Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.2 Suggestions for Further Research
In the end of this thesis, we point out three unsolved problems which might be worthy of investigation in further studies. First, in this thesis, since there are only 69 tokens being analyzed, the adaptations of some sounds from Japanese into Saisiyat are either rare or absent. For example, in our data base there are no cases of how Japanese
[z] and [ɸ] are adapted into Saisiyat; besides, since there is only one token of Japanese [ç] being replaced by Saisiyat [h], and two tokens of Japanese [dʒ] being replaced by Saisiyat [z], we are not as certain whether these alternatives are the most optimal phonemes for Saisiyat to adapt Japanese [ç] and [dʒ]. Therefore, although we eventually provide an overall constraint ranking for Japanese sounds which are adapted into Saisiyat based on our data base, the outcome should be further verified with more tokens.
Second, in this thesis since we only focus on the how Saisiyat borrows Japanese words in segmental aspect, the adaptations of words from Japanese in Saisiyat related to Saisiyat syllabic rules are not discussed. For example, Japanese geminates are singularized; vowels are either lengthened or shortened when being adapted in Saisiyat, Saisiyat [t] is inserted in the coda position; [ʔ] is inserted in onset or coda position of Japanese loanwords, and the sequence of CjV in Japanese are transformed into CiV in Saisiyat, are all open to be discussed in further studies.
Lastly, to figure out how every segment in Japanese loanwords are adapted into Saisiyat based on Saisiyat loanword phonology much thoroughly, besides the general constraint ranking provided in this thesis which can account for the majority cases, analyses for those minority cases with irregular replacements are also worthy of researches. In our opinion, these irregular cases might be considered caused by
several possible reasons such as there are insufficient tokens analyzed in this thesis, the misspellings of Japanese loanwords in Palemeq (2014) and the complicated interaction among other languages like Hakka, Atayal, Taiwanese and Mandarin Chinese. For example, although Japanese segment [d] are mostly replaced by Saisiyat [z] in our tokens (cf. (41)), we can also find its variants [t] in adapting Japanese
[denwa] as [tinwaʔ] ‘telephone’ and [r] in adapting Japanese [dentoː] as [rintoː] ‘lamp’
(cf. (31)). These variants might be considered borrowed from the Japanese loanwords in Hakka and Atayal since that Japanese [denwa] is adapted as [tienfa] in Hakka and Japanese [dentoː] is adapted as [rento] in Atayal. In this case, if there are more evidences that can attest these irregular variants are caused by the interaction among Hakka and Atayal, our generalization focused on the adaptation of Japanese words in Saisiyat based on Saisiyat loanword phonology (e.g., Japanese [d] is adapted into Saisiyat as [z]) will be much persuasive. As for the insertion of [t] in [kinʃat] ‘police officer’ (cf. (20)), it might be influenced by Taiwanese [kiŋtʃat] instead of due to the
syllabic rules in Saisiyat. Therefore, although these loanwords are all reported borrowed from Japanese in Palemeq (2014), the interaction among other languages can also have a great influence on how Saisiyat adapts Japanese words.
References
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Online Resources
Google Translatorhttps://translate.google.com.tw/?hl=zh-TW
Chacha Dictionary
https://tw.ichacha.net/
Taiwan indigenous language online Dictionary
https://e-dictionary.apc.gov.tw/Index.htm
EasyPronunciation.com
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ription
Appendix
OT for Preserved Sounds
Tableau for [i]
[kikaɪ]
*F V *{( C
[+glottal]) [ i] ( C
[+glottal])} *{ (C
[-glottal]) [ ɪ] ( C
[-glottal])} *{C
[-palatal]) [ e] ( C
[-palatal])} I
DENT-IO [ low ] I
DENT-IO [ front ] I
DENT-IO [ b ack ] I
DENT-IO [ h igh ] I
DENT-IO [ round ] I
DENT-IO [ te nse ]
kɯkaɪ *! * *
kɪkaɪ *ǃ *
kekaɪ *! *
kæ kaɪ *! *
kakaɪ *! * *
kəkaɪ *! * *
kœkaɪ *! * * *
kokaɪ *! * * *
kikaɪ
Tableau for [o]
[o]
*F V *{( C ) [ i] ( C )}
[+glottal][+glottal]*{ (C ) [ ɪ] ( C )}
[-glottal][-glottal]*{C ) [ e] ( C )}
[-palatal][-palatal]I
DENT-IO [ low ] I
DENT-IO [ front ] I
DENT-IO [ b ack ] I
DENT-IO [ h igh ] I
DENT-IO [ round ] I
DENT-IO [ te nse ]
ɯ *! * *
æ *! * * *
a *! * *
e *! * *
i *! * * *
ɪ *! * * * *
ə *! * *
œ *! *
o
Tableau for [a]
[a]
*F V *{( C ) [ i] ( C )}
[+glottal][+glottal]*{ (C ) [ ɪ] ( C )}
[-glottal][-glottal]*{C ) [ e] ( C )}
[-palatal][-palatal]I
DENT-IO [ low ] I
DENT-IO [ front ] I
DENT-IO [ b ack ] I
DENT-IO [ h igh ] I
DENT-IO [ round ] I
DENT-IO [ te nse ]
ɯ *! * * *
e *! *
i *! * *
ɪ *! * *
ə *!
œ *! *
o *! * *
æ *!
a
Tableau for [ŋ]
[ŋ]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * * * *
Tableau for [p]
[p]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * *
Tableau for [t]
[t]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * * * *
Tableau for [k]
[k]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * * * *
Tableau for [h]
[h]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * * * *
Tableau for [w]
[w]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * * *
Tableau for [j]
[j]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * * * *
Tableau for [m]
[m]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * *
Tableau for [n]
[n]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * * * *
Tableau for [s]
[s]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * * * * * *
Tableau for [ɣ]
[ɣ]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
p *! * * *
Tableau for [ts]
[ts]
I
DENT-IO [v oicing] I
DENT-IO [ n asa l] I
DENT-IO [ la bial] I
DENT-IO [s onora nt] *F C I
DENT-IO [c onti nua nt ] I
DENT-IO [d or sa l] I
DENT-IO [s triden t] I
DENT-IO [c or ona l] [+ ante rior ] I
DENT-IO [v oc ali c]
m *! * * * * *