ______ one million dollars, he would travel around the world.
(A) has (B) had (C) is having
(D) I am not sure.
15. He _____ a lot about animals.
(A) know (B) knows (C) known
(D) I am not sure.
16. ______ you have twenty minutes right now?
(A) Are (B) Do (C) Have
(D) I am not sure.
17. It’s _______ me a lot of time to finish the work.
(A) taking (B) spending (C) using
(D) I am not sure.
18. If Grace _____tall enough, she could become a super model.
(A) was (B) are (C) would be
(D) I am not sure.
19. My mom ______ me send a letter yesterday.
22. All of the students made up their minds _______ hard for the big exam.
(A) to study (B) studying (C) study
(D) I am not sure.
23. _____carefully before you buy the car (A) Thinking
(B) To think (C) Think
(D) I am not sure.
24. There _______ a basketball game tomorrow.
(A) will be
26. The girl _____ a red dress is my girlfriend.
(A) with (B) about (C) in
(D) I am not sure.
27. It is important _______ well every day.
(A) to sleep (B) sleeping (C) sleeps
(D) I am not sure.
28. If my mother _______ rich, she would send me to study in the USA.
(A) is (B) was (C) will be
(D) I am not sure.
29. The man wants ________ a job in the restaurant.
(A) to find (B) finds (C) finding
(D) I am not sure.
30. If this _____ only a dream, I would just wake up from it.
(A) is (B) was (C) will be
(D) I am not sure.
Appendix C: Posttest of Target Structure 2
測驗說明：本次測驗共有30題，每題會有A. B. C三個選項，只有一個選項是正確 答案。請憑你的語感，選出你認為英語語法正確的句子，並將答案劃在答案卡上。
如果你無法確認答案，請選擇 (D) I am not sure，並也將答案劃在答案卡上。
1. _____ you come to school this afternoon?
(A) Are (B) Will (C) Were
(D) I am not sure.
2. If I _______ your wallet, I would give it to you right now.
(A) will find
5. If my students ______ harder, I would be happier.
(A) study
7. Lisa is tall, and ________.
(A) I am so.
9. My book bag is_____than yours.
(A) heavy (B) as heavy as (C) heavier
(D) I am not sure.
10. Eric is good at ________ stories.
(A) speaking (B) telling (C) saying
(D) I am not sure.
11. The kids are playing on the ________.
(A) blackboard (B) playground (C) classroom
(D) I am not sure.
12. If the little boy ______ off the tree, he would break his legs.
(A) fell (B) falls (C) will fall
(D) I am not sure.
13. ______ exercise is good for you.
(A) Doing (B) Do (C) Did
(D) I am not sure.
14. If Nina _______the news, she would feel sad.
(A) heard
16. The garbage truck is______ the garbage now.
(A) hiding (B) collecting (C) saving
(D) I am not sure.
17. If Andy ______ the watch, we would have some money.
(A) will sell (B) sold (C) had sold
(D) I am not sure.
18. My daughter is much _______ now.
(A) taller
20. Flying kites _____ a lot of fun.
(A) is (B) are.
(C) has
(D) I am not sure.
21. _____ Shelly’s father a businessman?
(A) Do (B) Does (C) Is
(D) I am not sure.
22. If they _______ near the park, they would see you going jogging.
(A) lived (B) live (C) have lived
(D) I am not sure.
23. My sister takes out the garbage_______.
(A) every day (B) next week (C) yesterday
(D) I am not sure.
24. When you see my uncle, tell ______ about the news.
(A) it (B) her (C) him
(D) I am not sure.
25. If you _____ me, you would do the same thing.
(A) are
27. The dog ____ is running after the cat belongs to me.
(A) which (B) who (C) whom
(D) I am not sure.
28. If the little boy ______ two apples, he would give one to the little girl.
(A) have (B) has (C) had
(D) I am not sure.
29. Sam told me _______ he will come home tomorrow.
(A) whether (B) that (C) if
(D) I am not sure.
30. You ______ good on the T-shirt.
(A) look (B) see (C) watch
(D) I am not sure.
Appendix D: Posttest of Target Structure 3
測驗說明：本次測驗共有30題，每題會有A. B. C三個選項，只有一個選項是正確 答案。請憑你的語感，選出你認為英語語法正確的句子，並將答案劃在答案卡上。
如果你無法確認答案，請選擇 (D) I am not sure，並也將答案劃在答案卡上。
1. What animals_____ your sister like?
(A) does (B) do (C) are
(D) I am not sure.
2. If we______ the ball, we would feel excited.
(A) catch (B) caught (C) will catch
(D) I am not sure.
3._______ of the boxes are put in the room.
(A) Much (B) One (C) All
(D) I am not sure.
4._______ Joe looks strong, he gets sick easily.
(A) Though (B) Because (C) When
(D) I am not sure.
5. ________ early and you won’t miss the train.
(A) Get up (B) Getting up (C) Gets up
(D) I am not sure.
6. If Hank_______ his promise, his mom would be angry.
(A) has broken
9. Why ______ you late this morning?
(A) have (B) did (C) were
(D) I am not sure.
10. If Amber______ Mike, Allen would be sad.
(A) chose (B) chooses (C) had chosen
(D) I am not sure.
11. I ______ a bad dream last night.
(A) have (B) was had (C) had
(D) I am not sure.
12. Mother makes me ________ the piano every day.
(A) practice
15. If Julia ________ the truth, her parents would be scared.
(A) told
17. _______ is everything?
(A) How many (B) What (C) How
(D) I am not sure.
18. If this ______ Helen’s wedding, she would decorate the church with pink roses.
(A) is (B) was (C) will be
(D) I am not sure.
19. I was _____ up by my dog this morning.
(A) woke (B) woken (C) waking
(D) I am not sure.
20. Swimming _______ me keep healthy and slim.
(A) helping
22. If she ______ the boss, she would not fire anyone.
(A) has been (B) is
(C) was
(D) I am not sure.
23. There isn’t _______ coffee in the cup.
(A) some (B) any (C) many
(D) I am not sure.
24. How about _______ to see the movie tonight?
(A) went (B) go (C) going
(D) I am not sure.
25. If my parents______ here, they would help me deal with the problem.
(A) have been (B) were (C) are
(D) I am not sure.
26. One of my parents _______ to go jogging, and I do, too.
(A) liked (B) likes (C) like
(D) I am not sure.
27. Mom made us _______ our room before the Chinese New Year.
(A) to clean (B) cleaned (C) clean
(D) I am not sure.
28. If I ______ the answer, I would tell you.
(A) knew (B) know (C) have known
(D) I am not sure.
29. Mindy has been a waitress in a restaurant since she _____ twenty.
(A) was (B) is (C) will be
(D) I am not sure.
30. If Tony ____ away, his teacher would get mad.
(A) ran (B) run (C) will run
(D) I am not sure.
Appendix E: Posttest of Target Structure 4
2. If our class ______ the first prize, we would not be sad.
(A) wins
4. Amy likes to watch tennis, but her father ______.
(A) isn’t.
(B) don’t.
(C) doesn’t
(D) I am not sure.
5. If Lisa ______ here, she would help us.
(A) be (B) was (C) is
(D) I am not sure.
6. I want to make the cake______better.
(A) tasted (B) tasting (C) taste
(D) I am not sure.
7. It’s ______ me a lot of time to learn Japanese.
(A) taking (B) using (C) spending
(D) I am not sure.
8. If I_____less tests, I would spend more time with my family.
(A) have
10. Lucy looks ______ in pants than in a dress.
(A) prettier (B) pretty (C) prettily
(D) I am not sure.
11. If Grandpa _____ fishing, I would be at home alone.
(A) went (B) go (C) goes
(D) I am not sure.
12. I don’t have_______money with me now.
(A) many (B) any (C) no
(D) I am not sure.
13. ______Amy in the classroom now?
(A) Is (B) Does (C) Was
(D) I am not sure.
14. _____of the students is having lunch now.
(A) All
16. The present I ____ you is expensive.
(A) giving (B) gave (C) given
(D) I am not sure.
17. They love each other, _____ they?
(A) don’t (B) do (C) will
(D) I am not sure.
18. If I ______Max, I would ask him for help.
(A) knew (B) know (C) have known
(D) I am not sure.
19. The man _______ is my brother.
(A) has long hair (B) who has long hair (C) who with long hair
(D) I am not sure.
20. ______ umbrella is it?
(A) Why (B) Where (C) Whose
(D) I am not sure.
21. We have _______ homework to do today.
(A) many (B) much (C) few
(D) I am not sure.
22. If this ______ my gift, I would be excited.
(A) will be (B) is (C) was
(D) I am not sure.
23. Jeremy _______ two thousand on the pair of shoes.
(A) spent (B) cost (C) paid
(D) I am not sure.
24. Our teacher always help us _______ our homework.
(A) with (B) in (C) to
(D) I am not sure.
25. If I _______ a student, I would study harder.
(A) am (B) will be (C) were
(D) I am not sure.
26. The first student ______ finishes the art work can get ten more points.
(A) who (B) that (C) which
(D) I am not sure.
27. If Kelly _____ the truth, she would understand how much you love her.
(A) has known (B) know (C) knew
(D) I am not sure.
28. Betty ________ TV when her brother fell off the chair.
(A) has watched (B) was watching (C) is going to watch
(D) I am not sure.
29. Both James and Jane _______ tired yesterday.
(A) are (B) will be (C) were
(D) I am not sure.
30. If the teacher _______ not in the classroom, we would be very noisy.
(A) is (B) was
(C) has been (D) I am not sure.
Appendix F: The CRT
測驗說明：本次測驗共有40題，根據題目的對話內容，選出最適當的答案，每題 會有A. B. C三個選項，只有一個選項是正確答案。請憑你的理解，選出你認為正 確的答案，並將答案劃在答案卡上。如果你無法確認答案，請選擇 (D) I am not sure，並也將答案劃在答案卡上。
1. Man: It’s getting cloudy (caption: windy) outside.
Woman: I think it’s going to rain.
Question: How is the weather now?
(A) Windy.
(B) Snowy.
(C) Cloudy.
2. Man: Would you like some coffee?
Woman: No, thanks. It hurts my stomach.
Question: What may the woman have if she drinks coffee?
(A) Sore throat.
(B) Headache.
(C) Stomachache.
3. Man: I never know Judy can play the piano.
Woman: Of course. She is a music teacher.
Question: What is Judy good at?
(A) Playing the piano.
(B) Playing baseball.
(C) Playing the computer.
4. Man: Aren’t you hungry?
Woman: No, I’m not. I’m still full from lunch (caption: breakfast).
Question: What is the woman full from?
(A) Dinner.
(B) Breakfast.
(C) Lunch.
5. Man: You look unhappy. What’s the matter?
Woman: I can’t find my bike. I forget where I parked it.
Question: What did the woman lose?
(A) A park.
(B) A bike.
(C) A bus.
6. Man: How much is a boat ticket for children?
Woman: How old is your child? It’s free for kids under three.
Question: How much does a two-year-old child have to pay?
(A) Twenty.
(B) Three hundred.
(C) Zero.
7. Man: Tomorrow is Mom’s birthday. Let’s buy her some flowers.
Woman: Good idea!
Question: What will they buy for their mom?
(A) Rings.
(B) A cake.
(C) Flowers.
8. Man: Do you know where the library (caption: hotel) is?
Woman: Just keep going for two blocks and you’ll see it.
Question: Where does the man want to go?
(A) Library.
(B) Hotel.
(C) Restaurant.
9. Man: Can you help me paint the wall?
Woman: Sure. Where’s the brush?
Question: What does the woman need?
(A) A brush.
(B) A painter.
(C) A wall.
10. Man: Will you still be here in the afternoon?
Woman: Yes, I think I’ll stay until five.
Question: When will the woman leave?
(A) In the morning.
(B) In the afternoon.
(C) Late at night.
11. Man: What’s wrong with Wendy?
Woman: Her knees hurt. She was hit by a motorcycle this afternoon.
Question: What hit Wendy?
(A) A car.
(B) A bus.
(C) A motorcycle.
12. Man: Do you have to get up early in the morning?
Woman: Yes. I can’t be late for school.
Question: Where does the woman go in the morning?
(A) School.
(B) Work.
(C) Park.
13. Man: Oh, no! I lost my wallet (caption: cellphone).
Woman: Let’s call the station and see if anyone has found it.
Question: What did the man lose?
(A) His cellphone.
(B) His passport.
(C) His wallet.
14. Man: Did the teacher tell us when to get to the station?
14. Man: Did the teacher tell us when to get to the station?