Distribution of Black-winged Stilt - Atlas of the coastal and seabirds of Lebanon

Charadrius hiaticula يدﺎﯿﺘﻋﻹا قﻮﻄﳌا قاﺰﻗﺰﻟا Common Ringed Plover Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693759/155487854

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Oil pollution, habitat degradation, hunting, predation and avian botulism.

Causes of threats: Leakage of oil from marine or land tanks, destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Common Ringed Plover. Train people on management of environmentally friendly development and follow the oil spill contingency plan. Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Low frequency along the coast: Cheikh Zennad (2), Nahr el Bared (1), Tripoli (2), Palm Islands (2), Beirut (1) and Khalde (1). May be overlooked further south.

Density: Cheikh Zennad (2), Nahr el Bared (1), Tripoli (1), Palm Islands (0.67), Beirut (1) and Khalde (0.5).

Behavior: The Common Ringed Plover feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic worms, isopods, amphipods and various insects such as ants, beetles, ﬂies and their larvae. It forages on beaches, mudﬂats and shorelines.

Habitat: Coasts, islands, ﬁshponds, open ground on sand or shingle beaches or ﬂats, sandbanks and mudﬂats, estuaries, inland waters and occasionally rivers.

Phenological status: Common passage migrant, scarce winter visitor, and rare summer visitor.

Fiqure 20: Distribution of Common Ringed Plover (Source: IUCN)

Charadrius dubius ﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا قﻮﻄﳌا قاﺰﻗﺰﻟا Little Ringed Plover Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693770/155486463

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Oil pollution, habitat degradation, hunting, predation and avian botulism.

Causes of threats: Leakage of oil from marine or land tanks, destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Little Ringed Plover. Train people on management of environmentally friendly development and follow the oil spill contingency plan. Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Moderate frequency decreasing southward: Cheikh Zennad (4), Qleiaat (1), Nahr el Bared (1), Tripoli (2), Enfe (1), Beirut (1), Saida (1) and Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (18), Qleiaat (0.5), Nahr el Bared (0.5), Tripoli (2), Enfe (1.5), Beirut (1), Saida (0.5) and Tyre (0.67).

Behavior: Like other plovers, it forages on invertebrates and crustaceans in a particular way: standing and watching, running forward, pecking, then standing still again.

Habitat: Open gravel areas near freshwater, including gravel pits, islands and river edges. At other times, prefers wetlands and shores.

Phenological status: Scarce and scattered summer breeder and not uncommon passage migrant.

Fiqure 21: Distribution of Little Ringed Plover (Source: IUCN)

Anarhynchus alexandrinus ﻲﻧارﺪﻨﮑﺳﻹا قاﺰﻗﺰﻟا

Kentish Plover

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22727487/155485165

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Oil pollution, habitat degradation, hunting, predation, urbanization, disturbance of coastal habitat, and avian botulism.

Causes of threats: Leakage of oil from marine or land tanks, destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, encroachment of beaches by humans, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Activate and implement the oil spill contingency plan. Train people on management of environmentally friendly shore development. Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Kentish Plover. Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Not frequently recorded. Scarce to rare in Cheikh Zennad (1), Tripoli (1), Palm Islands (1), Nahr el Kalb (1), Damour (1) and Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (1), Tripoli (0.34), Palm Islands (0.34), Nahr el Kalb (0.5), Damour (1) and Tyre (0.34).

Behavior: Like most plovers, the Kentish plovers are predominantly insectivores, feeding on a large range of arthropods and invertebrates depending on the environment, by using a run and stop method.

Habitat: Wetlands, salt marshes, coastland, islands, rocky and sandy shores. It prefers areas of low elevation, low vegetation, high moisture and places far away from human activity and settlements.

Phenological status: Rare to scarce passage migrant and rare summer visitor.

Fiqure 22: Distribution of Kentish Plover (Source: IUCN)

Numenius arquata ءﺎﳌا ناوﺮﮐ

Eurasian Curlew Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Near Threatened

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693190/117917038

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, disturbance, agricultural practices, pollution, hunting and avian botulism.

Causes of threats: Destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, encroachment of beaches by humans, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: The mitigation measures should be taken collectively at the regional and global levels, especially that the species is simply vagrant in Lebanon. Train people on management of environmentally friendly shore development. Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Eurasian Curlew.

Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Nine individuals were recorded in three localities with the following frequencies: Cheikh Zennad (3), Damour (1) and Naqoura (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (2.5), Damour (1.5) and Naqoura (0.5).

Behavior: The Eurasian Curlews use 2 methods to capture ragworms Nereis sp.:

they search for worms at the surface, which are taken with a single peck, and/or they search for visual cues, such as burrow entrances, probe deep to extract the worm from the burrow.

Habitat: During the non-breeding period, the species occurs mainly on sheltered intertidal mudﬂats, rocky shores and other coastal wetlands, especially saltpans and lakes, and sometimes at freshwater swamps.

Phenological status: Vagrant (Occasional).

Fiqure 23: Distribution of Eurasian Curlew (Source: IUCN)

Limosa lapponica ﻞﯾﺬﻟا ﺔﻄﻄﺨﻣ ﺔﻘﯾﻮﻘﺑ Bar-tailed Godwit Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Near Threatened

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693158/111221714

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Change in agricultural practices, habitat loss and degradation, pollution, disturbance, illegal hunting, and avian inﬂuenza.

Causes of threats: Destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, garbage and chemicals, encroachment of beaches by humans, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: The mitigation measures should be taken collectively at the regional and global level, especially that the species is simply vagrant in Lebanon. Train people on management of environmentally friendly shore development. Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Bar-tailed Godwit.

Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Three individuals were recorded in two localities with the following frequencies: Cheikh Zennad (1) and Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (1) and Tyre (0.5).

Behavior: This Bar-tailed Godwit feeds on insects, seeds and berries. In the winter and during migration, it wades in the water, probing in the mud with its long, thin bill for mollusks, crustaceans, snails, worms, and other aquatic invertebrates.

Habitat: Outside breeding ground, this Godwit prefers intertidal areas along muddy coastlines, estuaries and lagoons.

Phenological status: Vagrant (Occasional).

Fiqure 24: Distribution of Bar-tailed Godwit (Source: IUCN)

Limosa limosa ﻞﯾﺬﻟا ءادﻮﺳ ﺔﻘﯾﻮﻘﺑ Black-tailed Godwit Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Near Threatened

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693150/111611637

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Change in agricultural practices, habitat loss and degradation, pollution, disturbance, illegal hunting, and avian inﬂuenza.

Causes of threats: Destruction of the species habitats by human unsustainable development, poaching, garbage and chemicals, encroachment of beaches by humans, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Train people on management of environmentally friendly shore development. Enforce the Law prohibiting the illegal killing of birds, and raise awareness of people about the value of the Bar-tailed Godwit. Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Recorded repetitively in small numbers with the following locality

& frequency: Cheikh Zennad (7).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (7.5).

Behavior: The Black-tailed Godwit is relatively silent outside breeding season.

Habitat: Lowland wet meadows or grassy marshes, damp pastures, estuaries, lagoons with intertidal mudﬂats, sandy beaches, and inland wetlands.

Phenological status: Scarce passage migrant.

Fiqure 25: Distribution of Black-tailed Godwit (Source: IUCN)

Arenaria interpres ءﺎﳌا ةﺮﺒﻨﻗ

Ruddy Turnstone Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693336/154669637

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Climate change, severe weather, and avian inﬂuenza.

Causes of threats: Impacts of climate change, low resistance to severe weather and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Reduce other pressures on the Ruddy Turnstone so that it can resist climate change impacts and severe weather as well as diseases. Create rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds

Frequency: Recorded in low frequencies as follows: Cheikh Zennad (4), Tripoli (2), Palm Islands (3) and Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (9.5), Tripoli (1), Palm Islands (5.33) and Tyre (2).

Behavior: It feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks and worms. It usually ﬂips over stones and other objects to get at prey items hiding underneath; this behavior is the origin of the name "turnstone".

Habitat: Stony coastal plains and marshy areas. Mainly coastal outside breeding season, and inland during migration, in areas with short-grass and salt-marshes. Favors stony shores, rocks, breakwaters, sandy beaches with seaweed, estuaries and mud.

Phenological status: Scarce passage migrant and commoner in winter.

Fiqure 26: Distribution of Ruddy Turnstone (Source: IUCN)

Calidris alba ءﺎﻀﯿﺒﻟا ﺔﺠﯾرﺪﻟا Sanderling

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693369/86614145

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, avian diseases, and disturbance.

Causes of threats: Extension of agricultural practices over the areas of this species. Urban encroachment and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of a sustainable development strategy and creation of rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds.

Frequency: Low frequency of appearance at Cheikh Zennad (3), Beirut (1) and Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (7.5), Beirut (0.34) and Tyre (2).

Behavior: Sanderlings are found in tightly packed ﬂocks during most of the year. Flocks can be just a handful of individuals to about 90. They roost together on the ground and in the open, individuals are also packed relatively tightly together when roosting.

Habitat: Grasslands and Wetlands: permanent freshwater lakes, permanent saline, brackish or alkaline lakes; Marine Intertidal: rocky shoreline, sandy shoreline and/or beaches, sand bars, shingle and/or pebble shoreline, mud ﬂats and salt ﬂats.

Phenological status: Rare passage migrant.

Fiqure 27: Distribution of Sanderling (Source: IUCN)

Calidris minuta ةﺮﯿﻐﺻ ﺔﺠﯾرد Little Stint

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693379/138406063

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss, degradation, and alteration by salt-industries, avian diseases, illegal hunting, pollution and disturbance.

Causes of threats: Extension of salt pans over the habitat of this species in addition to urban encroachment, poaching, pollution with litter, garbage and oil, and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of sustainable development strategy, raise awareness about keeping the shore clean, and creation of rehabilitation centers for sick or oiled birds.

Frequency: Relatively high frequency in north Lebanon and moderate to low frequency from Dbayye to Naqoura as follows: Cheikh Zennad (5), Tripoli (5), Palm Islands (2), Nahr el Kalb (1), Dbayeh (2), Beirut (3), Jnah (1), Khalde (1), Awali (1), Tyre (3), Mansouri (1) and Naqoura (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (11), Tripoli (16.7), Palm Islands (20), Nahr el Kalb (4.5), Dbayeh (4), Beirut (4.33), Jnah (7.5), Khalde (1), Awali (1.5), Tyre (5.7), Mansouri (2.5) and Naqoura (4).

Behavior: The Little Stint eats invertebrates such as larvae and adults Diptera, small beetles, ants, Hymenoptera, water-bugs, annelids, mollusks, crustaceans and some plant matter.

Habitat: Rocky shoreline, sandy shoreline, beaches, sand bars, shingle and/or pebble shoreline, mud ﬂats and salt ﬂats, tidepools. Marine coastal/supratidal, coastal brackish lagoons/ coastal freshwater, salt exploitation sites, wastewater treatment areas, and irrigated land.

Phenological status: Common passage migrant.

Fiqure 28: Distribution of Little Stint (Source: IUCN)

Calidris alpina ﺔﺠﯾرد

Dunlin

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693427/155480296

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, poor land management, illegal hunting, and pollution.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices on beaches, poaching, and pollution with garbage and oil.

Frequency: Relatively high frequency in north Lebanon and low frequency from Nahr el Ghadir to Naqoura: Cheikh Zennad (3), Tripoli (3), Palm Islands (3), Enfe (1), Beirut (4), Nahr el Ghadir (1), Khalde (1), Damour (1), Jiyyeh (1), Jadra (1), Saida (1), Tyre (2) and Naqoura (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (45), Tripoli (11), Palm Islands (20.7), Enfe (8.5), Beirut (16), Nahr el Ghadir (1.5), Khalde (2), Damour (2.5), Jiyyeh (4.5), Jadra (1), Saida (1), Tyre (7) and Naqoura (2).

Behavior: Gregarious in winter, sometimes forming large ﬂocks on sandy beaches. Large numbers can often be seen during migration and in their winter habitat.

Habitat: Mud ﬂats, salt marshes, marine coastal supratidal, coastal brackish or saline lagoons, coastal freshwater lakes, pastureland, salt exploitation sites, wastewater treatment areas.

Phenological status: Common passage migrant.

Fiqure 29: Distribution of Dunlin (Source: IUCN)

Calidris ferruginea رﺎﻘﻨﳌا سﻮﻘﻣ يﻮﻄﯿﻃ Curlew Sandpiper Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Near Threatened

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693431/110631069

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, avian diseases, hunting and disturbance.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices on beaches, poaching, pollution with garbage and oil, and avian botulism.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of sustainable development strategy, enforcing the hunting Law, raising awareness about keeping the shore clean and create centers for rehabilitation and treatment of sick and oiled birds.

Frequency: Low frequency in the northern half of Lebanon and probably overlooked in the southern half: Cheikh Zennad (3), Palm Islands (3) and Beirut (2).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (3), Palm Islands (3.34) and Beirut (1.67).

Behavior: The Curlew Sandpiper is a highly gregarious wader, it forms ﬂocks with other waders, particularly Dunlin. The male is known to perform an aerial display during courtship elsewhere (not in Lebanon).

Habitat: During migration, it can be found in a wide range of habitats including mudﬂats, sandﬂats, salt marshes, and around estuaries and coastal lagoons.

Phenological status: Scarce passage migrant.

Fiqure 30: Distribution of Curlew Sandpiper (Source: IUCN)

Calidris pugnax ﺔﻟاﻮﺠﺣ

Ruﬀ

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693468/86591264

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, wetland and ﬂood-plain drainage, climate change, land management, pollution, avian diseases, and hunting.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices in wetlands, wetland draining, poaching, pollution with garbage and oil, and avian botulism.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of sustainable development strategy, enforcing the hunting Law, raising awareness about keeping the shore and the frequented plains clean, and create centers for rehabilitation and treatment of sick and oiled birds.

Frequency: Higher frequency in north Lebanon than in its south: Cheikh Zennad (4), Tripoli (3), Palm Islands (2), Nahr el Kalb (1), Beirut (1), Damour (1), Tyre (1) and Naqoura (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (24), Tripoli (6.67), Palm Islands (12), Nahr el Kalb (3), Beirut (1.33), Damour (1.2), Tyre (3) and Naqoura (1.5).

Behavior: Males display in their breeding countries at a lek in a traditional open grassy arena. The ruﬀ is one of the few lekking species in which the display is primarily directed at other males rather than to the females and secondarily at watching females.

Habitat: The ruﬀ prefers lowland freshwater marshes and damp grasslands. It avoids areas badly aﬀected by severe weather, preferring hummocky marshes and deltas with shallow water.

Phenological status: Common and abundant passage migrant, scarce winter visitor, and rare summer visitor.

Fiqure 31: Distribution of Ruﬀ (Source: IUCN)

Gallinago media ﺮﯿﺒﮑﻟا (ﺐﮑﺸﻟا) ﺐﻘﻨﺸﻟا Great Snipe

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Near Threatened

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693093/111105264

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, wetland and ﬂood-plain drainage, climate change, land management, pollution, avian diseases, and hunting.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices in wetlands, wetland draining, poaching, pollution with garbage and oil, and avian botulism.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of sustainable development strategy, enforcing the hunting Law, raising awareness about keeping the shore and the frequented plains clean, and create centers for rehabilitation and treatment of sick and oiled birds.

Frequency: Very low frequency where recorded: Palm Islands (3), Beirut (1) and Tyre (1).

Density: Palm Islands (1.3), Beirut (0.34) and Tyre (0.34).

Behavior: Males of Great Snipes display in their breeding countries at a lek in a traditional open grassy arena. The Great Snipes is one of the few lekking species in which the display is directed at other males rather than females.

Habitat: The great snipe requires a habitat rich in invertebrates with some scrub cover. It usually occurs in river valleys, and meadows with scattered bushes. It also inhabits marshland, grass or sedges on lake edges.

Phenological status: Rare passage migrant.

Fiqure 32: Distribution of Great Snipe (Source: IUCN)

Gallinago gallinago يدﺎﯿﺘﻋﻹا (ﺐﮑﺸﻟا) ﺐﻘﻨﺸﻟا Common Snipe

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693097/155504420

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, hunting, and land and water management.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices in wetlands, wetland draining, poaching and pollution.

Frequency: Low frequency along the coastal strip of Lebanon: Cheikh Zennad (2), Palm Islands (1), Jounieh (1), Dbayye (1), Khalde (1), Damour (1), Tyre (1).

Density: Cheikh Zennad (1.5), Palm Islands (1.7), Jounieh (2), Dbayye (1), Khalde (1.5), Damour (0.5), Tyre (1).

Behavior: This species feeds in small groups, often at dawn and dusk, in shallow water or close to water. Common Snipe performs ﬂight displays on the breeding grounds where the male performs drumming display and circles high in the air with rapid wing-beats.

Habitat: Found in freshwater wetlands and seen feeding in marshes, streams, banks and wet meadows.

Phenological status: Uncommon but regular passage migrant and winter visitor.

Fiqure 33: Distribution of Common Snipe (Source: IUCN)

Tringa ochropus ﺮﻀﺧﻷا يﻮﻄﯿﻄﻟا Green Sandpiper Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Conservation status:

Least Concern

Further reading:

IUCN Red List of this species:

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694379/132546308

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and Itani, F. 2019. Birds of Lebanon, a photographic guide to 404 species. Beirut-Lebanon.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation, avian inﬂuenza and botulism, and pollution.

Causes of threats: Urban encroachment and unsustainable development practices in wetlands, wetland draining, poaching, pollution and transmitted diseases.

Suggested mitigation measures: Land use in an environmentally friendly way, adoption of sustainable development strategy, enforcing the hunting Law, raising awareness about keeping the value of this species and the necessity of maintaining the habitats clean from garbage and chemicals. Establishment of a rehabilitation center to care for sick birds.

Frequency: Very low frequency in the northern half of the coastal strip in

在文檔中 Atlas of the coastal and seabirds of Lebanon (頁 31-0)