Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.2 C ONTRIBUTION , L IMITATION , AND F UTURE S TUDIES
Since the studies of sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese mostly concerned about their grammatical and pragmatic functions in usage, this paper investigates Chinese sentence-final particles from a sociolinguistic perspective and discusses a phenomenon which is often overlooked by linguists but is vital in our lively conversations. This study shows that not only Japanese has the feature of character language, we also have the feature of character language in Mandarin Chinese in terms of sentence-final particles. This investigation sheds new light on the area of character language research.
Limitation of this study includes the selection of the data source. There are many kinds of data sources, such as variety shows, TV dramas, online youtube clips, and so on, appearing on different websites. Since there are so many sources, it is difficult to include all of them in this study. As a result, we chose several shows and dramas to be as our data sources.
Moreover, for online forum or community websites, we can get a lot of data from them;
however, one important element, gender, which we want to investigate in this study, cannot be identified from this kind of source. In this case, online fora or community websites are not suitable for this study. If we can know the gender of people who post their articles, comments, and conversations on the internet, we believe we can obtain more linguistic data for investigating these usages from online community websites. For future study, we can expand our research scope to examine the phenomena of character language. Thus, more different
sources of data are needed, and other types of sentence-final particles can be investigated in the future.
References
Akizuki, K. [秋月高太郎]. (2012). 動物キャラクターの言語学. [The language of hybrid human-animal creatures]. Research reports of Shokei Gakuin University 尚絅学院大 学紀要, (64), 43-57.
Alleton, Viviane (1981). Final particles and expression of modality in modern Chinese.
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9.1: 91-114.
Barke, A. J. (2000). The Effect of Age on the Style of Discourse among Japanese Women.
In Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (pp. 23-34).
Campbell, N., & Mokhtari, P. (2003, August). Voice quality: the 4th prosodic dimension.
In 15th ICPhS (pp. 2417-2420).
Cameron, D. (2006). Gender and the English Language. Aarts, B., & McMahon, A. (Eds.), The handbook of English linguistics, 724-741. John Wiley & Sons.
Chappell, H. (1991). Strategies for the assertion of obviousness and disagreement in Mandarin: a semantic study of the modal particle me. Australian Journal of Linguistics 11:1, 39-65.
Chao, Y. R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press.
Chafe, W. (1987). Cognitive constraints on information flow. Coherence and grounding in discourse, 11, 21-51.
Chang, Aloysius (1994). The particle 'NE:' Function and significance. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers' Association. XXIX. 1: 89-92.
Chang, Tsu-Ning. (2017). Character Language in Mandarin Chinese: A case study of final particles A ‘啊’ and Ya ‘呀’. In the 39th Conference of the Japanese Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences (JASS39), at Kyorin University, Japan. (March 18-19, 2017, 日本杏林大学).
Chang, Tsu-Ning. (2018). Character Language in Mandarin Chinese: A Case Study of Final Particle MA ‘嘛’. In the 41st Conference of the Japanese Association of
Sociolinguistic Sciences (JASS41), at Toyo University, Japan. (March 10-11, 2018,
日本東洋大學).
Chen, Rudong. [陳汝東]. (1999). Shehui xinli xiucixue daolun 社會心理修辭學導論.
[An introduction of Socio-psycholinguistics]. Beijing daxue chubanshe 北京大學出 版社.
Chu, Chauncey C. (1984). Beef it up with NE. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers' Association. Vol. XIX.
Chu, C.C. (1985a). How would you like your ne cooked? JCLTA 20:3, 71–78.
Chu, C.C. (1985b). Pragmatics and teaching of Chinese. Tsung and Tang (eds.).
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Teaching Chinese as a
Foreign/Second language, 223-240. Taipei: World Chinese Language Association.
Chu, C.C. (1998). A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York and Bern: Peter Lang Publishing.
Chu, C.C. (1999). Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Peter Lang Publishing.
Chu, C.C. (2002). Relevance theory, discourse markers and the Mandarin utterance-final particle a/ya. JCLTA 37:1, 1-42.
Coupland, N. (2001). ‘Age in social and sociolinguistic theory’, in N. Coupland, S. Sarangi and C. Candlin (eds) Sociolinguistics and Social Theory, Harlow: Pearson, pp. 185–
211.
Dow, D. M. (1983). Hanyu Yufa [A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese]. Edinburgh:
University of Edinburgh.
Du Bois, J. W, Stephan Schuetze-Coburn, Susanna Cumming, and Danae Paolino. (1993).
Outline of discourse transcription. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding for Language Research, ed. by J. A. Edwards and M. D. Lampert, 45-90. Hillsdale, N.J.:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Du, Jianxin, & Zhang, Weiguo. [杜建鑫, & 张卫国]. (2011). Yuqi ci “ma” de yongfa ji yuyong gongneng yanjiu 语气词 “嘛” 的用法及语用功能研究. [A research of the usage and pragmatic function of final particle Ma]. Hubeishehuikexue 湖北社會科 學, 2011(5), 147-149.
Eckert, P. (1997). Age as a sociolinguistic variable. Coulmas F. (ed), The handbook of sociolinguistics, 151-167.
Fukushima, N. [福嶌教隆]. (2012). スペイン語の 「役割語」: 日本語との対照研究.
[Role language of Spanish: A contrastive study with Japanese]. CLAVEL, (2), 70-86.
Giddens, A. (1989). Sociology. Cambridge: Polity. Press.
Gordon, M., & Heath, J. (1998). Sex, sound symbolism, and sociolinguistics. Current anthropology, 39(4), 421-449.
Henley, N., & Kramarae, C. (1991). Miscommunication, Gender and Power.
Miscommunication and Problematic Talk, 18-43.
Hu, Mingliang. [胡明亮]. (2014). Juzhong yuqi ci “ma” de jufa, yuyi han yuyong fenxi 句 中语气词 “嘛” 的句法, 语义和语用分析. [The analysis of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of sentence-middle particle Ma]. Xiandaiyuwen: xiaxun 现代语文: 下 旬. Yuyan yanjiu 语言研究, (11), 53-55.
Huang, Guoying. [黄國營]. (1994). Jumo yuqi ci de cengci diwei 句末語氣詞的層次地 位. [Sentence-final particles’ hierarchy]. Yuyan yanjiu 語言研究, (1), 1-9.
Inoue, M. (2003). Speech without a speaking body: “Japanese women's language” in translation. Language & Communication, 23(3), 315-330.
Itou, Y. [伊藤雄馬]. (2016). タイ語の新しい人称代名詞pǒmの役割語的分析. [The analysis of role language of the new personal pronoun pǒm of Thai]. Papers from the International Workshop on Role Language and Character language 役割語・キャラ クター研究国際ワークショップ報告論集, 112-117.
Jukuri, Y. [宿利由希子]. (2012). キャラクタのタイプと役割語に関する意識調査報告 -≪ 私たち≫ タイプに注目して. [Investigation Report - Charactor Types and Role Language in Modern Japanese Real World]. Papers in linguistic science 言語 科学論集, 16, 85-96.
Jung, H. [鄭惠先]. (2005). 日本語と韓国語の役割語の対照: 対訳作品から見る翻訳 上の問題を中心に. [The comparison of dialect consciousness between Japanese and
Korean: From the standpoint of role language]. The Japanese Journal of Language in Society 社会言語科学, 8(1), 82-92.
Jung, H. [鄭惠先]. (2007). 「韓国人日本語学習者の役割語の習得─文末形式と方言 に注目して－」. [Korean Japanese learner’s acquisition of role language-focusing on the end of the text and dialects]. The Society for Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language 日本語教育学会研究集会（関西地区）
Jung, H. [鄭惠先]. (2008). 日本語役割語に対する韓国人日本語学習者の意識.
[Korean students’ attitude toward role language in Japanese]. The journal of Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies 長崎外大論叢, 12, 49-58.
Kawano, A. [河野礼実]. (2016). “おネエ” キャラクタの人称: バラエティ番組とフィ クション作品を材料に. [Pronouns of “onee” Characters: Data from TV Variety Programs and Works of Fictions]. Journal of the Ochanomizu University English
Society お茶の水女子大学比較日本学教育研究センター研究年報, (12),
115-122.
Kawasaki, M. [河崎深雪]. (2013). Hanyu “jiaose yuyan” yanjiu 漢語 “角色語言” 研究.
[The research of Chinese role language]. Huazhong keji daxue. 華中科技大學.
Shuoshi lunwen. 碩士論文.
King, B. (1986). NE---a discourse approach. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 21(1), 21-46.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2000). 役割語探求の提案. [The proposal of searching for role language]. 佐藤喜代治(編) Kokugoshi no shinshiten 国語史の新視点, Kokugoronkyu 国語論究, 第8集 (Pp. 311-351). Meijishoin 明治書院.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2003). 『ヴァーチャル日本語 役割語の謎』. [Virtual Japanese: Enigmas of Role Language]. Iwanamishoten 岩波書店.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2007). 「役割語」 研究と社会言語学の接点. [The relationship between the research of role language and sociolinguistics]. The Japanese
Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences 社会言語科学会. 第19回大会発表論文集.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2011).「役割語」研究の展望. [The prospect of the research of role language]. Nihongaku kouenkai日本学講演会. 2011年11月.
Kinsui, S. (2012). The Status Quo of ‘Role Language’ Research. The 22nd Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference, October 12- 14, 2012.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2013a). 役割語研究の 10 年. [10 years of the research of role language]. Nihon daigaku kokubun gakkai kouen kiroku 日本大学国文学会講演記 録. Gobun 語文, 147, 112-94.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2013b). 「役割語」とは何か. [What is role language]. Japanese-Language Education Overseas 日本語教育通信. 第41回.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2014). 『〈役割語〉小辞典』. [Dictionary of role language].
Kenkyuusya 研究社.
Kinsui. S. [金水敏]. (2015). 「役割語」からみた日本語とキャラ. [Watching Japanese and character from role language]. Gakushuin Women’s College 学習院女子大学 会議報告/口頭発表.
KINSUI, S., & YAMAKIDO, H. (2015). Role Language and Character Language. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 5(2), 29-42.
Kong, E. J., Yoneyama, K., & Beckman, M. E. (2014). Effects of a sound change in progress on gender-marking cues in Japanese. In 14th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, Tokyo, Japan.
Kugimiya, L. [釘宮理惠]. (2007).「ツンデレカルタ」. [Tsundere card game]. Tokyo:
Kabushikikaisya 東京：株式会社 DEARS.
Kumano, N. [熊野七絵]. (2011). アニメ・マンガの日本語〜キャラクター表現をめぐ って. [Japanese in Anime and Manga: Looking at the expressions used by different characters]. The 12nd Furansu nihongokyoiku shinpojiumu 『第十二回フランス日 本語教育シンポジウム』pp. 117-277. 2011 年フランス・ボルドー.
Lee-Wong, S. M. (1998). Face support-Chinese particles as mitigators: A study of BA A/YA and NE. Pragmatics, 8, 387-404.
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, B. (2006). Chinese final particles and the syntax of the periphery. The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Faculty of Arts.
Li, Jing. [李菁]. (2006). Lun nuxing huayu fengge 『論女性話語風格』. [A discussion of female’s speech style]. Huazhong shifan daxue 華中師範大学. Shuoshi lunwen 碩 士論文.
Li, F., Kong, E. J., Beckman, M. E., & Edwards, J. (2008). Adult acoustics and
developmental patterns for gender-marked phonetic variants in Mandarin fricatives and Japanese stops. Poster presented at 11th Laboratory Phonology, Wellington, New Zealand.
Li, Chengtuan. [李成团]. (2008). Huayu biaojiyu "ma" de yuyong gongneng 话语标记语
"嘛" 的语用功能. [The pragmatic function of discourse marker Ma]. Xiandaiwaiyu 现代外语, (2008年02), 150-156.
Li, X. [李熙穎]. (2013). 談話における「動的なキャラクタ」 の提唱. [A proposal of
“dynamic characters” in discourse]. Journal of East Asian Studies, 11, 139-166.
Liang, Hsiaoyun. [梁曉云]. (2003). Hanyu yuwei zhuci ‘ne’ zhi jiaoxueyufa chutan. 漢語 語尾助詞 [呢] 之教學語法初探. [The preliminary study of pedagogical grammar of Chinese sentence-final particle ‘ne’]. National Taiwan Normal University Graduate Institute of Chinese as a Second Language Master Thesis. 臺灣師範大學華語文教
學研究所學位論文, 1-140.
Lin, T. Helen (1981). Essential Grammar for Modern Chinese. Boston: Cheng & Tsui.
Lin, Chinhui. [林欽惠]. (2002). Hanyu jumo zhuci ‘a’ zhi jiaoxueyufa chutan. 漢語句末助 詞 [啊] 之教學語法初探. [The preliminary study of pedagogical grammar of Chinese sentence-final particle ‘a’]. National Taiwan Normal University Graduate Institute of Chinese as a Second Language Master Thesis. 臺灣師範大學華語文教
學研究所學位論文, 1-125.
Llamas, C. (2006). Age. In The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics (pp. 89-96).
Routledge.
Lu, Shuxiang. [呂叔湘]. (1980). Xiandai Hanyu Babaici. 現代漢語八百詞. [Eight hundred words of modern Chinese]. Beijing: Shangwuyinshuguan. 北京: 商務印書館, 85.
Luo, Miliang. [羅米良]. (2012). Shilun hanyu zhong de jiaose yuqici “nie/nie/ni”
“hehe/haha/houhou”. 試論漢語中的角色語氣詞“捏/涅/逆”“呵呵/哈哈/吼吼”.
[The discussion of Chinese character language: “nie/nie/ni” “hehe/haha/houhou”].
Hanriyuyanduibiyanjiuluncong. 漢日語言對比研究論叢（第3辑）.
Newman, S. (1933). Further Experiments in Phonetic Symbolism. American Journal of Psychology 45: 53-75.
Nishida, T. [西田隆政]. (2011). 「ボク少女」の言語表現: 常用性のある「属性表 現」と役割語との接点. [Linguistics Expression of “Boku Shoujo”: The Relation Between Attributive Expression and Role Language]. Konan Women's University researches of literature and culture volume 甲南女子大学研究紀要. 文学・文化 編, (48), 13-22.
Ochs, E. (1992). 14 Indexing gender. Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, 11, 335.
Ohala, John, J. (1983). The Phonological Ends Justify Any Means. In S. Hattori and K.
Inoue, eds., Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Linguists 1982, 232-243. Tokyo: Sanseido Shoten.
Ohala, John, J. (1994). The Frequency Codes Underlies the Sound Symbolic Use of Voice Pitch. In L. Hinton, J. Nichols, and J. J. Ohala, eds., Sound Symbolism, 325-347.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sachs, J. (1975). Cues to the identification of sex in children's speech. Language and sex:
Difference and dominance, ed. by B. Thorne, and N. Henley, 152-71. Rowley, Mass.:
Newbury House.
Sadanobu, T. [定延利之]. (2005). コミュニケーション原理. [Principles of
communication]. 電子情報通信学会 基礎・境界ソサイエティFundamentals Review, 8(4), 276-291.
Sadanobu, T. (2006). Kotoba to hatsuwa kyarakuta [Speech and speech characters].
Bungaku [Literature] 7(6): 117–129.
Sadanobu, T, & Zhang, Lina. [定延利之, & 張麗娜]. (2007). 日本語・中国語における キャラ語尾の観察. [The observation of kyara gobi of Japanese and Chinese]. 彭飛 (編) Nicchutaishougengogaku kenkyu ronbunshu『日中対照言語学研究論文集』, Izumishoin 和泉書院.
Sadanobu, T. [定延利之]. (2007). キャラ助詞が現れる環境. [The environment that the kyara particle shows]. 金水敏 (編) Yakuwaeigo kenkyu no chihei 『役割語研究の 地平』. 27-48.
Sadanobu, T. [定延利之]. (2008-2010).「日本語社会のぞきキャラくり」. [An
unofficial guide for Japanese characters]. 三省堂ウェブサイト「Sanseido Word-Wise Web」.http://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/wp/author/sadanobu (日本語版);
http://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/wp/author/sadanobu-e/ (英語版);
http://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/wp/author/sadanobu-c/ (中国語版).
Sadanobu, T. [定延利之]. (2011a). 「キャラクタは文法をどこまで変えるか？」[To what extent that grammar will be changed by kyarakuta]. 金水 (編). Yakuwarigo kenkyu no tenkai 『役割語研究の展開』. pp. 17-26.
Sadanobu, T. [定延利之]. (2011b).『日本語社会のぞきキャラクリ-顔つき・カラダつ き・ことばつき- 』. [An unofficial guide for Japanese characters-expression, behavior, and speech]. Sanseido 三省堂.
Sadanobu, T. (2011c). “Language as body: Why we cannot rely on Stylistics alone in explaining speaker-internal language variation?” Interpreting and Translation Studies, No.11, pages 49-73.
Shie, C. C. (1991). A Discourse-functional Analysis of Mandarin Sentence-Final Particles.
M.A. thesis. Taipei: National Chengchi University.
Shinohara, K., & Kawahara, S. (2010). A cross-linguistic study of sound symbolism: The images of size. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Simpson, A. (2014). Sentence-final particles. Huang, C. J., Li, Y. A., & Simpson, A. (Eds.), The handbook of Chinese linguistics (pp. 156-179). John Wiley & Sons.
Sidhu, D. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2015). What’s in a name? sound symbolism and gender in first names. PloS one, 10(5), e0126809.
Takagi, C. [高木千恵]. (2016). 社会言語・言語生活. [Sociolinguistics and linguistic behavior]. Nihongo no kenkyu 日本語の研究, 12(3), 91-98.
Tao, H. (1996). Units in Mandarin conversation: Prosody, discourse, and grammar (Vol.
5). John Benjamins Publishing.
Teshigawara, M., & Kinsui, S. (2011). Modern Japanese ‘Role Language’ (Yakuwarigo):
fictionalised orality in Japanese literature and popular culture. Sociolinguistic Studies, 5(1), 37.
Togashi, J. [冨樫純一]. (2009). 「ツンデレ属性と言語表現の関係 ─ツンデレ表現ケ ーススタディ─」. [The relationship between tsundere’s attribute and linguistic representation-A case study of tsundere]. Symposium of Role, Character, and Language シンポジウム「役割・キャラクタ・言語」（於 神戸大学）
Togashi, J. [冨樫純一]. (2011). 「ツンデレ属性における言語表現の特徴:ツンデレ表 現ケーススタディ」. [The characteristic of linguistic representation in tsundere’s attribute: A case study of the representation of tsundere]. 金水(編), Yakuwarigo kenkyu no tenkai 役割語研究の展開, pp. 279-295.
Togashi, J. & Asano, S. [冨樫純一, & 浅野総一郎]. (2012). 自称詞「ぼく」と女性キ ャラクター: いわゆる「ボクっ娘」の役割語的分析. [Self-salutation boku and that character of female: The analysis of role language of so-called bokummusume].
The 123ndKanto Nihongo Danwakai 第123回関東日本語談話会.
Ueno, J. (2006). Shojo and adult women: a linguistic analysis of gender identity in manga (Japanese comics). Women and language, 29(1), 16.
Ueno, J. (2004). Gender differences in Japanese conversation. Intercultural Communication Studies, 13, 85-100.
Wan, Zhongya. [萬中亞]. (2006). Cong shijiao zhuanhuan kan “renjia” de yuyi. 從視角轉 換看 “人家” 的語義. [Investigating the meaning of ‘renjia’ from the change of perspective]. Zhoukoushifanxueyuanxuebao. 周口師範學院學報, 23(6), 98-100.
Wang, Dechun, Chen, Rujian, & Yao, yuan. [王德春, 陳汝健, & 姚遠]. (1995). Shehui xinli yuyanxue 社會心理語言學. [Socio-psycholinguistics].
Wang, Y. R. (2008). A Study of the Effects of Selected Independent Variables on Mandarin Utterance-Final Particle A. (Doctoral dissertation).
Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
Wodak, R., & Benke, G. (1997). Gender as a sociolinguistic variable: New perspectives on variation studies. The handbook of sociolinguistics, 127-150.
Wu, R. J. (2000). Final Particles in Mandarin Chinese: A Conversation Analysis of A and OU. Los Angeles: University of California Dissertation.
Wu, R. J. (2004). Stance in Talk. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Xu, D. (2015). Gender Differences in Chinese Speech Communities. Zhu, X., & Wang, C.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, pp. 626-640.
Yamacuji, H. [山口治彦]. (2006). 「役割語の個別性と普遍性―日英の対照を通して
―」. [Role language’s individuality and generality-through the contrast of Japanese and English].『KLS 26』Proceedings of the Thirtieth Anniversary Meeting, Jun4-5, 2005, pp. 406-416.
Yamacuji, H. [山口治彦]. (2007). 「役割語の個別性と普遍性―日英の対照を通して
―」. [Role language’s individuality and generality-through the contrast of Japanese and English]. 金水 (編). Yakuwarigo kenkyu no chihei 『役割語研究の地平』.
pp. 9-24.
Yi, Chafang. [易查方]. (2010). Jumo yuqi ci “ma” de wanju gongneng chutan 句末语气词
“嘛” 的完句功能初探. [A preliminary study of Sentence-Completing Function of
“嘛” 的完句功能初探. [A preliminary study of Sentence-Completing Function of