5DQNDQGWKH,QYHUWLEOH0DWUL[7KHRUHP

7KH YDULRXV YHFWRU VSDFH FRQFHSWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D PDWUL[ SURYLGH VHYHUDO PRUH VWDWHPHQWVIRUWKH,QYHUWLEOH0DWUL[7KHRUHP 7KH\DUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZWRIROORZWKH VWDWHPHQWVLQWKHRULJLQDOWKHRUHPLQ6HFWLRQ

5 ) & 0 3 & . 5IF *OWFSUJCMF .BUSJY 5IFPSFN DPOUJOVFE

/HW A EHDQ n! n PDWUL[ 7KHQWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVDUHHDFKHTXLYDOHQWWR WKHVWDWHPHQWWKDW A LVDQLQYHUWLEOHPDWUL[

P 7KHFROXPQVRI A IRUPDEDVLVRIRⁿ: Q &RO AD Rⁿ

R GLP &RO AD n S UDQN AD n T 1XO AD fg

U GLP 1XO AD 0

1300' 6WDWHPHQWPLVORJLFDOO\HTXLYDOHQWWRVWDWHPHQWVHDQGKUHJDUGLQJOLQHDU LQGHSHQGHQFHDQGVSDQQLQJ 7KHRWKHUÀYHVWDWHPHQWVDUHOLQNHGWRWKHHDUOLHURQHVRI WKHWKHRUHPE\WKHIROORZLQJFKDLQRIDOPRVWWULYLDOLPSOLFDWLRQV

J) Q ) R ) S ) U ) T ) G

6WDWHPHQWJ ZKLFKVD\VWKDWWKHHTXDWLRQ A[D E KDVDWOHDVWRQHVROXWLRQIRUHDFK E LQRⁿ LPSOLHVVWDWHPHQWQ EHFDXVH &RO A LVSUHFLVHO\WKHVHWRIDOO E VXFKWKDW WKHHTXDWLRQ A[D E LVFRQVLVWHQW 7KHLPSOLFDWLRQV Q ) R ) S IROORZIURPWKH GHÀQLWLRQVRI GLPHQVLRQ DQG UDQN ,IWKHUDQNRI A LV n WKHQXPEHURIFROXPQVRI A

WKHQ GLP 1XO AD 0 E\WKH5DQN7KHRUHP DQGVR 1XO A D fg 7KXV S ) U ) T

'LPHQVLRQDQG5DQN

$OVR VWDWHPHQWTLPSOLHVWKDWWKHHTXDWLRQ A[D KDVRQO\WKHWULYLDOVROXWLRQ ZKLFK LVVWDWHPHQWG 6LQFHVWDWHPHQWVGDQGJDUHDOUHDG\NQRZQWREHHTXLYDOHQWWRWKH VWDWHPHQWWKDW A LVLQYHUWLEOH WKHSURRI LVFRPSOHWH

SG &YQBOEFE 5BCMF GPS UIF *.5 m

/ 6 . & 3 * $ " - / 0 5 & 4

0DQ\DOJRULWKPVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVWH[WDUHXVHIXOIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJFRQFHSWV DQGPDNLQJVLPSOHFRPSXWDWLRQVE\KDQG +RZHYHU WKHDOJRULWKPVDUHRIWHQ XQVXLWDEOHIRUODUJHVFDOHSUREOHPVLQUHDOOLIH

5DQNGHWHUPLQDWLRQLVDJRRGH[DPSOH ,WZRXOGVHHPHDV\WRUHGXFHDPDWUL[

WRHFKHORQIRUPDQGFRXQWWKHSLYRWV %XWXQOHVVH[DFWDULWKPHWLFLVSHUIRUPHG RQDPDWUL[ZKRVHHQWULHVDUHVSHFLÀHGH[DFWO\ URZRSHUDWLRQVFDQFKDQJHWKH DSSDUHQWUDQNRIDPDWUL[ )RULQVWDQFH LIWKHYDOXHRI x LQWKHPDWUL[

#5 7

5 x

$ LVQRWVWRUHGH[DFWO\DVLQDFRPSXWHU WKHQWKHUDQNPD\EHRU GHSHQGLQJ RQZKHWKHUWKHFRPSXWHUWUHDWV x# 7 DV]HUR

,QSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQV WKHHIIHFWLYHUDQNRIDPDWUL[ A LVRIWHQGHWHUPLQHG IURPWKHVLQJXODUYDOXHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRI A WREHGLVFXVVHGLQ6HFWLRQ

WEB

13"$5*$& 130#-&.4

 'HWHUPLQHWKHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHVXEVSDFH H RIR³ VSDQQHGE\WKHYHFWRUV Y1;Y2; DQG Y3:)LUVW ÀQGDEDVLVIRU H

Y1D 2 4 2

#8 6

5; Y2D 2 4 3

#7#1 3

5; Y3D 2 4#1

#7 3 5

 &RQVLGHUWKHEDVLV

%# 1 :2

;

#:2 1

IRUR² ,I Œ [ !_BD

#3 2

 ZKDWLV ["

 &RXOGR³SRVVLEO\FRQWDLQDIRXUGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFH" ([SODLQ

&9&3$*4&4

,Q([HUFLVHVDQG ÀQGWKHYHFWRU [ GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHJLYHQ FRRUGLQDWH YHFWRU Œ[!_B DQG WKH JLYHQ EDVLV B: ,OOXVWUDWH \RXU DQVZHUZLWKDÀJXUH DVLQWKHVROXWLRQRI3UDFWLFH3UREOHP

%#1 1

;

# 2

; Œ[!_BD

#3 2

%##3 1

;

#3 2

; Œ[!_BD

##1 2

,Q([HUFLVHV² WKHYHFWRU [ LVLQDVXEVSDFH H ZLWKDEDVLV BD fE¹;E2g: )LQGWKH BFRRUGLQDWHYHFWRURI [

 E1D

# 2

;E2D

##1 5

;[D

#0 7

 E1D

# 1

;E2D

##2 3

;[D

#1 9

 E1D 2

4 1

#3 3 5; E2D

2 4#2

#7 5 3 5; [ D

4 2

#7 3 5

 E1D 2 4#3

#4 3 5; E2D

4 7

#3 5 3 5; [ D

4 5

#2 3 5

$)"15&3 0DWUL[$OJHEUD

 /HW E1D

#3 0

;E2D

##1 2

 ZD

# 7

; [D

#4 1

; DQG BD fE¹;E2g: 8VH WKH ÀJXUH WR HVWLPDWH ŒZ!B DQG Œ[!_B

&RQÀUP\RXUHVWLPDWHRI Œ[!_B E\XVLQJLWDQG fE¹;E2g WR FRPSXWH [

b₂

b₁ x

w 0

 /HW E1D

#0 2

E2D

#2 1

##2 3

#2 4

##1

#2:5

DQGBD fE¹;E2g 8VHWKHÀJXUHWRHVWLPDWH Œ[!_B Œ\!_B DQG Œ]!_B &RQÀUP\RXUHVWLPDWHVRI Œ\!_BDQG Œ]!_B E\XVLQJWKHPDQGfE¹;E2g WRFRPSXWH \ DQG ]

b₂ b₁ x

0 z

([HUFLVHV²GLVSOD\DPDWUL[ A DQGDQHFKHORQIRUPRI A )LQG EDVHVIRU&RO A DQG 1XO A DQGWKHQVWDWHWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVH VXEVSDFHV

 AD 2 66 4

1 3 2 #6

3 9 1 5

2 6 #1 9

5 15 0 14

3 77 5 %

2 66 4

1 3 3 2

0 0 5 #7

0 0 0 5

0 0 0 0

3 77 5

 AD 2 66 4

1 #2 #1 5 4

2 #1 1 5 6

#2 0 #2 1 #6

3 1 4 1 5

3 77 5

% 2 66 4

1 #2 #1 2 0

0 1 1 0 3

0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1

3 77 5

 AD 2 66 4

2 4 #5 2 #3

3 6 #8 3 #5

0 0 9 0 9

#3 #6 #7 #3 #10 3 77 5

% 2 66 4

1 2 #5 1 #4

0 0 5 0 5

0 0 0 0 0

3 77 5

 AD 2 66 4

1 2 #4 4 6

5 1 #9 2 10

4 6 #9 12 15

3 4 #5 8 9

3 77 5

% 2 66 4

1 2 8 4 #6

0 2 3 4 #1

0 0 5 0 #5

0 0 0 0 0

3 77 5

,Q([HUFLVHVDQG ÀQGDEDVLVIRUWKHVXEVSDFHVSDQQHGE\

WKHJLYHQYHFWRUV :KDWLVWKHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHVXEVSDFH"

2 66 4

#3 2

#4 3 77 5;

2 66 4

#3 9

#6 12 3 77 5;

2 66 4

#1 4 2

3 77 5;

2 66 4

#4 5

#3 7

3 77 5

2 66 4

#2 3 3 77 5;

2 66 4

#1 4 3 77 5;

2 66 4

#1 3

#2 3 77 5;

2 66 4

#1 4

#7 7

3 77 5;

2 66 4

#7 6

#9 3 77 5

 6XSSRVH D 4! 6 PDWUL[ A KDV IRXU SLYRW FROXPQV ,V

&RO AD R⁴‹,V 1XO AD R²‹([SODLQ\RXUDQVZHUV

 6XSSRVH D 4! 7 PDWUL[ A KDVWKUHHSLYRWFROXPQV ,V

&RO AD R³‹:KDWLVWKHGLPHQVLRQRI 1XO A" ([SODLQ\RXU DQVZHUV

,Q([HUFLVHVDQG PDUNHDFKVWDWHPHQW7UXHRU)DOVH -XVWLI\

HDFKDQVZHU +HUH A LVDQ m! n PDWUL[

 D ,IBD fY¹; : : : ;Ypg LVDEDVLVIRUDVXEVSDFH H DQGLI [D c¹Y1C " " " C c^pYp; WKHQ c1; : : : ; cp DUH WKH FRRUGL

QDWHVRI [ UHODWLYHWRWKHEDVLVB:

E (DFKOLQHLQRⁿLVDRQHGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFHRIRⁿ F 7KHGLPHQVLRQRI &RO A LVWKHQXPEHURISLYRWFROXPQV

LQ A

G 7KHGLPHQVLRQVRI &RO A DQG 1XO A DGGXSWRWKHQXPEHU RIFROXPQVLQ A

H ,IDVHWRI p YHFWRUVVSDQVD pGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFH H RIRⁿ;WKHQWKHVHYHFWRUVIRUPDEDVLVIRU H

 D ,IB LVDEDVLVIRUDVXEVSDFH H; WKHQHDFKYHFWRULQ H FDQEHZULWWHQLQRQO\RQHZD\DVDOLQHDUFRPELQDWLRQRI WKHYHFWRUVLQB:

E 7KHGLPHQVLRQRI 1XO A LVWKHQXPEHURIYDULDEOHVLQWKH HTXDWLRQ A[D :

F 7KHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHFROXPQVSDFHRI A LV UDQN A:

'LPHQVLRQDQG5DQN

G ,IBD fY¹; : : : ;Ypg LVDEDVLVIRUDVXEVSDFH H RI Rⁿ; WKHQWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFH [7! Œ[!BPDNHV H ORRNDQGDFW WKHVDPHDVR^p:

H ,I H LVD pGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFHRIRⁿ;WKHQDOLQHDUO\

LQGHSHQGHQWVHWRI p YHFWRUVLQ H LVDEDVLVIRU H ,Q([HUFLVHV² MXVWLI\HDFKDQVZHURUFRQVWUXFWLRQ

 ,IWKHVXEVSDFHRIDOOVROXWLRQVRI A[D KDVDEDVLVFRQ

VLVWLQJRIWKUHHYHFWRUVDQGLI A LVD 5! 7 PDWUL[ ZKDWLVWKH UDQNRI A"

 :KDWLVWKHUDQNRID 6! 8 PDWUL[ZKRVHQXOOVSDFHLVWKUHH

GLPHQVLRQDO"

 ,IWKHUDQNRID 9! 8 PDWUL[ A LV ZKDWLVWKHGLPHQVLRQRI WKHVROXWLRQVSDFHRI A[D ‹

 6KRZWKDWDVHWfY¹; : : : ;Y5g LQ Rⁿ LVOLQHDUO\GHSHQGHQWLI GLP 6SDQfY¹; : : : ;Y5g D 4

 ,ISRVVLEOH FRQVWUXFWD 3! 5 PDWUL[ A VXFKWKDW GLP 1XO A D 3DQGGLP&RO AD 2

 &RQVWUXFWD 3! 4 PDWUL[ZLWKUDQN

 /HW A EH DQ n! p PDWUL[ ZKRVH FROXPQ VSDFH LV p

GLPHQVLRQDO ([SODLQZK\WKHFROXPQVRI A PXVWEHOLQHDUO\

LQGHSHQGHQW

 6XSSRVHFROXPQV DQGRIDPDWUL[ A DUHOLQHDUO\

LQGHSHQGHQWEXWDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\SLYRWFROXPQVDQGWKH UDQNRI A LV ([SODLQZK\WKHÀYHFROXPQVPHQWLRQHGPXVW EHDEDVLVIRUWKHFROXPQVSDFHRI A

 6XSSRVH YHFWRUV E1; : : : ;Ep VSDQ D VXEVSDFH W; DQG OHW fD¹; : : : ;Dqg EHDQ\VHWLQ W FRQWDLQLQJPRUHWKDQ p YHF

WRUV )LOOLQWKHGHWDLOVRIWKHIROORZLQJDUJXPHQWWRVKRZ WKDW fD¹; : : : ;Dqg PXVW EH OLQHDUO\ GHSHQGHQW )LUVW OHW BD Œ E¹ " " " Ep!DQG AD Œ D¹ " " " Dq!:

D ([SODLQZK\IRUHDFKYHFWRU Dj WKHUHH[LVWVDYHFWRU Fj

LQR^pVXFKWKDW Dj D BFj:

E /HW C D Œ F¹ " " " F^q! ([SODLQZK\WKHUHLVDQRQ]HUR YHFWRU X VXFKWKDW C XD 

F 8VH B DQG C WRVKRZWKDW AXD : 7KLVVKRZVWKDWWKH FROXPQVRI A DUHOLQHDUO\GHSHQGHQW

 8VH([HUFLVHWRVKRZWKDWLI A DQG B DUHEDVHVIRUD VXEVSDFH W RIRⁿ WKHQA FDQQRWFRQWDLQPRUHYHFWRUVWKDQ B; DQG FRQYHUVHO\ B FDQQRWFRQWDLQPRUHYHFWRUVWKDQ A:

 >0@ /HW HD 6SDQ fY¹;Y2g DQG B D fY¹;Y2g: 6KRZWKDW [ LV LQ H DQGÀQGWKHBFRRUGLQDWHYHFWRURI [ ZKHQ

Y1D 2 66 4

#5 12 7 3 77 5; Y²D

2 66 4

#10 13 17 3 77 5; [ D

2 66 4

16 0 11

#3 3 77 5

 >0@ /HW HD 6SDQ fY¹;Y2;Y3g DQG B D fY¹;Y2;Y3g: 6KRZ WKDWB LVDEDVLVIRU H DQG [ LVLQ H DQGÀQGWKH BFRRUGLQDWH YHFWRURI [; ZKHQ

Y1D 2 66 4

#6 3

#9 4 3 77 5; Y²D

2 66 4

8 0 7

#3 3 77 5; Y³D

2 66 4

#9 4

#8 3 3 77 5; [ D

2 66 4

#2 17

#8 3 77 5

SG .BTUFSJOH %JNFOTJPO BOE 3BOL m

40-65*0/4 50 13"$5*$& 130#-&.4

 &RQVWUXFW AD ŒY1 Y2 Y3!VRWKDWWKHVXEVSDFHVSDQQHGE\ Y1;Y2;Y3LVWKHFROXPQ VSDFHRI A $ EDVLVIRUWKLVVSDFHLVSURYLGHGE\WKHSLYRWFROXPQVRI A

AD 2

4 2 3 #1

#8 #7 6

6 #1 #7 3 5%

42 3 #1

0 5 2

0#10 #4 3 5%

42 3 #1

0 5 2

0 0 0

3 5

7KHÀUVWWZRFROXPQVRI A DUHSLYRWFROXPQVDQGIRUPDEDVLVIRU H 7KXV

v₁

v₂ v₃ 0 Col A

GLP H D 2:

 ,I Œ[!_BD

#3 2

 WKHQ [ LVIRUPHGIURPDOLQHDUFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHEDVLVYHFWRUVXVLQJ ZHLJKWVDQG

[D 3E1C 2E2D 3

# 1 :2

$ C 2

#:2 1

$ D

#3:4 2:6

7KHEDVLVfE¹;E2g GHWHUPLQHVD FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHP IRU R² LOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHJULGLQ WKHÀJXUH 1RWHKRZ [ LVXQLWVLQWKH E1GLUHFWLRQDQGXQLWVLQWKH E2GLUHFWLRQ

b₁ b₂

1 1

$)"15&3 0DWUL[$OJHEUD

 $ IRXUGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFHZRXOGFRQWDLQDEDVLVRIIRXUOLQHDUO\LQGHSHQGHQW YHFWRUV 7KLVLVLPSRVVLEOHLQVLGHR³:6LQFHDQ\OLQHDUO\LQGHSHQGHQWVHWLQR³KDV QRPRUHWKDQWKUHHYHFWRUV DQ\VXEVSDFHRIR³KDVGLPHQVLRQQRPRUHWKDQ 7KH VSDFHR³LWVHOILVWKHRQO\WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOVXEVSDFHRIR³ 2WKHUVXEVSDFHVRIR³ KDYHGLPHQVLRQ RU

$)"15&3 4611-&.&/5"3: &9&3$*4&4

 $VVXPHWKDWWKHPDWULFHVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHVWDWHPHQWVEHORZ KDYHDSSURSULDWHVL]HV 0DUNHDFKVWDWHPHQW7UXHRU)DOVH

-XVWLI\HDFKDQVZHU

D ,I A DQG B DUH m! n WKHQERWK AB^T DQG A^TB DUH GHÀQHG

E ,I ABD C DQG C KDV FROXPQV WKHQ A KDV FROXPQV

F /HIWPXOWLSO\LQJDPDWUL[ B E\DGLDJRQDOPDWUL[ A ZLWK QRQ]HURHQWULHVRQWKHGLDJRQDO VFDOHVWKHURZVRI B

G ,I BC D BD WKHQ C D D

H ,I AC D 0 WKHQHLWKHU A D 0 RU C D 0

I ,I A DQG B DUH n! n WKHQ .A C B/.A # B/ D A²# B² J $Q HOHPHQWDU\ n! n PDWUL[ KDV HLWKHU n RU n C 1

QRQ]HURHQWULHV

K 7KHWUDQVSRVHRIDQHOHPHQWDU\PDWUL[LVDQHOHPHQWDU\

PDWUL[

L $QHOHPHQWDU\PDWUL[PXVWEHVTXDUH

M (YHU\VTXDUHPDWUL[LVDSURGXFWRIHOHPHQWDU\PDWULFHV

N ,I A LV D 3! 3 PDWUL[ ZLWK WKUHH SLYRW SRVLWLRQV

WKHUH H[LVW HOHPHQWDU\ PDWULFHV E1; : : : ; Ep VXFK WKDW Ep" " " E¹AD I

O ,I ABD I WKHQ A LVLQYHUWLEOH

P ,I A DQG B DUHVTXDUHDQGLQYHUWLEOH WKHQ AB LVLQYHUW

LEOH DQG .AB/^!1D A^!1B^!1

Q ,I ABD BA DQGLI A LVLQYHUWLEOH WKHQ A^!1BD BA^!1 R ,I A LVLQYHUWLEOHDQGLI r¤ 0 WKHQ .rA/^!1D rA^!1 S ,I A LVD 3! 3 PDWUL[DQGWKHHTXDWLRQ A[ D

2 41

0 0

3 5 KDV

DXQLTXHVROXWLRQ WKHQ A LVLQYHUWLEOH

 )LQGWKHPDWUL[ C ZKRVHLQYHUVHLV C^!1D

#4 5

6 7

 /HW AD 2

40 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

5 6KRZWKDW A³D 0 8VHPDWUL[

DOJHEUDWRFRPSXWHWKHSURGXFW .I# A/.I C A C A²/

 6XSSRVH AⁿD 0 IRUVRPH n > 1 )LQGDQLQYHUVHIRU I # A

 6XSSRVH DQ n! n PDWUL[ A VDWLVÀHV WKH HTXDWLRQ A²# 2AC I D 0 6KRZWKDW A³D 3A # 2I DQG A⁴D 4A # 3I

 /HW AD

#1 0

0 #1

#0 1

1 0

 7KHVHDUH 3DXOLVSLQ

PDWULFHV XVHG LQ WKH VWXG\ RI HOHFWURQ VSLQ LQ TXDQWXP PHFKDQLFV 6KRZWKDW A²D I B²D I DQG AB D #BA

0DWULFHVVXFKWKDW ABD #BA DUHVDLGWR DQWLFRPPXWH

 /HW AD 2

41 3 8

2 4 11

1 2 5

5 DQG B D 2

4#3 5

1 5

3 4

5 &RPSXWH A^!1BZLWKRXWFRPSXWLQJ A^!1 >+LQW A^!1BLVWKHVROXWLRQ RIWKHHTXDWLRQ AX D B@

 )LQGDPDWUL[ A VXFKWKDWWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ [# 7!A[ PDSV 1

$ DQG

#2 7

$ LQWR

#1 1

$ DQG

#3 1

 UHVSHFWLYHO\ >+LQW

:ULWHDPDWUL[HTXDWLRQLQYROYLQJ A DQGVROYHIRU A@

 6XSSRVH ABD

# 5 4

#2 3

DQG BD

#7 3

2 1

)LQG A

 6XSSRVH A LVLQYHUWLEOH ([SODLQZK\ A^TALVDOVRLQYHUWLEOH

7KHQVKRZWKDW A^!1D .A^TA/^!1A^T

 /HW x1; : : : ; xnEHÀ[HGQXPEHUV 7KHPDWUL[EHORZ FDOOHG D 9DQGHUPRQGHPDWUL[ RFFXUVLQDSSOLFDWLRQVVXFKDVVLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ HUURUFRUUHFWLQJFRGHV DQGSRO\QRPLDOLQWHUSR

ODWLRQ

V D 2 66 64

1 x1 x₁² " " " x₁ⁿ^!1 1 x2 x₂² " " " x₂ⁿ^!1 ::: ::: ::: ::: 1 xn x_n² " " " x_nⁿ^!1

3 77 75

*LYHQ \D .y¹; : : : ; yn/LQRⁿ VXSSRVH FD .c⁰; : : : ; cn!1/LQ RⁿVDWLVÀHV V FD \ DQGGHÀQHWKHSRO\QRPLDO

p.t /D c0C c1tC c2t²C " " " C cn!1tⁿ^!1

D 6KRZ WKDW p.x1/D y¹; : : : ; p.xn/D yⁿ :H FDOO p.t / DQ LQWHUSRODWLQJ SRO\QRPLDO IRU WKH SRLQWV .x1; y1/; : : : ; .xn; yn/ EHFDXVHWKHJUDSKRI p.t / SDVVHV WKURXJKWKHSRLQWV

E 6XSSRVH x1; : : : ; xnDUHGLVWLQFWQXPEHUV 6KRZWKDWWKH FROXPQVRI V DUHOLQHDUO\LQGHSHQGHQW >+LQW +RZPDQ\

]HURVFDQDSRO\QRPLDORIGHJUHH n# 1 KDYH"@

F 3URYH ´,I x1; : : : ; xnDUHGLVWLQFWQXPEHUV DQG y1; : : : ; yn

DUHDUELWUDU\QXPEHUV WKHQWKHUHLVDQLQWHUSRODWLQJSRO\

QRPLDORIGHJUHH) n # 1 IRU .x¹; y1/; : : : ; .xn; yn/µ

 /HW AD LU ZKHUH L LVDQLQYHUWLEOHORZHUWULDQJXODUPD

WUL[DQG U LVXSSHUWULDQJXODU ([SODLQZK\WKHÀUVWFROXPQ RI A LVDPXOWLSOHRIWKHÀUVWFROXPQRI L +RZLVWKHVHFRQG FROXPQRI A UHODWHGWRWKHFROXPQVRI L"

在文檔中 0DWUL[$OJHEUD (頁 66-71)

5DQNDQGWKH,QYHUWLEOH0DWUL[7KHRUHP

 &9&3$*4&4

$)"15&3  4611-&.&/5"3: &9&3$*4&4

&9&3$*4&4

$)"15&3 4611-&.&/5"3: &9&3$*4&4