Reviewers
George Adams, Purdue University; Sarita Adve, University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign; Jim Archibald, Brigham Young University; Krste Asanovic, Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology; Jean-Loup Baer, University of Washington;
Paul Barr, Northeastern University; Rajendra V. Boppana, University of Texas, San Antonio; Doug Burger, University of Texas, Austin; John Burger, SGI;
Michael Butler; Thomas Casavant; Rohit Chandra; Peter Chen, University of Michigan; the classes at SUNY Stony Brook, Carnegie Mellon, Stanford, Clem-son, and Wisconsin; Tim Coe, Vitesse Semiconductor; Bob Colwell, Intel; David Cummings; Bill Dally; David Douglas; Anthony Duben, Southeast Missouri State University; Susan Eggers, University of Washington; Joel Emer; Barry Fagin, Dartmouth; Joel Ferguson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Carl Fey-nman; David Filo; Josh Fisher, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories; Rob Fowler, DIKU; Mark Franklin, Washington University (St. Louis); Kourosh Gharachor-loo; Nikolas Gloy, Harvard University; David Goldberg, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center; James Goodman, University of Wisconsin–Madison; David Harris, Harvey Mudd College; John Heinlein; Mark Heinrich, Stanford; Daniel Helman, University of California, Santa Cruz; Mark Hill, University of Wiscon-sin–Madison; Martin Hopkins, IBM; Jerry Huck, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories;
Mary Jane Irwin, Pennsylvania State University; Truman Joe; Norm Jouppi;
David Kaeli, Northeastern University; Roger Kieckhafer, University of Nebraska; Earl Killian; Allan Knies, Purdue University; Don Knuth; Jeff Kuskin, Stanford; James R. Larus, Microsoft Research; Corinna Lee, University of Tor-onto; Hank Levy; Kai Li, Princeton University; Lori Liebrock, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Mikko Lipasti, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Gyula A.
Mago, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Bryan Martin; Norman Mat-loff; David Meyer; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James Mooney; Trevor Mudge, University of Michigan; David Nagle, Carnegie Mellon University; Todd Narter; Victor Nelson; Vojin Oklobdzija, University of Califor-nia, Berkeley; Kunle Olukotun, Stanford University; Bob Owens, Pennsylvania State University; Greg Papadapoulous, Sun; Joseph Pfeiffer; Keshav Pingali, Cornell University; Bruno Preiss, University of Waterloo; Steven Przybylski; Jim Quinlan; Andras Radics; Kishore Ramachandran, Georgia Institute of Technol-ogy; Joseph Rameh, University of Texas, Austin; Anthony Reeves, Cornell Uni-versity; Richard Reid, Michigan State UniUni-versity; Steve Reinhardt, University of Michigan; David Rennels, University of California, Los Angeles; Arnold L.
Rosenberg, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Kaushik Roy, Purdue Univer-sity; Emilio Salgueiro, Unysis; Peter Schnorf; Margo Seltzer; Behrooz Shirazi, Southern Methodist University; Daniel Siewiorek, Carnegie Mellon University;
J. P. Singh, Princeton; Ashok Singhal; Jim Smith, University of Wisconsin–
Madison; Mike Smith, Harvard University; Mark Smotherman, Clemson Univer-sity; Guri Sohi, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Arun Somani, University of
xxvi ■ Acknowledgments
Washington; Gene Tagliarin, Clemson University; Evan Tick, University of Ore-gon; Akhilesh Tyagi, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Mateo Valero, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona; Anujan Varma, University of California, Santa Cruz; Thorsten von Eicken, Cornell University; Hank Walker, Texas A&M; Roy Want, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center; David Weaver, Sun;
Shlomo Weiss, Tel Aviv University; David Wells; Mike Westall, Clemson Univer-sity; Maurice Wilkes; Eric Williams; Thomas Willis, Purdue UniverUniver-sity; Malcolm Wing; Larry Wittie, SUNY Stony Brook; Ellen Witte Zegura, Georgia Institute of Technology
Appendices
The vector appendix was revised by Krste Asanovic of the Massachusetts Insti-tute of Technology. The floating-point appendix was written originally by David Goldberg of Xerox PARC.
Exercises
George Adams, Purdue University; Todd M. Bezenek, University of Wisconsin–
Madison (in remembrance of his grandmother Ethel Eshom); Susan Eggers;
Anoop Gupta; David Hayes; Mark Hill; Allan Knies; Ethan L. Miller, University of California, Santa Cruz; Parthasarathy Ranganathan, Compaq Western Research Laboratory; Brandon Schwartz, University of Wisconsin–Madison;
Michael Scott; Dan Siewiorek; Mike Smith; Mark Smotherman; Evan Tick; Tho-mas Willis.
Special Thanks
Duane Adams, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Tom Adams; Sarita Adve, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; Anant Agarwal; Dave Albo-nesi, University of Rochester; Mitch Alsup; Howard Alt; Dave Anderson; Peter Ashenden; David Bailey; Bill Bandy, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; L. Barroso, Compaq’s Western Research Lab; Andy Bechtolsheim; C.
Gordon Bell; Fred Berkowitz; John Best, IBM; Dileep Bhandarkar; Jeff Bier, BDTI; Mark Birman; David Black; David Boggs; Jim Brady; Forrest Brewer;
Aaron Brown, University of California, Berkeley; E. Bugnion, Compaq’s West-ern Research Lab; Alper Buyuktosunoglu, University of Rochester; Mark Cal-laghan; Jason F. Cantin; Paul Carrick; Chen-Chung Chang; Lei Chen, University of Rochester; Pete Chen; Nhan Chu; Doug Clark, Princeton University; Bob Cmelik; John Crawford; Zarka Cvetanovic; Mike Dahlin, University of Texas, Austin; Merrick Darley; the staff of the DEC Western Research Laboratory; John DeRosa; Lloyd Dickman; J. Ding; Susan Eggers, University of Washington; Wael El-Essawy, University of Rochester; Patty Enriquez, Mills; Milos Ercegovac;
Robert Garner; K. Gharachorloo, Compaq’s Western Research Lab; Garth Gib-son; Ronald Greenberg; Ben Hao; John Henning, Compaq; Mark Hill, University
Acknowledgments ■ xxvii
of Wisconsin–Madison; Danny Hillis; David Hodges; Urs Hoelzle, Google;
David Hough; Ed Hudson; Chris Hughes, University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign; Mark Johnson; Lewis Jordan; Norm Jouppi; William Kahan; Randy Katz; Ed Kelly; Richard Kessler; Les Kohn; John Kowaleski, Compaq Computer Corp; Dan Lambright; Gary Lauterbach, Sun Microsystems; Corinna Lee; Ruby Lee; Don Lewine; Chao-Huang Lin; Paul Losleben, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Yung-Hsiang Lu; Bob Lucas, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Ken Lutz; Alan Mainwaring, Intel Berkeley Research Labs; Al Marston; Rich Martin, Rutgers; John Mashey; Luke McDowell; Sebastian Mirolo, Trimedia Corporation; Ravi Murthy; Biswadeep Nag; Lisa Noordergraaf, Sun Microsystems; Bob Parker, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency;
Vern Paxson, Center for Internet Research; Lawrence Prince; Steven Przybylski;
Mark Pullen, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Chris Rowen; Marg-aret Rowland; Greg Semeraro, University of Rochester; Bill Shannon; Behrooz Shirazi; Robert Shomler; Jim Slager; Mark Smotherman, Clemson University;
the SMT research group at the University of Washington; Steve Squires, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Ajay Sreekanth; Darren Staples; Charles Stapper; Jorge Stolfi; Peter Stoll; the students at Stanford and Berkeley who endured our first attempts at creating this book; Bob Supnik; Steve Swanson;
Paul Taysom; Shreekant Thakkar; Alexander Thomasian, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John Toole, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Kees A.
Vissers, Trimedia Corporation; Willa Walker; David Weaver; Ric Wheeler, EMC;
Maurice Wilkes; Richard Zimmerman.
John Hennessy ■David Patterson
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Classes of Computers 4
1.3 Defining Computer Architecture 8
1.4 Trends in Technology 14
1.5 Trends in Power in Integrated Circuits 17
1.6 Trends in Cost 19
1.7 Dependability 25
1.8 Measuring, Reporting, and Summarizing Performance 28
1.9 Quantitative Principles of Computer Design 37
1.10 Putting It All Together: Performance and Price-Performance 44
1.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 48
1.12 Concluding Remarks 52
1.13 Historical Perspectives and References 54
Case Studies with Exercises by Diana Franklin 55