Topics Triggering Negative SP

medical care due to discomfort, involving the prototypical feature of medical manner (e.g., zhiliao ‘treatment’) (cf. Table 21).

In terms (9c) and (9d), we find that the other meaning of the node word—brew—is present. (9c) seems to come from the theme of meishi ‘food’, and expresses the idea of the benefit of wine polyphenols; (9d) likely comes from the theme of shicai ‘ingredients’ and describes how ingredients are used to make a beverage. Also, the two instances all reflect the prototypical feature of desirable description (e.g., kangyanghua ‘antioxidant’ and shushuang

‘refreshing’) shown in Table 21. It is possible that the interference from the polysemic nature of the node word might account for the phenomenon that niangcheng appears frequently in positive contexts.

5.2 Topics Triggering Negative SP

Under topic society, we find that the negative SP tendency of chansheng is boosted. The typical ten themes within the topic are jiaotongshijian ‘traffic events’, dupinfanzui ‘drug crime’, xingshi

‘crime’, xiaoyuan ‘school’, zhapian ‘fraud’, baolishijian ‘violent events’, xiaofang

‘firefighting’, falujiufen ‘lawsuit’, qingseshijian ‘sexual harassment’, and jiatingjiufen ‘family problem’ (see Appendix C). We provide four instances of chansheng in (10).

(10)

a. 沒想到 對方 母親 返家 後 ， 雙方 產生 誤解 。

meixiangdao duifang muqin fangu hou, shuangfang chansheng wujie.

Unexpectedly other-side mother return-home after, both-sides cause misunderstanding.

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立 政 治 大 學

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N a

tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

misunderstanding.’

b. 影響 智力 ， 甚至 以後 會 產生 經常 流眼淚 、 抽筋 的 後遺症 ，

yingxiang zhili, shendie sihou hui chansheng jingchang liuwenlei, choujin de housuizheng

influence intelligence, even afterward will cause often tearing, cramp GEN sequelae,

‘Affecting intelligence, and even it will cause the sequelae of frequent tears and cramps in the future,’

c. 兩 瓶 已 乾燥 成 顆粒狀 的 化學藥品 ，倒進 水溝 時 ，引起 化學變化 而 產

生 氣爆 ，將 他 炸傷 。

liang ping yi ganzao cheng kelizhuang de huaxueyaopin, daojin shuigou shi, yinqi huaxuebianhua er chansheng qibao, jiang ta zhashang.

two bottles already dry become granular GEN chemical, pour-into ditch when, cause chemical-change and cause gas-explosion, let 3SG.M injury.

‘When two bottles of chemicals, which have been dried into pills, was poured into the ditch, it caused chemical changes with a gas explosion which injured him.’

d. 身心創傷 遠比 異性 間 的 侵害 更大 ， 甚至 在 青春期 時 易 產生 對 性別 混

淆 ， 建議 家長 隨時 注意 小孩 言行舉止,

‧

shenxinchuangshang yuanbi yixing jian de qinhai gengda, shenzhi zai qingchunji shi yi chansheng dui xingbie hunxiao, jianyi jiachang suishi zhuyi xiaohai

yanhangjuzhi,

physical-and-mental-trauma far-more heterosexual within GEN invasion bigger, even in adolescence when easy cause toward gender confusion, suggest parents anytime watch children words-and-deeds,

‘Physical and mental trauma is far more intense than the invasion among heterosexual people. Even in adolescence, it is easy to cause gender confusion.

Parents are advised to pay attention to children’s words and deeds at any time.’

The four instances unambiguously express an unfavorable evaluative meaning. (10a) is likely to come from the theme of jiatingjiufen ‘family problem’, and relates to the negative thought toward others, reflecting the prototypical features of unpleasant emotion, thought and mental state (e.g., wujie ‘misunderstanding’) (see Table 12). (10b) relates to the theme of

dupinfanzui ‘drug crime’ and is about the consequence of taking drugs. The content involves the prototypical features of acts and behavior (e.g., liuwenlei ‘tearing’), and health issues (e.g., housuizheng ‘sequelae’) (cf. Table 12). (10c) is connected to the theme of xiaofang ‘firefighting’, which is often associated with its harmful events in real life. This may be closely connected to the prototypical feature of destructive/harmful/annoying events (e.g., qibao ‘gas-explosion’) (cf.

Table 12). Lastly, (10d) may belong to the theme of xiaoyuan ‘school’. It concerns the change during puberty, and thus reflects the prototypical feature of change of state (e.g., xingbie hunxiao

‘gender confusion’) (cf. Table 12).

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立 政 治 大 學

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N a

tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

negative SP, when compared to each of their negative SP counterparts in the ADN corpus. The typical ten themes are jingxuan ‘election’, junshi ‘military’, touzimaoyi ‘investment and trade’, xingan ‘criminal case’, shengjiyutaikong ‘bio-technology and astronomy’, mingren ‘celebrity’, wanglu ‘internet’, shigu ‘accident’, yule ‘recreation’, and richang ‘daily’ (see Appendix E).

Examples for each node word are presented in (11).

(11)

a. 上海 逮捕 數十名 遊行 滋事 分子 ， 似乎 已 產生 嚇阻 作用，

shanghai daibu shushiming youhang cishi banzi, shihu si chansheng hezhu zuoyong,

LOC arrest dozen parade event-initiating people, seems PFV cause deterrent effect

‘Shanghai has arrested dozens of parade initiators and seems to cause the effect of deterrent’

b. 且 爆炸 當晚 至 昨 上午 都 吹 東北風 ， 研判 該 爆炸 案 產生 的 空氣 污染

物質 不致 影響 位處 上風 處 的 金門 地區 空氣 品質 。

qie baozha dangwan zhi zuo shangwu dou chui dongbeifeng, yanpan gai baozha an chansheng de kongqi wuran wuzhi buzhi yingxiang weichu shangfeng chu de jinmen deou kongqi pinzhi.

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yet explosion that-night till yesterday morning all blow east-north-wind, judge DET explosion case cause GEN air pollution substance will-not affect locate upper-wind place GEN LOC area air quality.

‘Yet the northeast wind was blowing from the night of the explosion to the morning of yesterday morning. It was determined that the air pollutants produced by the explosion did not affect the air quality of the Kinmen area at the upper wind.’

c. 北韓 經濟 更 難有起色 ， 時間 一久 人民 可能 對 金正恩 政府 產生 不滿 。

beihan jingji geng nanweiqise, shijian yijiu renmin genai dui jinzhengen zhengfu chansheng buman.

LOC economy more difficult-to-get-better, time for-a-while people may toward PN government cause dissatisfaction.

‘The North Korean economy is harder to be improved, and after a while the people may be dissatisfied with the Kim Jong-un government.’

d. 1 輛 火車 撞上 停靠 在 車站 備用 列車 ， 釀成 14 死 26 傷 的 慘劇 。

1 liang huoche zhuangshang tingkao zai chezhan beiyong liche, niangcheng 14 si 26 shang de canju.

1 CLF train bump-into stop at station back-up train, cause NUM death NUM injury GEN tragedy.

‘One train crashed into the station's backup train, causing a tragedy of 14 deaths and 26 people wounded.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

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N a

tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

ban jiang bingdai chuangei jita chengtian minzhong, niangcheng quanmian zainan.

and will virus pass other town people, cause comprehensive disaster.

‘And the virus was passed on to other urban people, causing a comprehensive disaster.’

f. 其中 一 具 引擎 吸入 飛鳥 ， 因此 被迫 緊急 降落 ， 衝出 跑道 ， 才會 釀成

意外 。

qizhong yiju yinqing xiru feidiao, yinci beipai jinji jiangla, chongchu paodao, caihui niangcheng yiwai.

among one CLF engine suck-in flying-bird, thus was-forced emergent landing, rush-out runway, will cause accident.

‘One of the engines sucked in a flying bird, so they were forced to land in immediately and rushed out of the runway, causing an accident.’

g. 可能 促成 「 反對 勢力 團結 ， 甚至 促成 軍方 將領 投靠 反對 勢力 」 。

genai chucheng 「 fandui shili tuanjie, shenzhi cucheng junfang jiangling toukao fandue shili 」.

May cause 「opposition force unify, even cause military leader join opposition force」.

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‘It may lead to "the unification of opposition forces and even cause the military generals to join the opposition."’

h. 再再 觸發 中國 敏感 神經 ， 因而 促成 此次 試射 以 展現 中國 武裝 實力 。

zaizai chubo zhongguo mingan shenjing, yiner cucheng cici shishe si zhanxian zhongguo wuzhuang shili.

again-again trigger LOC sensitive nerve, thus cause this-time firing-test so-as-to show LOC armed power.

‘The sensitive nerves of China were triggered again and again, causing the country to do firing test in order to show its armed power.’

i. 曼谷 市民 中 ， 38.2 % 希望 反對派 停止 集會 、 34.9 % 認爲 可能 促成 政

治 變化 、 24.3 % 認爲 會 對 經濟 造成 負面影響 。

mangu shimin zhong, 38.2 % xiwang fanduipa tingzhi jihui, 34.9 % renwei keneng cucheng zhengzhi bianhua, 24.3 % renwei hui dui jingji zaocheng fumianyingxiang.

LOC citizens among, 38.2 % hope opposition stop rally, 34.9 % think may cause politics change, 24.3 % think will toward economy cause negative-impact.

‘Among the citizens of Bangkok, 38.2% of them hope that the opposition stops the rally, 34.9% of them think it may lead to political change, and 24.3% of them think it will have a negative impact on the economy.’

Beginning with chansheng, (11a) is connected to the theme of xingan ‘criminal case’ and conveys an idea that an event causes an unpleasant mental state and emotion, connoting the

‧

‘deterrant effect’) illustrated in Table 14. (11b) belongs to the theme of shigu ‘accident’, where the air pollution caused by an explosion is connected to prototypical features of health issues (e.g., kongqi wuran ‘air pollution’) and natural phenomenon (e.g., dongbeifeng ‘northeast wind’) (cf. Table 14). (11c) arises from the theme of touzimaoyi ‘investment and trade’. Here, espousing unpleasant opinions against a leader due economic decline is relevant to the negative change of state (e.g., chansheng buman ‘chause dissatisfaction’) (cf. Table 14).

In terms of niangcheng, (11d), (11e), and (11f) are all connected to the theme of shigu

‘accident’. The first two instances illustrate destructive accidents and natural disasters

respectively, which are associated with the prototypical features of harmful events, accidents and disaster and natural disaster (e.g., canju ‘tragedy’, zainan ‘disaster’, and yiwai ‘accident’) (cf.

Table 19). The third one describes in more detail about the process of accident which are relevant to the prototypical feature of acts and behavior (e.g., jiangla ‘landing’) (cf. Table 19).

In terms of cucheng, both (11g) and (11h) come from the theme of junshi ‘military’.

(11g) is about the change between different parties in a warfare and thus associates with the prototypical feature of warfare (e.g., chucheng junfang ‘millitary leader’) and change of state (e.g., chucheng…tuanjie ‘cause…unify’) (see Table 23). The content of (11h) provokes the unpleasant feeling of a country, where they might incite war. Thus, the prototypical features of unpleasant emotion, thought and other mental states (e.g., mingan shenjing ‘sensitive nerve’) are involved (cf. Table 23). Lastly, (11i) is likely to come from the theme of touzimaoyi ‘investment and trade’, and is about the poll regarding termination and change of political situation and economy. This is connected to the prototypical feature of termination of events (e.g., tingzhi jihui

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‘stops the rally’) and unpleasant emotion, thought and other mental states (e.g., fumianyingxiang

‘negative impact’) (cf. Table 23).