CHAPTER V CONCLUSION…
5.4 Suggestions for Future Research
Studies on miscollocation had answered some questions on learners’ collocational use as well as their mental lexicon development; however, some more topics in the field are waiting to be explored. This study concluded that first language is an influential factor in learner miscollocation. If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of different L1s needs to be developed. Wang and Shaw (2008) investigated collocational errors of Chinese and Swedish learners. Comparison between Chinese and Swedish miscollocations provided some interesting patterns of miscollocations in these two languages. Future research in this field would be of great
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help in identifying universal similarities in EAP miscollocations produced by learners with different first languages.
A second suggestion for future research is to include more miscollocation investigations in different disciplines. Since collocations are highly discipline-specific, miscollocations found in the field of Science might be entirely different from the ones found in Humanities. Cross-comparison between miscollocations in different disciplines could also reveal the overall collocational errors in academic writings.
Another possible direction is to examine learners’ adjective-noun miscollocations in EAP settings. Yang (2015) compared verb-noun, adjective-noun collocations produced by novice writers and published authors, finding out that, in general, both novice and published writers produced more adjective-noun collocations. Also, Nesselhauf (2005) claimed that the word associations between adjective-noun might be weaker than verb-noun in learners’ mental lexicon. Based on these two findings. This would be a fruitful area for further work.
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basic
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Appendices – All Miscollocations Found in MTC
Miscollocation Misused V/N Suggested correction Example sentence Freq
absorb new words absorb learn Normally, English songs which agree to students' tastes can easily stir their desires to absorb new
words actively. 8
absorb the input input meaning Instructors should keep these faulty beliefs away and set up a social context where learners can
absorb the input wholeheartedly. 5
accomplish any
requirement accomplish fulfill
Rather than directly pointing out the necessary effort, this teacher tried to lead the student to accomplish any requirement she made that actually enhanced his English proficiency without his awareness and prepared him for the school tests.
5
accomplish homework accomplish complete / do They also believed that the reason why students could not accomplish their homework probably
contributed to the method teachers used of setting homework. 3
accomplish the
composition accomplish produce / create The subjects were asked to accomplish three different compositions. 5 accomplish the thesis accomplish finish They led the students to accomplish the theses which were acceptable in academy. 6 activate a strategy activate employ They might activate a strategy to help them summarize or paraphrase a passage. 12 activate experience activate recall For example, instructors may prep students with basic background knowledge through activating
prior experiences or offering critical concepts such as main ideas or key words. 3 activate interaction activate initiate Accordingly, it shows that e-mail writing can help construct better relationship and activate
interaction between the e-mail respondents. 3
activate their interest activate arouse/spark It is hoped that this kind of instruction can enhance elementary school students' language skills and
activate their interest in order to proper instructional goals. 5
activate their teaching start the lesson It is hoped that this kind of instruction can enhance elementary school students' language skills and
activate their interest in order to proper instructional goals. 3
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adjust prediction adjust revise Strategic readers may know the purpose of the text and can set their own purposes for reading,
predict, and then read to confirm or adjust predictions 4
adjust their learning adjust adapt learning strategy In terms of learning attitudes, to help students adjust their learning, teachers can teach students the
way to allocate their time to study. 18
administrate interview administrate administer The interview was administrated in the middle of the semester 4 advance their
competence advance improve High achievers advance their competence through elaboration to low achievers 6 apply multimedia in apply add in / use PowerPoint is not a difficult task for both groups, and they are more willing to apply multimedia in
their English presentations. 14
arouse debate arouse start The instructional language used in the foreign language classroom has aroused debates between
researchers and teachers 3
arouse difficulty arouse cause Sixthly, the result showed that the listening task demanding productive skills would arouse
difficulty while they were listening to English. 8
arouse their participation participation interest in participating
Junior high school students' interest in those photos of singers or actresses may arouse their
participation in the activity 3
attain comprehension attain obtain
This group, being asked to underline directly on the passage the unknown words they encountered while reading, was informed to rely on context to guess at the meanings of unknown words and attain comprehension.
10
attain data attain obtain
First of all, since this study attempted to attain data about students' writing problems from multiple sources, the advisors could provide information about the difficulties the student participants encountered in writing theses from their views.
4
attain feedback attain obtain By doing so, they would attain feedback which was focused on their research and know how to
adjust their ideas to meet the conventions of academy. 3
attain idea attain obtain And she attained ideas about how to increase the feasibility of her study by consulting her advisor. 4 attain suggestion attain receive That is, the students let the peers review their sentences or ideas in the drafts in order to attain
suggestions and improve the theses. 3
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attend a test attend take A group of test takers attend a test twice. 9
B
bear several limitation bear has Nonetheless, the study bears several limitations which may explain why the researcher encountered
some problems 9
better the quality better improve Some suggestions made by the subjects were given to better the quality of listening instruction
under the limitation of class hours 4
better their teaching better improve With administrators' support, teachers may be inspired to use the teaching aids and better their
teaching. 3
bring impact on bring have In addition, picture book read-alouds brought an impact on critical literacy acquisition including
listening comprehension 11
build the association build form
The structured information with an organizational scheme can associate the items like individual words in the information and can help us recall them later by retracing the associations built during encoding.
3 C
carry accent carry have Many participants believed that people from different countries may naturally carry accents of their
L1s 4
cast effect on cast on have on The number of years of pre-junior high English learning cast an effect on subjects' listening
proficiency. 5
cast impact on cast on have on
Therefore, it is suggested that future researchers recruit the similar number of male and female students to see whether gender differences cast impacts on English learning via the English learning magazines and programs.
3
cause a great challenge cause pose The inconsistent grapheme-phoneme correspondences in English may cause a great challenge in
spelling. 4
cause influence cause had This caused some influences on their products, which was that pair work produced more accurate
and complex grammar in text. 9
compensate weakness missing for compensate for Direct Method Being developed to compensate the weakness of Grammar Translation Method. 3
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compose a draft compose write/create The students were asked to compose a draft in a computer lab. 9 compose an article compose write Six Taiwanese EFL university students were participants who were required to read three articles
about an environmental issue and then compose an article based on the theme. 13
compose discussion compose lead Professor B suggested a better way to compose Discussion 4
compose idea into compose put into They also need to consider the demands of written English and struggle with appropriate lexical
expressions while composing their ideas into words or sentences 4
compose new utterance compose produce When writers attempted to compose the new utterances, perhaps their language acquisition would
take place. 4
compose presentation compose making Their experiences of composing presentations are assumed to supplement data pool with more
angles. 3
compose the writing both verb and
noun write an article/ write If the writer changed the order of propositions, he or she might not be able to compose the writing
coherently. 39
compose their portfolio compose construct It is suggested that students may spend one semester writing and composing their portfolio and
another semester exhibiting and evaluating the portfolio. 4
comprehend question comprehend understand
Offering only general information about the topic was not sufficient for low-ability students even though they wanted to understand the listening input as a whole. This was because they failed to comprehend the speech with their limited linguistic knowledge
9 comprehend the speech comprehend understand This was because they failed to comprehend the speech with their limited linguistic knowledge. 7 comprehend the test comprehend understand The students in Group B would feel anxious if they had trouble comprehending the test. 4 conduct a portfolio conduct construct Culham (1995) also agree that there are a variety of different ways to conduct a portfolio. 3
conduct school
curriculum conduct implement By conducting the school curriculum through classroom interaction, knowledge concerning the
target language can be transferred and extended 3
conduct the classification classify To conduct the classification of collocational errors in this study, however, I adopted the Modified Classification System of Collocation Patterns designed by Chen (2002). 4 consolidate meanings of
words understand the gist Vocabulary learning strategies are conscious attempts that learners use to get or to consolidate
the meanings of words. 4
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construct their feedback construct leave It is thus necessary to extend our concern to how teachers construct their feedback. 3 consult meaning of consult look the word up/
consult dictionary Consequently, he decided to consult the meaning of enforcement. 3 consult the word consult look the word up/
consult dictionary
Participant A1's guessing was already close to the meaning of enforcement, but she still considered it necessary to consult the word, mainly because of a feeling of insecurity about her own guessing in reading the text.
36 cultivate their proficiency cultivate increase It is also important for the students to cultivate higher proficiency in other grammatical categories. 4 D
deepen the thought thought understanding Thus, in the two teachers' cases, blogs appeared as a tool refreshing their ideas, deepening their
thoughts, and then assisted them to be a better teacher. 4
defend their face defend save While defending their faces, they may threaten the other's face. 3 develop their spelling develop improve Learners develop their spelling ability by changing their ways of doing and thinking gradually and
continuously instead of replacing one stage with another more complex one. 3 differentiate the
distinction distinction differences Students had more difficulties in acquiring the synonyms of hard and differentiating the distinctions
among those synonyms. 3
disturb the teaching disturb interrupt Some teachers considered students' initiatives will disturb the teaching. 3 draw literature missing on draw on This result is not surprising in that research writers often draw literature to compare and contrast
based on research findings and make their claims. 3
employ games employ make use of / play English teachers usually employ games to attract students' attention and involvement. 3 E
employ multimedia employ make use of
Nelson and Pearson (1990) claimed it was a good timing to employ multimedia when watching something on the screen or slide because multimedia would get the point across better than trying to describe it with only words.
3 employ the
categorization employ make use of The way Meara’s (1983) study employed these categorizations and discovered that increased L2
proficiency generally followed the same syntagmatic/paradigmatic shift that L1 did. 4
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enhance their familiarity enhance increase Repeated listening practice instead of simply memorizing the vocabulary should enhance their
familiarity with the sounds of the words 4
enlarge the knowledge enlarge increase The topics of the magazines are so diverse that EFL students can not only enlarge their knowledge
but also raise interest in English learning. 6
enrich their ability enrich enhance ability/
improve skills
Their children do not have many chances to enrich their ability unless the children are very
industrious and autonomous. 3
eradicate their error eradicate eliminate With corrective feedback, teachers can help learners eradicate their errors. 3 establish a questionnaire establish design/develop Gu and Johnson (1996) established a questionnaire for their study of vocabulary learning strategies
used by Chinese university learners of English. 4
establish language
proficiency establish increase proficiency Accordingly, translation exercises can help learners cultivate language awareness and thus establish
language proficiency. 3
experience debate experience participate in Most of the participants experienced debate for the first time in this course. 3 express their feedback express gave / provided After that, the other groups as audience discussed the performance and expressed their
feedback and suggestions with the worksheet to the performing group 4 express their reflection reflection feeling All above fourteen questions were to invite participants to express their reflections of learning
English. 5
F
facilitate their spelling facilitate aid the process of spelling
Teachers can help learners facilitate their spelling by building the concept of spelling patterns with
regular letter-sound correspondences. 3
finish the content finish complete Three low-proficiency ones did not understand the questions, were unable to realize the texts and
could not hear the speakers clearly. 5
fix problematic utterance fix correct Self-repair refers to lexical, morphological, and syntactic reformulation which aimed to replace or
fix its previous problematic utterances. 3
forfeit their attention forfeit lose When asked whether they would lose their concentration on the listening text, 20 of the 24
interviewees revealed that they would forfeit their attention during the listening process. 6
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formulate the
questionnaire formulate design/develop A questionnaire was formulated to collect information about students' reflections of the assignment 3 G
gain comprehension comprehension understanding
Readers construct text models and gain comprehension by integrating their linguistic knowledge, world knowledge, and discourse knowledge with the minimal semantic units derived from local text processes.
37
gain improvement gain make The result reveals that 63 of 67 students (94.03%) agreed that they gained more improvement in
English reading. 35
gain progress gain make We did hope that the learners could gain progress with the help of the practice 20 gain the concept gain understand Student research becomes the means by which students gain the concepts and information to be
mastered 7
gain the vocabulary gain increase English books reinforce their confidence and motivation and gain the vocabulary at the same time. 17 get better achievement get obtain Therefore, students who learn in cooperation with others may lead to get greater achievements 20
gain the vocabulary gain increase English books reinforce their confidence and motivation and gain the vocabulary at the same time. 17 get better achievement get obtain Therefore, students who learn in cooperation with others may lead to get greater achievements 20