Salidroside provided protection against coxsackievirus B3, which causes viral myocarditis, at 20-80 mg/kg in vivo experiments [99]. The IC50 of salidroside for coxsackievirus B3 is 39.0 ± 1.2 mg/L. Salidroside can modulate the mRNA
expression of interferon-g, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-2 in coxsackievirus B3. Salidroside increased lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase activities in infected BALB/c mouse serum [100]. Salidroside is a potential agent for treating 516
517 518
519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527
528 529 530 531 532 533 534
viral myocarditis [99].
Conclusion
Rhodiola plants are commonly used in traditional medicines in Asia and
Europe. Studies have shown that the plants and their two major constituents,
salidroside and tyrosol, exhibit adaptogenic, antifatigue, antidepressant, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antinoception, and anticancer bioactivities, modulate immune function, and prevent cardiovascular, neuronal, liver, and skin disorders.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that no conflicts of interest are related to this work.
535 536
537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545
Figure (a)
OH OH
(b)
O OH HO
OH
OH
O OH
Fig. 1. The structures of tyrosol and salidroside.
546 547
548549 550 551
552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559
Table 1. The activities of Rhodiola plants and their active constituents on skin disorders
Plants/ constituents Models Results Reference
R. rosea B16F0 cells 1. suppressed melanin
synthesis and tyrosinase activity 2. inhibited TRP-1 and
tyrosinase expression 3. inhibited MC1R/
CREB/ GSK3β/MITF
[74, 75]
R. rosea extract/L-carnosine-associated compound
Human skin 1. reduced
transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
2. elevated the skin barrier function 3. positive subjective
response
[65]
R. rosea extract/L-carnosine-associated compound
Keratinocytes 1. promoted the release of
proopiomelanocortin peptides
2. restored to normal the increased levels of neuropeptides and cytokines
[65]
R. imbricata SD rats 1. promoted wound
healing
2. promoted cellular proliferation 3. increased collagen
synthesis
4. increased the DNA, protein,
hydroxyprolin and hexosamine in granulation cells
[38]
560 561 562
5. antioxidant and decrease lipid peroxidation.
R. crenulata extract Propionibacteriu m acnes
antibiofilm activity against Propionibacterium acnes
[66]
Salidroside B16F0 cells suppressed melanin
synthesis and tyrosinase activity, but no effect on the expression of MC1R, MITF, TRP-1, or TRP-2.
[74, 78, 79]
Tyrosol B16F0 cells 1. suppression of
melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity 2. suppressed the
expression of MC1R and TRP-1, but not TRP-2 and MITF
[78]
563 564 565 566
Table 2. The activities of Rhodiola plants and its active constituents on neuron system
Plants/constituent s
Models Effects Reference
R. rosea human cortical cell line (HCN 1-A)
1. against oxidative stressor 2. increase cell survival
3. prevent the plasma membrane damage
[40]
R. rosea improvement of the long-term memory [6]
Salidroside Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models
1. decrease ROS levels
2. decrease paraquat-induced mortality 3. increase antioxidant enzyme activities 4. reduce lipid peroxidation
5. reduce neuronal death and behavioral dysfunction mediated by polyQ expressed in ASH neurons
[87]
Salidroside PC12 cells 1. protect PC12 cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis
2. rescue MPP+-induced changes in nuclear morphology
3. attenuate the MPP+-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential 4. inhibit MPP+-induced NO increase
[82]
Salidroside PC12 cells 1. protect NGF-differentiated PC12 cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis
2. activate ERK phosphorylation
3. antagonize H2O2-induced increase in cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner
[85]
Salidroside PC12 cells C57BL/6 mice
1. exert a protective effect against MPP+ -induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells 2. reduce the MPP+-induced rate of
apoptosis in PC12 cells
3. counteract the decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the expression of the proteins induced by MPP+ in a dose-dependent
[83]
567 568
4. decrease the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cyt-c, Smac, Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 in C57BL/6 mice
Salidroside human
neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
1. prevent SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2 -induced cytotoxicity
2. increase thioredoxin, heme oxygenase-1 and peroxiredoxin-I mRNA expression decreased by H2O2
3. protect SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2 -induced apoptosis
4. prevent H2O2-induced reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential
5. inhibit H2O2 -induced Ca2+ influx increase [84]
569 570
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