Introduction
Cyclophoridae are the dominant group of operculated terrestrial snails living in tropical and warm temperate areas of Asia, Indo-Pacific islands, Africa, Australia and Melanesia (Hyman 1967, Abbott 1989). The group consists of four subfamilies and about 300 species currently arranged in 38 genera. They occupy a range of habitats and exhibit considerable morphological diversity. Their shells are small to medium size, turbinate to depressed spire, surface smooth or with axial and spiral sculpture, umbilicus always opened, peristome duplex or simple, with ceratoid or calcareous operculum. The inner edge of the aperture may be notched respiratory purposes or the body whorl shortly behind the aperture may bear a little respiratory tube (Hyman 1967). In the previous study, there are 9 genera and 29 species in Taiwan (Lee & Wu 2001). For the cyclophorids in the adjacent area of Taiwan, there are 11 genera and 78 species in Japan (Higo & Goto 1993), 12 genera and 109 species in China (Kobelt 1902, Yen 1939). 8 genera and 42 species in Malaysia (Kobelt 1902), 7 genera and 165 species in Philippines (Kobelt 1902).
Key to genera of Cyclophoridae from Taiwan
1. The operculum is ceratoid………...……….2 The operculum is calcareous………...……….…8 2. With periostracum hairs………..……….…3 Without periostracum hairs………...…..……….…...….4 3. The outer lip is reflexed………...…..….. Pilosphaera new genus The outer lip is not reflexed………....………. Japonia 4. With sutural tube………..………...………...5 Without sutural tube………...…..………..…..6 5. Shell high/shell breadth ≧ ………..………….…..……. Dioryx 1
Shell high/shell breadth ＜ 1………..………...……….. Chamalycaeus 6. With sutural sinus………….………...………...…………Ptychopoma Without sutural sinus………...….………7 7. Shell is fragile and semitranslucent………...………...………Leptopoma
Shell is solid, thick, not translucent………...…...…….………Cyclophorus 8. The central tooth of radula is sierras on the convex side…………...…Cyathopoma The central tooth of redula is not sierras on the convex side………...……....9 9. Surface reticulate with spiral and/or radual cords………...……...Platyrhaphe Surface is smooth……….………...….………Cyclotus
Genus Leptopoma Pfeiffer, 1847
1847. Leptopoma Pfeiffer, L. Übersicht aller bekannten Arten von Cyclostomaceen.
Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 4: 47, 101-112.
Type species: Cyclostoma vitrea Lesson, 1830
Diagnosis: Shell medium size, rather thin, translucent. Spire conical, apex pointed.
The umbilicus is narrowly opened. The aperture is circular with extended reflex outer lip. The operculum is translucent yellow, ceratoid, subcircular, with moderately wide growing edge.
Distribution: India Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Taiwan, and Japan.
Species included: 62 species worldwide (Kobelt 1902, Goto & Poppe 1996), 2 species in Taiwan.
Key to species of Leptopoma from Taiwan
1. Having a periphery keel, with brown pattern………..……L. tigris Round peripheral, white shell, without brown pattern...…… L. nitidum
1. Leptopoma nitidum (Sowerby, 1843) (Fig. 1.1 A–C; 1.17 A) Records and synonym:
1843. Cyclostoma nitidum Sowerby. Sowerby, G.B. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., S: p59.
1883. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Moellendorff, O.F. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft Vol. 10, p287. pl. 10, fig. 4.
1890. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Schmacker, V.B. & Boettger, O.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Jahrg, Vol. 22, p125.
1891. Leptopoma vitreum var. lacteal Kob. Schmacker, V.B. & Boettger, O.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Jahrg, Vol. 23, p190.
1905. Leptopoma vitreum taivanum (Moellendorff). Pilsbry, H.A. & Hirase, Y.
illustrated shells in natural colors from Japanese Islands and their adjacent territories – revised and enlarged edition of “A collection of Japanese shells”.
Bunkyokaku. Tokyo, Japan. pl. 78, fig. 11.
1956. Leptopoma nitidum taivanum (Moellendorff). Kuroda, T. Venus, Vol. 19(2), p135.
1963. Leptopoma perlucidum taivanum (Moellendorff). Kuroda, T. A Catalogue of the non-marine mollusks of Japan, including the Okinawa and Ogasawara Island.
The Malacological Society of Japan, Tokyo. P9, No. 36.
1984. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Chang, K. M. & al. Pei-yo. Vol. 9, pl. I, fig.
1.
1988. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Lai, K.Y. The shells. Holiday Publisher.
P13, fig. 5A, 5B.
1990. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Lai, K.Y. World of landsnail. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. p40. No. 4, pl. 1, fig.8.
1993. Leptopoma nitidum Sowerby. Higo, S. and Goto, Y. A Systematic List of Molluscan Shells from the Japanese Is. and the Adjacent Area. Elle Shell Publications, Japan, p.60, No. 706.
1995. Leptopoma taivanum Moellendorff. Azuma, M. Colored illustrations of the land snails of Japan – Enlarged revised edition. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Ltd.
Osaka. P67, No. 9, pl. 1, fig. 9.
2001. Leptopoma nitidum taivanum Moellendorff. Lee, Y.C. & Wu, W.L. Bulletin of Malacolgy Taiwan, Vol. 25, p47-48, pl. 1, fig. 1.
2003. Leptopoma nitidum Sowerby. Lee, Y.C. & Chen, W.D. Natural observational illustrations 3－Land snail. Chin-Chin Publications Ltd. Taipei, p41.
2003. Leptopoma nitidum taivanum Moellendorff. Hsieh, B.C. Landsnails of Taiwan.
Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p62.
2004. Leptopoma nitidum taivanum Moellendorff. Hsieh, B.C. Incredible snails, Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., p92.
2006. Leptopoma nitidum taivanum Moellendorff. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan. Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p56.
Shell: shell width 14-16mm, height 13.5-16mm, 5.25-6 whorls, rather rapidly increasing, having a rounded periphery, white and translucent shell, rather thin, but thinker in population of Taroko valley region. It looks green when it is alive, because of the green soft part. Spire conical, apex pointed. Surface is sculptured with irregular growth lines. The umbilicus is narrowly opened. The aperture is circular with extended reflex outer lip. The operculum is translucent yellow, ceratoid, subcircular, with moderately wide growing edge.
Radula: radula is taenioglossa. Radula format is 1-2-1-2-1. The central tooth is
scoop-shaped, 5 plate cuspids, central cuspid is the largest, approximately 1/2 width of central tooth; and the marginal cuspids are the smallest. The lateral teeth are the same shape, scoop-shape, 4 plate cuspids, the inner 2 cuspids are small and equal size, the 3rd cuspid is the largest, approximately 1/2 width of lateral tooth, the most outer cuspid is the smallest. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 plate cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, semicircle in shape.
Distribution: Range north from Tokunoshima, Japan south to Philippines. North Taiwan: Taipei county, Da-shi, Iran County; South Taiwan: Shan-Hua, Tainan County; Lung-chi, Tainan City; Kaohsiung; Liou-guei, Kaohsiung County;
Chau-jou, Ping-dung County; Heng-Chueng, Ping-dung County; South cape; East Taiwan: Hualian County; Taroko valley, Hualian County.
Habitat: it is arboreal snail, always attach to trunks and leaves.
2. Leptopoma tigris Lee & Wu, 2001 (Fig. 1.1 D–L; 1.17 B)
1932. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) tigris Kuroda & Kano. Kuroda, T. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan. Vol. 3(1), p3, No. 1.
1932. Leptopoma vitreum taivanum (Moellendorff). Kuroda, T. Venus, Vol. 3(4), p188.
1941. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) tigris Kuroda & Kano. Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4), p80, No.126.
1941. Leptopoma tigris var. callizona, decolorata, millepuncata Kuroda & Kano.
Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4), p80, No.126.
1956. Leptopoma tigris Kuroda & Kano. Kuroda. T. Venus, Vol. 19 (2). P135.
1974. Leptopoma (Serlucidum) nitidum taivanum Moellendorff. Lin. C.C. Bulletin of the Malacological Society of China. Vol. I, p45, No. 49.
1974. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) tigris Kuroda & Kano, Lin. C.C. Bulletin of the Malacological Society of China. Vol. I, p45, No. 50,
1984. Leptopoma tigris Kliroda & Kano. Chang, K.M. & al. Pei-yo. Vol. 9, p3. No. 5.
1990. Leptopoma tigris Kuroda & Kano. Lai, K.Y. World of landsnail. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. p40. No. 5.
1993. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) tigris Kuroda & Kano. Higo, S. & Goto, Y. A Systematic List of Molluscan Shells from the Japanese Is. and the Adjacent Area.
2003. Leptopoma tigris Kuroda & Kano. Hsieh, B.C. Landsnails of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p63.
2004. Leptopoma tigris Kuroda & Kano. Hsieh, B.C. Incredible snails, Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., p93.
2006. Leptopoma tigris Lee & Wu. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan. Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p57.
Shell: shell width 10.3mm, height 10.3mm, about 5 whorls, rather rapidly increasing, having a periphery keel surface reticulate with irregular spiral and axial cords, the spiral cords are rougher than the axial one, white and translucent shell, with various reddish to pale brown spiral bands or zigzag pattern on the shell or without any pattern, rather thin, spire conical, apex pointed. Surface is sculptured with irregular growth lines. The umbilicus is narrowly opened. The aperture is subcircular with reflex outer lip. The operculum is translucent yellow, ceratoid, subcircular, with moderately wide growing edge.
Radula: radula is taenioglossa. Radula format is 1-2-1-2-1. The central tooth is scoop-shaped (more concave than L. nitidum), 5 plate cuspids, central cuspid is the largest, approximately 1/2 width of central tooth; and the marginal cuspids are the smallest. The lateral teeth are the same, scoop-shape, 4 plate cuspids, the inner 2 cuspids are small and equal size, the 3rd cuspid is the largest, approximately 1/2 width of lateral tooth, the most outer cuspid is the smallest. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 plate cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, elongated semicircle in shape.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. East Taiwan: Lan-yu, Liu-dau, Tai-dong County.
Habitat: animals always attach to trunks.
Genus Japonia Gould, 1859
1859. Japonia Gould, Descriptions of shells collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers. Proceeding of Boston Society of Natural History, 6: 422–426.
Type species: Cyclostoma barbata Gould, 1859
Diagnosis: Shell tiny, turbinate. Shell is always festucine to reddish brown in color.
Surface is sculptured with some spiral cords and irregular growth line. And cover with regular periostracum hairs. Umbilicus opened. The aperture is circular. The lip is not reflex. The operculum is a rnultispiral type, ceratoid, translucent, a little concave.
Distribution: from Japan, Taiwan, Mainland China, the Philippines to India.
Species included: 33 species worldwide (Kobelt 1902, Goto & Poppe 1996), 4 species in Taiwan.
Key to species of Japonia from Taiwan
1. The periostracum hairs are spoon like………...………J. formosana The periostracum hairs are hair like………...………..….2 2. Peripheral periostracum hairs are 3–4 times longer than basal periostracum
hairs………...………J. boonkioensis Peripheral periostracum hairs are 2–3 times longer than basal periostracum hairs………J. lanyuensis
3. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906 (Fig. 1.2 A–C; 1.17 C) Records and Synonym:
1905. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Pilsbry, H.A. & Hirase, Y. Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 57. p723.
1941. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4). p80. No. 127.
1956. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Kuroda, T. Venus, Vol. 19(2). p136.
1984. Japoniclfoi'mosclftti Pilsbry & Hirase. Chang, K.M. & al. Pei-yo. Vol. 9, p3.
No. 6.
1990. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Lai. K.Y. World of landsnail. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. p40, No. 6.
1993. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Higo. S. & Goto. Y. A Systematic List of Molluscan Shells from the Japanese Is. and the Adjacent Area. Elle Shell Publications, Japan, p60. No. 708.
2001. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Lee, Y.C. & Wu, W.L. Bulletin of Malacolgy Taiwan, Vol. 25, p49-50, pl. 1, fig. 3.
2003. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Lee, Y.C. & Chen, W.D. Natural observational illustrations 3－Land snail. Chin-Chin Publications Ltd. Taipei, p43.
Shell: shell width 5-5.5mm, height 4.5-5mm, 5 whorls, turbinate, round periphery.
Shell is reddish brown to dark brown in color. Surface is sculptured with irregular growth lines and spiral discontinuous threads, which are 9-10 each whorl and 10-14 on base. There are regular spoon like periostracum hairs at periphery Umbilicus opened, about 1/7.5 of the shell diameter. The aperture is circular. The lip is not reflex. The operculum is translucent ceratoid, a little concave center,
the 2nd and 4th cuspids are equal size. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, the inner is the smallest.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. North Taiwan: Ju-dung, Shin-ju County; Miau-li County. South Taiwan: Jia-Siang Kaohsiung County; Heng-chueng, Ping-dung County.
Habitat: live under the defoliation or on the ground.
4. Japonia lanyuensis Lee & Wu, 2001 (Fig. 1.2 D–F; 1.17 D) Records and Synonym:
1941. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4). p80. No. 127.
(miss identification)
1963. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Reigle, N.J. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, Vol. 16 (1, 2), p85. (miss identification)
1974. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Lin. C.C. Bulletin of the Malacological Society of China. Vol. I, p45, No. 51. (miss identification)
2001. Japonia lanyuensis Lee & Wu. Lee, Y.C. & Wu, W.L. Bulletin of Malacolgy Taiwan, Vol. 25, p50-51, pl. 1, fig. 5.
2003. Japonia lanyuensis Lee & Wu. Lee, Y.C. & Chen, W.D. Natural observational illustrations 3－Land snail. Chin-Chin Publications Ltd. Taipei, p44.
2006. Japonia lanyuensis Lee & Wu. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan.
Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p60.
Shell: shell width 4-4.5mm, height 3.7-4mm, 4.25-4.5 whorls, turbinate. Shell is festucine or reddish color. Surface is sculptured with spiral cords, two distinct ones at periphery. There are periostracum hairs on each cord. They are longer at periphery than others. There are several growth lines between two axial periostracum threads. Umbilicus opened, about 1/7 of the shell diameter. The aperture is circular. The lip is not reflex. The operculum is a multispiral type, ceratoid, translucent, cream color, a little concave.
Radula: radula is taenioglossa. Radula format is 1-2-1-2-1. The central tooth is scoop-shaped, 5-11 cuspids, they gently reduce their size from inner to outer site.
The lateral teeth are scoop-shape, 4 major cuspids, few with minor cuspid between the majors. The inner lateral teeth with a very large cuspid place at the central site, but not present on outer lateral teeth. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, the inner is the smallest.
Distribution: South East Taiwan: Lan-Yu.
Habitat: live under the defoliation or on the ground.
Remark: This species probably misidentified as Japonia formosana by Kuroda in
1941
5. Japonia boonkioensis Lee, Lue et Wu, 2008 (Fig. 1.2 G–I; 1.17 E)
2003. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. Landsnails of Taiwan.
Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p64.
2004. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. Incredible snails, Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., p94.
2006. Japonia formosana Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan.
Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p58.
2008. Japonia boonkioensis Lee, Lue et Wu. Lee, Y.C., Lue, K.Y. & Wu, W.L.
Zootaxa, 1972: 22-38.
Shell: Shell small, 4.47mm in length and 4.7mm in width. Shell turbinate and conical-globe shape, with five moderately convex whorls. Shell is red brown color, somewhat pale at peripheral. Surface sculpture of 6–10 indistinct spiral veins crossed by finer growth lines, rendering them somewhat crispate and the interstices minutely plicaulate. Shell surface covers with red brown slight shining periostracum and irregular periostracum lamella. There are 2 row regular periostracum hairs between the sutures, one furnished on the position of shoulder, one on the peripheral site. There are 7 rows periostracum hairs under the peripheral, they longer its length from umbilicus side to the peripheral side. The shoulder and peripheral periostracum hairs are 3–4 times longer than basal periostracum hairs. The periostracum hair is tapering tip. Umbilicus opened. The aperture is circular. The outer lip is not reflexed. The operculum is translucent ceratoid, a little concave center, multispiral type with very thin pellucid edge.
There is an orange red proboscis between two bluish gray tentacles on the head, gray food cover with two pieces of dark gray lobe. (Fig. 7D)
Radula: radula is taenioglossa. Radula format is 1-2-1-2-1. The central tooth is scoop-shaped, 5-7 cuspids, they gently reduce their size from inner to outer site.
The lateral teeth are scoop-shape, 4 major cuspids, few with minor cuspid between the majors. The inner lateral teeth with a very large cuspid place at the central site, but not present on outer lateral teeth. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, the inner is the smallest.
Distribution: Fen-chi-hu in Jia-i County, central Taiwan, 1400 meters in altitude,
Japonia (Architaenioglossa: Cyclophoridae) and with the description of a new genus and two new species. Zootaxa, 1972: 22-38.
Type species: Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906
Diagnosis: Shell small, turbinate, conical-globe shape, with convex shell whorls.
Shell is always festucine color with reddish brown longitudinal stripes. Surface is sculptured with some spiral cords and irregular growth lines, above these furnished with several row regular periostracum hairs. Umbilicus opened. The aperture is circular, outer lip reflexed. The operculum is ceratoid, translucent, a little concave, multispiral type with very thin pellucid edge.
Distribution: East China and Taiwan.
Species included: 2 species worldwide (Lee et al. 2008), 1 species in Taiwan.
6. Pilosphaera zebra (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906) (Fig. 1.2 H–J; 1.17 F) Records and Synonym:
1905. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Pilsbry, H.A. & Hirase, Y. Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 57. p722.
1941. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4). p80. No. 128.
1956. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Kuroda, T. Venus, Vol. 19 (2). P136.
1984. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Chang, K.M. & al. Pei-yo. Vol. 9. p3, No. 7.
1990. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Lai. K.Y. World of landsnail. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. p40. No. 7.
1993. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Higo. S. & Goto. Y. A Systematic List of Molluscan Shells from the Japanese Is. and the Adjacent Area. Elle Shell Publications, Japan, p.60, No. 709.
2001. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Lee, Y.C. & Wu, W.L. Bulletin of Malacolgy Taiwan, Vol. 25, p51, pl. 1, fig. 6.
2003. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Lee, Y.C. & Chen, W.D. Natural observational illustrations 3－Land snail. Chin-Chin Publications Ltd. Taipei, p45.
2003. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. Landsnails of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p65.
2004. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. Incredible snails, Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., p95.
2006. Japonia zebra Pilsbry & Hirase. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan.
Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p59.
2008. Pilosphaera zebra (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906). Lee, Y.C., Lue, K.Y. & Wu, W.L.
Zootaxa, 1972: 22-38.
Shell: shell width 6.2-7.5mm, height 6.5-7.8mm, 4.7 whorls, turbinate. Shell is
festucine with reddish brown zigzag radial stripes and maculates. Surface sculptured with 5-6 major spiral cords per whorl and 3-4 secondary spiral cords between major spiral cords. There regular periostracum hairs on each cord.
Umbilicus opened. The aperture is circular. The lip is gently reflex. The operculum is multispiral type, ceratoid, translucent, cream color, a little concave.
Radula: radula is taenioglossa. Radula format is 1-2-1-2-1. The central tooth is scoop-shaped, 5-7 cuspids, they gently reduce their size from inner to outer site.
The lateral teeth are scoop-shape, 4 cuspids. The inner lateral teeth with a very large 3rd cuspid place at the central site, approximately 1/2 width of lateral tooth.
The 2nd and 3rd cuspids of lateral teeth are largest and almost equal shape, the other 2 are smaller. The marginal teeth are sickle-like shaped, 3 cuspids, the central cuspid is the largest, the inner is the smallest.
Distribution: North Taiwan: Nei-Hu, Taipei City; Wai-Cha-Jiau, San-Shia, Taipei County; Ju-dung, Shin-ju County. Central Taiwan: Tian-Luen, Her-Ping township, Taichung County; Ruei-lung waterfall, Ju-shan, Nan-tou County.
Habitat: live under the defoliation or on the ground.
Genus Ptychopoma Moellendorff, 1885
1885. Ptychopoma Moellendorff, O. Materialien zur Fauna von China. Die Auriculaceen. Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft.
Vol. 12, p362
Type species: Cyclophorus chinensis Moellendorff, 1875
Diagnosis: Shell medium to large size, rather rapidly increasing. The suture is deep.
Yellowish brown, with reddish brown zigzag radial stripes, usually with an interrupted reddish brown band at the peripheral of body whorl. Spire is very depressed. The body whorl close to the aperture is sharply descending and greatly inclined. The umbilicus is wide, perspective showing the upper whorls. The aperture is circular with duplicate peristome. The ceratoid operculum is a multispiral type, dark brown, with spiral lamina and reflex edge, with a nipple inside.
Distribution: China, Cambodia and Taiwan.
Species included: 24 species worldwide (Kobelt 1902, Goto & Poppe 1996), 1 species in Taiwan.
1905. Ptychopoma wilsoni (Pfeiffer). Pilsbry, H.A. & Hirase, Y. Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 57. p725.
1941. Ptychopoma wilsoni (Pfeiffer). Kuroda, T. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, Vol. 22(4). p80. No. 129.
1956. Ptychopoma wilsoni (Pfeiffer). Kuroda, T. Venus, Vol. 19 (2). P136.
1984. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Chang, K.M. & al. Pei-yo. Vol. 9. p21, PI. I, Fig. 4.
1988. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Lai, K.Y. The shells. Holiday Publisher. PI 2. Fig.
4A. 4B.
1990. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Lai. K.Y. World of landsnail. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. p40. No. 12, PI. 1. Fig. 5, 6.
1993 Ptychopoma wilsoni (Pfeiffer). Higo. S. & Goto. Y. A Systematic List of Molluscan Shells from the Japanese Is. and the Adjacent Area. Elle Shell Publications, Japan, p.61, No. 722.
2001. Ptychopoma wilsoni (Pfeiffer). Lee, Y.C. & Wu, W.L. Bulletin of Malacolgy Taiwan, Vol. 25, p52, pl. 1, fig. 7.
2003. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Lee, Y.C. & Chen, W.D. Natural observational illustrations 3－Land snail. Chin-Chin Publications Ltd. Taipei, p46.
2003. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Hsieh, B.C. Landsnails of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, p70-71.
2004. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Hsieh, B.C. Incredible snails, Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., p98.
2006. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan. Forestry
2006. Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer. Hsieh, B.C. & al. Landsnails of Taiwan. Forestry